{
  "id": 8630235,
  "name": "JOHN A. WINFIELD v. ROBERT JACKSON SMITH and COLONIAL STORES, INC.",
  "name_abbreviation": "Winfield v. Smith",
  "decision_date": "1949-05-11",
  "docket_number": "",
  "first_page": "392",
  "last_page": "404",
  "citations": [
    {
      "type": "official",
      "cite": "230 N.C. 392"
    }
  ],
  "court": {
    "name_abbreviation": "N.C.",
    "id": 9292,
    "name": "Supreme Court of North Carolina"
  },
  "jurisdiction": {
    "id": 5,
    "name_long": "North Carolina",
    "name": "N.C."
  },
  "cites_to": [
    {
      "cite": "30 S.E. 2d 312",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "224 N.C. 402",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8603409
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/224/0402-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "25 S.E. 2d 388",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "223 N.C. 118",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8600359
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/223/0118-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "47 S.E. 2d 251",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "228 N.C. 778",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8628569
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/228/0778-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "37 S.E. 2d 112",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "226 N.C. 161",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8615232
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/226/0161-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "195 S.E. 88",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.",
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "213 N.C. 41",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8626372
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/213/0041-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "17 S.E. 2d 137",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "220 N.C. 281",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        11301802
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/220/0281-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "189 S.E. 499",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.",
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "211 N.C. 192",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8625499
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/211/0192-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "44 S.E. 2d 343",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "228 N.C. 25",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8622541
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/228/0025-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "10 S.E. 2d 608",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "218 N.C. 105",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8614126
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/218/0105-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "6 S.E. 2d 808",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "217 N.C. 82",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8598957
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/217/0082-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "181 S.E. 562",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.",
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "208 N.C. 497",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8611693
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/208/0497-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "90 S.E. 756",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.",
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "172 N.C. 587",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        11254796
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/172/0587-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "194 S.E. 486",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.",
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "212 N.C. 695",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8618741
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/212/0695-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "42 S.E. 2d 593",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "227 N.C. 412",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8625637
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/227/0412-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "14 S.E. 2d 797",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "219 N.C. 727",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8626178
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/219/0727-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "195 S.E. 11",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.",
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "212 N.C. 823",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8620800
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/212/0823-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "179 S.E. 428",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.",
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "208 N.C. 117",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8596708
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/208/0117-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "161 S.E. 389",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.",
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "201 N.C. 749",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8627850
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/201/0749-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "148 S.E. 251",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.",
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "197 N.C. 240",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8628208
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/197/0240-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "327 U.S. 645",
      "category": "reporters:federal",
      "reporter": "U.S.",
      "case_ids": [
        413818
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/us/327/0645-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "25 S.E. 2d 398",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "223 N.C. 124",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8600573
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/223/0124-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "140 S.E. 598",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.",
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "194 N.C. 656",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8615578
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/194/0656-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "199 S.E. 707",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.",
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "214 N.C. 513",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8631628
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/214/0513-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "200 S.E. 382",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.",
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "214 N.C. 689",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8632740
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/214/0689-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "198 S.E. 637",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.",
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "214 N.C. 188",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8629367
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/214/0188-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "37 S.E. 2d 121",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "226 N.C. 146",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8614414
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/226/0146-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "13 S.E. 2d 227",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "219 N.C. 205",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8621817
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/219/0205-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "32 S.E. 2d 209",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "224 N.C. 688",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8612616
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/224/0688-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "51 S.E. 2d 307",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "229 N.C. 707",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        12167679
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/229/0707-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "29 S.E. 2d 740",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "224 N.C. 211",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8597672
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/224/0211-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "20 S.E. 2d 565",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "221 N.C. 390",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8627933
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/221/0390-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "188 S.E. 209",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.",
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "210 N.C. 663",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8628365
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/210/0663-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "127 S.E. 356",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.",
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "189 N.C. 408",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8654346
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/189/0408-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "188 S.E. 817",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.",
      "opinion_index": 1
    },
    {
      "cite": "211 N.C. 7",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8622890
      ],
      "opinion_index": 1,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/211/0007-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "166 S.E. 802",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.",
      "opinion_index": 1
    },
    {
      "cite": "203 N.C. 675",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8618747
      ],
      "opinion_index": 1,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/203/0675-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "21 S.E. 2d 887",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "opinion_index": 1
    },
    {
      "cite": "222 N.C. 89",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8628714
      ],
      "opinion_index": 1,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/222/0089-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "44 S.E. 2d 735",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "opinion_index": 1
    },
    {
      "cite": "228 N.C. 132",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8624416
      ],
      "opinion_index": 1,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/228/0132-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "47 S.E. 2d 254",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "opinion_index": 1
    },
    {
      "cite": "228 N.C. 774",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8628539
      ],
      "opinion_index": 1,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/228/0774-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "49 S.E. 2d 623",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "opinion_index": 1
    },
    {
      "cite": "229 N.C. 352",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        12165992
      ],
      "opinion_index": 1,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/229/0352-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "47 S.E. 2d 251",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "opinion_index": 1
    },
    {
      "cite": "228 N.C. 778",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8628569
      ],
      "opinion_index": 1,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/228/0778-01"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "analysis": {
    "cardinality": 1153,
    "char_count": 32902,
    "ocr_confidence": 0.493,
    "pagerank": {
      "raw": 3.754616405766409e-07,
      "percentile": 0.8953935152203855
    },
    "sha256": "1eee29f7779aa0986059a22f8566afe1cfbb40232faa0cdbf22ee803aa1c23d9",
    "simhash": "1:a3026c72a7c526df",
    "word_count": 5860
  },
  "last_updated": "2023-07-14T15:28:13.210119+00:00",
  "provenance": {
    "date_added": "2019-08-29",
    "source": "Harvard",
    "batch": "2018"
  },
  "casebody": {
    "judges": [
      "Stacy, C. J., took no parkin the consideration or decision of this case.",
      "BaeNHJXI., J., concurs in dissent."
