#### HERMAN H. GRIMM v. A. T. WATSON, Operating and Doing Business as CITY RAPID TRANSIT COMPANY.

(Filed 13 December, 1950.)

1. Automobiles § 8c—

Tbe violation of either of tbe requirements of G.S. 20-154 that a motorist before turning to tbe right or left from a direct line on tbe highway must first exercise reasonable care to ascertain that such movement can be made in safety and shall give the appropriate statutory signal of his intention to make a turn is negligence per se and is actionable if it proximately causes injury.

2. Automobiles § 18h (2)—

Evidence tending to show that plaintiff, following defendant’s bus on the highway, turned into the left or passing lane of the highway and blew his horn to warn of his intention to pass the bus, which was traveling in the right traffic lane, and that when plaintiff’s car was abreast the rear wheels of the bus, the bus driver turned sharply to the left without any signal or warning, resulting in collision in suit, is held sufficient to be submitted to the jury on the issue of negligence.

8. Automobiles § 18h (S) : Negligence § 19c—

Defendant is not entitled to nonsuit on the ground of contributory negligence unless plaintiff’s own evidence establishes the facts indispensable to sustain the plea.

Appeal by defendant from Phillips, J., and a jury, at the March Term, 1950, of Moore.

*66Civil action arising ont of a collision between two motor vehicles proceeding in the same direction.

The accident occurred upon the Fort Bragg-Eayetteville Boulevard on 21 July, 1948, when the plaintiff’s Chevrolet car overtook and attempted to pass the defendant’s bus, which was admittedly being operated on a mission for the defendant. The plaintiff sought damages for injuries to his person and vehicle upon a complaint charging that such injuries were caused by the actionable negligence of the bus driver. The answer denied this charge, and pleaded as an affirmative defense that the plaintiff failed to keep a proper lookout and drove at an excessive speed and thereby proximately contributed to his injuries.

The Fort Bragg-Eayetteville Boulevard connects Fort Bragg on the north and Fayetteville on the south. It is a dual highway having two lanes of traffic in each direction, with a wide grass plot between the-pairs of lanes. The left of the lanes on each side is for passing other motor vehicles going in the same direction, and there are numerous signs so warning motorists. The pairs of lanes are joined by occasional crossovers used when motorists want to go in the opposite direction.

According to the plaintiff’s evidence, the events giving rise to this litigation happened in this way:

The defendant’s bus was traveling toward Fort Bragg at a speed of aj)out 25 miles per hour, and the plaintiff’s car was following the bus at a speed of about 35 miles per hour. Both vehicles were proceeding in the outside or right traffic lane. When the car was 100 yards behind the bus, the plaintiff observed that the left lane was clear, and pulled into such lane for the purpose of passing the bus. After so doing, he blew his horn to warn the bus driver of his intention to pass the bus, which was still in the outside or right traffic lane. When the front of the plaintiff’s car was abreast the rear wheels of the bus, the bus driver turned the bus sharply to the left without any signal or warning, and entered the left traffic lane, striking and damaging the plaintiff’s car and injuring the plaintiff. The highway is level and straight at the scene of the collision, which occurred several hundred feet from the nearest cross-over.

Testimony for the defendant gave this version of the untoward occurrence :

The bus driver, who was proceeding toward Fort Bragg in the outside or right traffic lane of the boulevard, desired to turn left, cross the grass plot dividing the pairs of traffic lanes at a place other than a regular cross-over, and return to Fayetteville on the opposite side of the dual highway. He ascertained by the use of the rear-view and side-view mirrors on the bus that no motor vehicle was nearing the bus from the rear, and turned on an electrical signal device on the back of the bus to indicate his intention to make the contemplated left turn. After taking these *67precautions, be pulled tbe bus to tbe left. Just as tbe left front wheel of tbe bus entered tbe left traffic lane, tbe plaintiffs car came upon tbe scene from tbe rear at a bigb speed, striking tbe bus back of its left rear wheel and causing tbe damage and injury whereof tbe plaintiff complains.

Issues were submitted to and answered by tbe jury as follows :

1. Was tbe personal property of tbe plaintiff injured and damaged by tbe negligence of tbe defendant, as alleged in tbe complaint ?

Answer: Yes.

2. Was tbe plaintiff injured by tbe negligence of tbe defendant, as alleged in tbe complaint?

Answer: Yes.

3. Did tbe plaintiff by bis negligence contribute to bis own injury and damage, as alleged in tbe answer ?

Answer: No.

4. What property damage, if any, is tbe plaintiff entitled to recover?

Answer: $600.00.

5. What amount, if any, is tbe plaintiff entitled to recover for personal injuries? .

Answer: $900.00.

Tbe court entered judgment on tbe verdict, and tbe defendant appealed, assigning errors.

Spence •& Boyette for plaintiff, appellee.

Seawell & Seawell for defendant, appellant.

EbviN, J.

Tbe defendant reserved exceptions to tbe refusal of bis ^notions for a compulsory nonsuit under G.S. 1-183.

Under tbe statute codified as G.S. 20-154, any person who undertakes to drive a motor vehicle upon a highway must exercise reasonable care to ascertain that such movement can be made in safety before be turns either to tbe right or tbe left from a direct line. Besides be is required by tbe same statute to signal bis intention to turn in tbe prescribed manner and for tbe specified distance before changing bis course “whenever tbe operation of any other vehicle may be affected by such movement.” A motorist violates G.S. 20-154 and in consequence is negligent as a matter of law if be fails to observe either of these statutory precautions in changing tbe course of bis vehicle upon tbe highway, and bis negligence in such respect is actionable if it proximately causes injury to another. Cooley v. Baker, 231 N.C. 533, 58 S.E. 2d 115. This being so, tbe issue of whether tbe driver of tbe defendant’s bus was guilty of actionable negligence was rightly adjudged to be a question of fact for tbe determination of tbe jury.

*68This brings us to the defendant’s contention that the plaintiff was eontributorily negligent as a matter of law.

The plea of contributory negligence in this case is simply this: (1) That the plaintiff drove his automobile upon the highway at an excessive speed and without keeping a proper lookout; and (2) that such specific acts of negligence proximately contributed to the plaintiff’s damage and injury. The controlling rule on this phase of the litigation is elaborated in Bundy v. Powell, 229 N.C. 707, 51 S.E. 2d 307, where this language is used: “Contributory negligence is an affirmative defense which the defendant must plead and prove. G-.S. 1-139. Nevertheless, the rule is firmly embedded in our adjective law that a defendant may take advantage of his plea of contributory negligence by a motion for a compulsory judgment of nonsuit under G.S. 1-183 when the facts necessary to show the contributory negligence are established by the plaintiff’s own evidence.”

The testimony of the plaintiff at the trial did not establish the facts indispensable to the defendant’s plea of contributory negligence. Hence, the trial judge rightly rejected the argument that the plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence as a matter of law.

The questions raised by the remaining exceptions have been decided adversely to defendant in well considered precedents, and require no discussion.

The judgment of the Superior Court is upheld, for there is in law

No error.