    ],
    "parties": [
      "JOHN A. WINFIELD v. ROBERT JACKSON SMITH and COLONIAL STORES, INC."
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "DeviN, J.\nTbe question chiefly debated on the defendants\u2019 appeal in this Court was the correctness of the ruling below denying the defendants\u2019 motion for judgment of nonsuit. While not conceding evidence of actionable negligence on the part of defendants, it was urged that from the plaintiff\u2019s evidence it necessarily followed as a matter of law that he was chargeable with contributory negligence, barring recovery.\nKeeping in mind the established rule that on the motion for nonsuit the evidence tending to support the plaintiff\u2019s position must be considered in the light most favorable for him, and that he is entitled to the benefit of every reasonable inference to be drawn therefrom (Nash v. Royster, 189 N.C. 408, 127 S.E. 356), we think there was evidence of negligence on the part of the driver of defendants\u2019 truck, in that he drove on his left side of the road in attempting to pass another motor vehicle proceeding in the same direction at a time when he was within 300 feet of a curve, his vision obscured by a heavy fog, at a speed of 35 to 40 miles per hour, and meeting an oncoming automobile traveling in the lane of traffic into which he had thus driven his truck. Plaintiff\u2019s evidence would seem to indicate not only failure on defendants\u2019 part to observe the rule of the prudent man under the circumstances, but also to show violation of several provisions of the statutes regulating the operation of motor vehicles on the highway. G.S. 20-141 (c) ; G.S. 20-148; G.S. 20-150. Accordingly evidence of such improper and unlawful conduct, proximately resulting in injury to the plaintiff, warranted submission to the jury of the issue of defendants\u2019 negligence. Joyner v. Rail, 210 N.C. 663, 188 S.E. 209; Tarrant v. Bottling Co., 221 N.C. 390, 20 S.E. 2d 565; Conley v. Pearce-Young-Angel Co., 224 N.C. 211, 29 S.E. 2d 740.\nThe defendants both by their motion to nonsuit and by prayers for peremptory instructions to the jury present the question whether from the evidence of the plaintiff there was such a showing of contributory negligence on his part as to preclude recovery. For the determination of the question thus raised the rule is that judgment of nonsuit on the ground of contributory negligence should not be granted \u201cunless the plaintiff\u2019s evidence, taken in the light most favorable to him, so clearly establishes such negligence that no other reasonable inference or conclusion can be drawn therefrom.\u201d Dawson v. Transportation Co., ante, 36. And in the consideration of this motion the court \u201cmust ignore that which tends to establish another and different state of facts or which tends to contradict or impeach the testimony presented by the plaintiff.\u201d Bundy v. Powell, 229 N.C. 707, 51 S.E. 2d 307. To justify the allowance of the defendants\u2019 motion on this ground contributory negligence must be established by plaintiff\u2019s evidence so clearly that no other conclusion seems permissible. Atkins v. Transportation Co., 224 N.C. 688, 32 S.E. 2d 209. \u201cAs tbe burden of proof upon tbe issue of contributory negligence, was upon defendants, it is tbe settled rule in tbis jurisdiction that judgment of nonsuit on tbis ground can be rendered only wben a single inference, leading to that conclusion, can be drawn from tbe evidence.\u201d Hampton v. Hawkins, 219 N.C. 205, 13 S.E. 2d 227; Hobbs v. Drewer, 226 N.C. 146, 37 S.E. 2d 121; Cole v. Koonce, 214 N.C. 188, 198 S.E. 637; Manheim v. Taxi Corp., 214 N.C. 689, 200 S.E. 382.\nExamining tbe evidence in tbis case in tbe light of these principles, we find tbis factual situation: According to plaintiff\u2019s testimony, on an early morning in June be was driving an automobile east along tbe highway at a speed of 30 to 35 miles per hour, a fog limiting bis vision to 100 to 125 feet, wben suddenly there loomed out of tbe fog tbe bulk of a large tractor-trailer bearing down on him in bis or south lane of traffic at a distance of 100 feet. As tbe width of tbe pavement was only 18 feet, and tbe truck, 8 feet wide, was in tbe act of passing another automobile proceeding in same direction, tbe entire roadway was blocked, and the truck was traveling toward him at tbe rate of 35 to 40 miles per hour. As tbe plaintiff expressed it, tbis sudden emergency required \u201csplit-second\u201d action. He immediately applied bis brakes and kept bis course. Guthrie v. Gocking, 214 N.C. 513, 199 S.E. 707. But tbe surface of tbe asphalt pavement was moist as result of tbe fog, and tbe application of brakes caused tbe tires to skid and tbe automobile after moving forward 6 feet veered slightly to tbe left, so that tbe left front wheel was 19 inches over tbe center line of tbe road wben it struck defendants\u2019 tractor which bad been pulled to the right, leaving tbe trailer still in tbe south lane of traffic. Under circumstances requiring instant action, according to bis testimony, plaintiff did not turn bis automobile to tbe left, and did not have time to turn it back to tbe right; could not, on account of the fog which was denser near tbe ground, see to drive on tbe shoulder or in tbe ditch on bis right if be bad bad room or time to do so. He testified if be bad not skidded but gone straight be might have missed tbe tractor but would have bit the trailer.\nOn tbe other band the defendants call attention to the admitted fact that tbe collision occurred 19 inches over the plaintiff\u2019s left side of the center of tbe road, and it is argued that according to plaintiff\u2019s statement there is the reasonable inference to be drawn therefrom that be could and should have controlled the movement of bis automobile and turned it back to the right in time to have avoided tbe collision. Tbe defendants further call attention to tbe testimony of tbe highway patrolman as to tbe tire marks be observed on the highway tending to show that the brakes on plaintiff\u2019s automobile were applied 90 feet from the point of impact, and that after moving straight 12 to 15 feet, the tires slipped or skidded sidewise for \"75 or 78 feet to the collision, 2 feet over the center line of the road. The defendants deduce from this that plaintiff was driving at so high a speed that he could not control his automobile, and that under the circumstances of fog and moist pavement his speed showed a total disregard for the requirements of ordinary prudence, was under the circumstances negligent, and constituted a proximate contributing cause to his injury. However, the evidence of the patrolman was offered by the defendants and was not admitted by the plaintiff, and may not be considered on the motion to nonsuit. The credibility of the witness was a matter for the jury. The- rule as stated by Chief Justice Stacy in Harrison v. R. R., 194 N.C. 656, 140 S.E. 598, is that in considering the motion for nonsuit \u201cthe defendant\u2019s evidence, unless favorable to the plaintiff, is not to be taken into consideration, except when not in conflict with the plaintiff\u2019s evidence, it may be used to explain or make clear that which has been offered by the plaintiff.\u201d Gregory v. Ins. Co., 223 N.C. 124, 25 S.E. 2d 398; Bundy v. Powell, supra. The plaintiff testified the truck was only 100 feet away when he was first able to see it, and that it was approaching on his side of the road at 35 to 40 miles per hour. He points out that according to the testimony the driver of defendants\u2019 truck first slightly accelerated his speed, then slackened, so that though plaintiff applied his brakes and materially reduced his speed, not mucji more than a few seconds could have elapsed before the truck traversed the remaining portion of the space of 100 feet that on first view separated the meeting vehicles, and that if the plaintiff\u2019s evidence be accepted with all permissible inferences in his favor, his automobile could not have skidded 90 feet, or 75 feet sidewise, in the direction of the rapidly approaching truck within the time and space shown by plaintiff\u2019s testimony. Moreover, plaintiff testified to the contrary. He denied that he skidded anything like 90 feet. He said that when he applied his brakes he went straight 3 or 4 or 5 feet, and then skidded to the left, and that the entire distance covered was not more than 10 feet. He declared he did not turn his automobile to the left. It may be that plaintiff was mistaken, and that the distance between the vehicles was much greater than that stated by him; or he was traveling much faster than the limit he fixed. Here was a conflict in the testimony which the court properly submitted to the triers of the fact. Conflicting testimony necessitates trial by jury. Stallings v. Ins. Co., ante, 304; Lavender v. Kurn, 327 U.S. 645 (653). The mere fact of the skidding of plaintiff\u2019s automobile without other evidence of fault on his part, would not necessarily impute negligence to the driver. Springs v. Doll, 197 N.C. 240, 148 S.E. 251; Butner v. Whitlow, 201 N.C. 749, 161 S.E. 389; Waller v. Hipp, 208 N.C. 117, 179 S.E. 428; Clodfelter v. Wells, 212 N.C. 823, 195 S.E. 11; Williams v. Thomas, 219 N.C. 727, 14 S.E. 2d 797; Hoke v. Greyhound Corp., 227 N.C. 412 (420), 42 S.E. 2d 593. The circumstances here were materially different from those appearing in York v. York, 212 N.C. 695, 194 S.E. 486. In judging plaintiff\u2019s conduct on this occasion consideration must be given to the sudden emergency with which, according to his testimony, he was confronted, and he should not be \u201cheld to the same deliberation or circumspect care as in ordinary conditions.\u201d Hinton v. R. R., 172 N.C. 587, 90 S.E. 756. The standard of conduct is that of the prudent man under like circumstances. According to plaintiff\u2019s testimony the emergency was created by the negligent conduct of the defendants. Under these circumstances the rule is stated in Ingle v. Cassady, 208 N.C. 497, 181 S.E. 562, as follows: \u201cOne who is required to act in emergency is not held by the law to the wisest choice of conduct, but only to such choice as a person of ordinary care and prudence, similarly situated, would have made.\u201d Hoke v. Greyhound Corp., supra; Butner v. Spease, 217 N.C. 82, 6 S.E. 2d 808; Beck v. Hooks, 218 N.C. 105, 10 S.E. 2d 608; Sparks v. Willis, 228 N.C. 25, 44 S.E. 2d 343.\nWe do not think the plaintiff\u2019s own testimony \u201cproves him out of court\u201d (Hayes v. Tel. Co., 211 N.C. 192, 189 S.E. 499; Godwin v. R. R., 220 N.C. 281, 17 S.E. 2d 137), nor are there indisputable physical facts which necessarily negative his oral evidence. Powers v. Sternberg, 213 N.C. 41, 195 S.E. 88; Wallace v. Longest, 226 N.C. 161, 37 S.E. 2d 112. Driving at 30 to 35 miles per hour, with objects on or moving along the highway visible for 100 to 125 feet, would not seem to compel the conclusion that he was driving faster than his ability to stop within that distance. Tyson v. Ford, 228 N.C. 778, 47 S.E. 2d 251; Allen v. Bottling Co., 223 N.C. 118, 25 S.E. 2d 388; Caulder v. Gresham, 224 N.C. 402, 30 S.E. 2d 312.\nAfter careful consideration of the record in the case at bar, in relation to the defendants\u2019 motion, we cannot hold as a matter of law that on the evidence presented by the plaintiff his conduct on this occasion, under the circumstances as detailed by him, fell below the required standard of reasonable care and prudence, nor do we think on this'evidence contributory negligence has been so clearly established that no other reasonable inference can be drawn therefrom. The issue of contributory negligence was for the jury rather than the court, and there was no error in refusing the peremptory instruction prayed for.\nThe defendants noted numerous exceptions to the judge\u2019s charge, but upon an examination of the charge as a whole we think the trial judge stated the principles of law applicable to the determinative issues in substantial accord with well considered decisions of this Court, and we are unable to find error therein, or in the rulings on the reception of testimony, which would warrant awarding another hearing. The jury bas determined the facts in favor of the plaintiff, and the result will not be disturbed.\nIn the trial we find\nNo error.\nStacy, C. J., took no parkin the consideration or decision of this case.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "DeviN, J."
      },
      {
        "text": "WiNbokete, J.,\ndissenting: I am unable to agree that error prejudicial to defendants is not made to appear in the record on this appeal, particularly the exceptions (1) to denial of motions for judgment as in case of nonsuit and for directed verdict on the issue of contributory negligence, and (2) to admission of evidence to which Exception 1 relates.\nIn the first place, the evidence, even the testimony of plaintiff himself, as I read it, shows unmistakably that he was contributorily negligent in respect to the injury of which he complains, that is, that plaintiff was negligent and that his negligence was a proximate cause of his injury. Bus Co. v. Products Co., 229 N.C. 352, 49 S.E. 2d 623; Tyson v. Ford, 228 N.C. 778, 47 S.E. 2d 251; Riggs v. Oil Corp., 228 N.C. 774, 47 S.E. 2d 254; McKinnon v. Motor Lines, 228 N.C. 132, 44 S.E. 2d 735; Austin v. Overton, 222 N.C. 89, 21 S.E. 2d 887.\nAll the evidence shows that the collision between plaintiff\u2019s automobile and the tractor of the corporate defendant\u2019s tractor-trailer-truck actually occurred on plaintiff\u2019s left, and on defendant\u2019s right side of the center line of the road. This constitutes a violation by plaintiff of the statute, G.S. 20-148, requiring that \u201cDrivers of vehicles proceeding in opposite direction shall pass each other to the right, each giving to the other at least one-half of the main traveled portion of the roadway as nearly as possible.\u201d And all the evidence shows that the point of impact between the two vehicles was on the front of plaintiff\u2019s automobile and the front of the tractor of defendant\u2019s tractor-trailer-truck. Plaintiff testified, \u201cThe front part of the truck which I struck and which was in collision with me was 19 inches across the center line.\u201d P. 28 of the record. And again he says, \u201cThe actual parts of the two cars when they came together collided on 19 inches across from my side of the road.\u201d P. 28. And plaintiff\u2019s witness Underwood testified: \u201cAt the time of the collision the tractor part was on the right side of the line. I mean ... of the white line of the highway.\u201d P. 46 of the record. And again he says: \u201cMr. Winfield didn\u2019t hit the trailer. The part that Mr. Winfield hit of the truck and tractor was the front of the tractor or truck, and that was on its right side of the road,- \u2014 well over to the right. As he was on the right side of the road when the collision occurred, the wheel on Mr. Winfield\u2019s car that struck was on the left side of that center line.\u201d - And plaintiff says further in his testimony, \u201cWhen the car started skidding, I of course had my hands on the wheel. It might have been that the brakes of the left wheel applied just a little harder than it did on the right, and that pulled the car that way. I guess I could have turned it back to my right.\u201d P. 34. To fail to turn to the right when plaintiff could and should have so turned, was negligence on his part which necessarily contributed to the injury. This is plaintiff\u2019s own estimate of the sithation. If he says he could have turned to the right, how can we say it was not his duty to do so?\nMoreover, plaintiff\u2019s own testimony is full of evidence of his violation of the statute G.S. 20-141 as to speed restrictions. That statute provides that \u201cNo person shall drive a vehicle on a highway at a speed that is greater than is reasonable and prudent under conditions then existing.\u201d And while this statute further provides that \u201cWhere no special hazard exists\u201d certain speed limits shall be lawful, it provides that \u201cthe fact that the speed of a vehicle is lower than the foregoing prima facie limits does not relieve the driver of the duty to decrease speed . . . when special hazard exists with respect to ... or by reason of weather or highway conditions . . .\u201d And the statute further provides that \u201cIt shall be unlawful to violate any provision of this section . . .\u201d\nAll the evidence shows that weather and road conditions at the time of and immediately before the collision constituted a special hazard. Plaintiff\u2019s evidence describes the condition of the road and of the weather. Plaintiff testified: \u201cThe pavement was slightly damp as result of the fog . . . the top of the black asphalt was damp just a little.\u201d Record P. 18. The plaintiff\u2019s witness Underwood testified: \u201cI think the pavement was very damp from the fog.\u201d P. 47. Moreover, as to the fog, plaintiff testified, \u201cThe fog at that particular point immediately before the collision was as heavy as I ever remember traveling in ... As I approached this point where the collision occurred the fog was very heavy.\u201d P. 18. And again plaintiff testified : \u201cI would say I could see approximately 100 feet in front of me above 6 feet . . . I\u2019d say I could see where I was around 100 feet. The fog was heavy above the 6-foot line hut exceptionally heavy down near the ground . . .\u201d P. 25. \u201cThe fog-kept me from seeing very far.\u201d P. 26.\nThen the record shows these questions and answers :\n\u201cQ. How far could you see ahead ?\n\u201cA. You mean at the time the accident happened ?\n\u201cQ. Just before the accident ?\n\u201cA. You couldn\u2019t see over 20 feet. There were spots down the road where the fog-was heavy in one spot.\n\u201cQ. You could see 125 feet away?\n\u201cA. I would say that was the maximum.\u201d P. 26.\n\u2022 And, continuing, \u201cI would say that the particular stretch of road I hadn\u2019t been driving under those conditions more than 600 or 700 feet or possibly 1,000 feet. The fog happened to be heavier than at other spots.\u201d P. 26.\nAnd plaintiff\u2019s witness Underwood testified: \u201cAs I drove along Highway #70, approaching the place where this automobile collision occurred the weather was very foggy. It was foggy to the extent of making it difficult to drive. I spoke of it to the man that was with me.\u201d P. 45.\nUnder these conditions plaintiff testified: \u201cI was driving my car between 30 and 35 miles an hour immediately before this impact.\u201d P. 18. And again plaintiff says: \u201cMy highest estimate would not exceed 35 miles an hour.\u201d P. 25. And, again, \u201cMy speed that morning from Raleigh on was about 35 miles an hour.\u201d P. 26.\nAt the rate of 30 miles per hour, plaintiff would have been traveling 44 feet per second. And at 35 miles per hour, he would have traveled approximately 51 feet per second.\nAnd it is significant to note that the collision did not occur at or on a curve. Plaintiff himself says, \u201cI came around a flight curve to my right, but that curve was 250 or 300 feet from where this accident occurred.\u201d P. 18. \u201cI was 200 feet beyond the curve before I saw this truck. The truck was approximately 100 feet in front of me when I saw it.\u201d P. 25.\nAnd this further testimony of plaintiff is significant of negligence on his part, \u2014 contributing to his injury. He testified, \u201cWhen I saw this truck first ... I immediately applied the brakes to the Chevrolet . . .\u201d P. 19. And, again, \u201cFrom the time I applied my brakes and went 3 or 4 or 5 feet straight and then started skidding to the left, I won\u2019t say it was over 10 feet altogether. The whole business was not over 10 feet.\u201d P. 31.\nThis testimony means either one of two things. If plaintiff applied his brakes as he said he did, the truck could not have been 100 feet away when he saw it, and he was outrunning his lights. If, on the other hand, the truck was 100 feet away when plaintiff saw it, it is manifest that he delayed too long in applying the brakes, for he says he only skidded 10 feet. Thus taking either horn of the dilemma, he proves himself to be contributorily negligent.\nFor these reasons it is obvious on the record that one of the proximate causes of the injury to plaintiff was his own negligence, either in driving at excessive speed and recklessly under the conditions existing or in steering his car in the wrong direction, or in both respects.\nAnd, in the second place, there is error in admission of evidence to which Exception 1 relates. Plaintiff was permitted, over objection by corporate defendant, to testify that \u201cAs spon as I came to Mr. Underwood and Mr. Smith were at my ear and I remember they wanted to help me and the first words I remember was Mr. Smith telling me not to worry about the situation that they expected to take care of it.\u201d This admission of this statement is manifestly error, and of the most prejudicial character.\n\u201cIt is the rule with us that what an agent or employee says relative to an act presently being done by him within the scope of his agency or employment, is admissible as a part of the res gesta, and may be offered in evidence, either for or against the principal or employer, but what the agent or employee says afterwards, and merely narrative of a past occurrence, though his agency or employment may continue as to other matters, or generally, is only hearsay and is not competent as against the principal or employer.\u201d Hubbard v. R. R., 203 N.C. 675, 166 S.E. 802.\nIndeed, as stated by Stansbury on N. C. Evidence, Sec. 169, page 365, \u201cIt is often said that a statement accompanying an act is admissible either for or against the principal, but this would seem to be true only when the statement characterizes or qualifies the act.\u201d\nMoreover, \u201cIn the absence of express orders to do an act, in order to render the master liable, the act must not only be one that pertains to the business, but must also be fairly within the scope of the authority conferred by the employment.\u201d See Parrish v. Mfg. Co., 211 N.C. 7, 188 S.E. 817.\nMy vote is for a nonsuit. Failing in this, I vote for a new trial.\nBaeNHJXI., J., concurs in dissent.",
        "type": "dissent",
        "author": "WiNbokete, J.,"
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "J. M. Broughton and C. Woodrow Teague for plaintiff, appellee.",
      "Ehringhaus \u25a0& Ehringhaus for defendants, appellants."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "JOHN A. WINFIELD v. ROBERT JACKSON SMITH and COLONIAL STORES, INC.\n(Filed 11 May, 1949.)\n1. Trial \u00a7 22a\u2014\nOn motion to nonsuit, the evidence supporting plaintiff\u2019s claim must be considered in the light most favorable for him, and he is entitled to every reasonable inference to be drawn therefrom.\n2. Automobiles \u00a7 18h (2) \u2014\nEvidence tending to show that the driver of a truck was traveling 35 to 40 miles per hour in an early morning fog which limited visibility to 100 or 125 feet, that he had overtaken a vehicle traveling in the same direction and was attempting to pass such vehicle 250 or 300 feet before reaching a curve, and collided with plaintiff\u2019s car which approached from the opposite direction, is held sufficient to be submitted to the jury on the issue of the negligence of the driver of the truck. G.S. 20-141, G.S. 20-148, G.S. 20-150.\n3. Negligence \u00a7 19c\u2014\nNonsuit on the ground of contributory negligence is error unless this conclusion is the only reasonable inference that can be drawn from plaintiff\u2019s own evidence, taken in the light most favorable to him.\n4. Automobiles \u00a7 ISh (3) \u2014 Driver striking vehicle blocking highway in attempting to pass third vehicle held not contributorily negligent as matter of law.\nPlaintiff\u2019s evidence was to the effect that a heavy fog limited visibility to 100 or 125 feet, that after rounding a curve and traveling some 100 feet he first saw defendant\u2019s truck approaching from the opposite direction when it was approximately 100 feet away and as it was in the act of passing another vehicle traveling in the same direction, that he immediately applied his brakes, that his tires skidded on the damp pavement, veering his car to the left, so that plaintiff\u2019s left front wheel was nineteen inches to his left of the center of the highway when he struck the side of defendant\u2019s tractor which had turned back to its right of the highway although the trailer still was blocking his lane of traffic, and that under the circumstances plaintiff did not have time to turn his ear back to the right and, because of the fog, could not see to drive on the shoulder or in the ditch to his right if he had had room or time to do so. Held: Defendants\u2019 motion to nonsuit on the ground of contributory negligence was properly denied, defendants\u2019 evidence in conflict with that of plaintiff being ignored.\n5. Trial \u00a7 22b\u2014\nOn motion to nonsuit, defendants\u2019 evidence will not be considered except when not in conflict with that of plaintiff; it may be used to explain or make clear that of plaintiff.\n\u25a06. Automobiles \u00a7 8g\u2014\nThe mere fact of the skidding of an automobile, without other evidence, does not necessarily impute negligence to the driver.\n7. Automobiles \u00a7 8j\u2014\nWhere a sudden emergency is created by defendants\u2019 negligence, plaintiff will not be held to the wisest choice of conduct, but only to such choice as a person of ordinary care and prudence, similarly situated, would have made.\n8. Automobiles \u00a7 18g (5) \u2014\nPhysical evidence at the scene of the accident in suit held, not such as to necessarily negative plaintiff\u2019s testimony as to speed.\n\u25a0 9. Automobiles \u00a7 12a\u2014\nDriving at a speed of 30 to 35 miles per hour in a heavy fog limiting visibility to 100 or 125 feet does not compel the conclusion that the driver was exceeding the speed at which he could stop within the range of his visibility.\nStacy, O. J., took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.\nWinborne, J., dissenting.\nBarnhill, J., concurs in dissent.\nAppeal by defendants from McSwain, Special Judge, September Term, 1948, of Wake. No error.\nThis was an action to recover damages for personal injury sustained as result of collision between an automobile plaintiff was driving and a truck of defendant Colonial Stores, Inc., being driven by defendant Smith. It was alleged that plaintiff\u2019s injury was caused by the negligence of defendant Smith who was at the time acting in the scope of his employment by the corporate defendant.\nThe collision occurred about 6 :10 a.m., 18 June, 1947, on State Highway 70, six miles west of Smithfield. Plaintiff was driving a Chevrolet passenger automobile in an easterly direction and defendants\u2019 motor tractor-trailer truck was being operated in the opposite direction. At the locality of the collision the road was straight, though there was a curve west of this point 250 or 300 feet distant. The road was surfaced with asphalt pavement 18 feet wide with dirt shoulders 4% feet wide on each side. At the time of the collision the scene was enveloped in a heavy fog, denser near the ground, and the surface of the asphalt was damp due to moisture condensed from the fog.\nThe plaintiff testified his automobile was in good condition, recently inspected, and brakes adjusted, and that he was driving at speed of 30 to 35 miles per hour on his right side of the road with his parking or fog lights turned on. Due to the fog, visibility was reduced to 100 to 125 feet. After he came around the curve he saw at a distance of 100 feet away the defendant\u2019s truck approaching at a speed of 35 to 45 miles per hour, and in the act of attempting to pass the automobile of T. H. Underwood proceeding in same direction (west), so that the truck occupied the south or plaintiff\u2019s right-hand lane of the highway. The front of the truck was just even with the front of the Underwood car, blocking the road. Confronted with this emergency plaintiff immediately applied his brakes, and his automobile continued in same direction about 6 feet and then skidded slightly to the left. In the meantime the driver of defendant\u2019s truck apparently becoming aware of plaintiff\u2019s automobile at about the same time had turned to his right, 'and Underwood also had quickly turned to his right off the road and stopped. The tractor portion of defendant\u2019s vehicle had crossed the center line of the highway to its right side, leaving the trailer still on the left or southern traffic lane, at the instant plaintiff\u2019s automobile collided with defendant\u2019s truck, the left front of plaintiff\u2019s automobile striking the left side of defendant\u2019s tractor or between tractor and trailer. Plaintiff sustained serious injury.\nPlaintiff testified there were lights on the Underwood car, but he saw none on the truck; that due to the fog he could see only 100 to 125 feet in front and for that reason was driving carefully at a moderate rate of speed; that due to the unchecked speed of the truck as the vehicles approached each other he calculated only a brief space of time elapsed from the instant he saw the truck loom out of the fog 100 feet in front of him until the impact \u2014 a \u201csplit second\u201d as he termed it; that he had no reason to anticipate the approach of a truck traveling on his right or southern side of the highway; that the truck approached so quickly and the collision so imminent he could not turn his automobile to the right and due to the fog he could not see off on the shoulder or the ditch, and that he applied his brakes and held his course. He testified he did not at any time turn his automobile to the left side of the road; that the marks on the pavement showed his rear wheels skidded and the left front wheel was 19 inches over the center line; that if he had not collided with the front portion of the tractor he would have struck the trailer which was in plaintiff\u2019s lane of traffic. He offered evidence to show that defendant\u2019s tractor-trailer was 40 feet long, 8 feet wide and the trailer 12 feet high. Pie testified, \u201cit was split second timing in there from the time I saw this truck. When the car started skidding I had my hands on the wheel. It might have been that the Make on the left wheel applied a little harder than on the right, and that pulled the car that way. I guess I could have turned to my right if I had enough time; I don\u2019t know about that. Evidently I didn\u2019t have enough time to turn it back in the split second of time I had. The car skidded. . . . When I threw the brakes, the minute the impulse was made to put the brakes on, the car skidded.\u201d He testified if he had turned into the ditch it might have been much worse \u2014 \u201cyou couldn\u2019t see.\u201d The defendant Smith, driver of defendant\u2019s truck, testified that plaintiff applied his brakes and skidded over to his left side of the road, and that he saw the marks where he skidded. It was also in evidence that Smith said when he was abreast the Underwood car he saw the lights on plaintiff\u2019s automobile as he came around the \u25a0curve; that he himself was traveling 35 to 40 miles per hour, and when he saw plaintiff\u2019s car be \u201cspeeded up a little.\u201d Underwood testified that at tbe time of tbe collision tbe truck bad slowed up and was gradually coming to a stop. Tbe patrolman wbo was offered as a witness by tbe defendants testified tbe only tire mark left by tbe truck was a slight dragging at tbe point of impact.\nThe defendants offered evidence tending to show that plaintiff\u2019s automobile struck tbe truck two feet over tbe center line; that tbe marks of plaintiff\u2019s tires gradually veered to bis left; that from tbe point they started to tbe point of impact was 90 feet; that skid marks were straight down tbe highway on bis right side-for approximately 12 to 15 feet; then it was a sidewise skid leading to point of impact with all four tires making an impression; that at tbe beginning it was not sidewise, but as it got to about tbe center of tbe road it began sidewise sliding off toward tbe side. \u201cTbe sidewise marks went in tbe neighborhood of 75 or 78 feet before tbe point of impact\u201d; that at tbe time of collision tbe tractor was entirely on its right side of tbe road, and only tbe rear end of tbe trailer was in tbe left or southern lane of traffic, occupying some 4 or 5 feet of that lane, and that there was room for an automobile to pass by using a portion of tbe shoulder. Defendant Smith testified be could see 300 feet. Underwood testified be could see only 100 to 125 feet, that it was very foggy making it difficult to drive. He said while there was room for a cai-to have passed on tbe shoulder on tbe right, if tbe driver \u201ccould have seen where be was going. Tbe fog was keeping him from seeing. I couldn\u2019t see.\u201d ... \u201cI got off tbe highway. It was quick work.\u201d He said if the plaintiff bad kept straight on down the highway be would have bit tbe trailer. Plaintiff testified: \u201cI skidded nothing like as much as 90 feet. I didn\u2019t travel that far between tbe time I saw tbe car and this happened. From tbe time I applied my brakes and went 3 or .4 or 5 feet straight and then started skidding to tbe left, I won\u2019t say it was over 10 feet altogether. Tbe whole business wasn\u2019t over 10 feet. I didn\u2019t see a skid mark there approximately 90 feet.\u201d Defendant Smith, tbe driver of tbe truck, did not testify to tbe rate of speed of plaintiff\u2019s automobile other than to call it \u201ca pretty good rate of speed.\u201d\nDefendants\u2019 motion for judgment of nonsuit was denied, and their prayers for peremptory instructions were refused. Tbe jury answered tbe issues as to negligence and contributory negligence in favor of tbe plaintiff and awarded damages in sum of $4,000. From judgment on tbe verdict defendants appealed.\nJ. M. Broughton and C. Woodrow Teague for plaintiff, appellee.\nEhringhaus \u25a0& Ehringhaus for defendants, appellants."
  },
  "file_name": "0392-01",
  "first_page_order": 448,
  "last_page_order": 460
}
