{
  "id": 8621326,
  "name": "VIOLA KELLAMS, Employee v. CAROLINA METAL PRODUCTS, INC., Employee; and NEW YORK MUTUAL CASUALTY INSURANCE COMPANY, Carrier",
  "name_abbreviation": "Kellams v. Carolina Metal Products, Inc.",
  "decision_date": "1958-04-09",
  "docket_number": "",
  "first_page": "199",
  "last_page": "203",
  "citations": [
    {
      "type": "official",
      "cite": "248 N.C. 199"
    }
  ],
  "court": {
    "name_abbreviation": "N.C.",
    "id": 9292,
    "name": "Supreme Court of North Carolina"
  },
  "jurisdiction": {
    "id": 5,
    "name_long": "North Carolina",
    "name": "N.C."
  },
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      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.",
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    {
      "cite": "199 N.C. 38",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
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    {
      "cite": "99 S.E. 2d 862",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "opinion_index": 0
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    {
      "cite": "246 N.C. 581",
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      "reporter": "N.C.",
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    {
      "cite": "8 S.E. 2d 484",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "217 N.C. 428",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
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        8609189
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      "case_paths": [
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    {
      "cite": "97 S.E. 2d 110",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "245 N.C. 669",
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        8618303
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    {
      "cite": "243 N.C. 422",
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  "analysis": {
    "cardinality": 527,
    "char_count": 11203,
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  "last_updated": "2023-07-14T22:38:24.992419+00:00",
  "provenance": {
    "date_added": "2019-08-29",
    "source": "Harvard",
    "batch": "2018"
  },
  "casebody": {
    "judges": [],
    "parties": [
      "VIOLA KELLAMS, Employee v. CAROLINA METAL PRODUCTS, INC., Employee; and NEW YORK MUTUAL CASUALTY INSURANCE COMPANY, Carrier."
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "Higgins, J.\nThe hearing commissioner determined the plaintiff\u2019s average weekly wages before the accident amounted to $46.00. Under the provisions of G.S. 97-31 (p) she would have been entitled to 60 per cent of her average weekly wages, or $27.60, if the loss of the use of her leg 'had been total. But inasmuch as she lost only 10 per cent of the use of her leg she was entitled to weekly payments of only ten per cent of the $27.60, or $2.76. The award required the payment of that amount for a period of 200 weeks. On appeal, the commission and the superior court affirmed the award.\nThe real controversy in this case turns on the interpretation of the language in G.S. 97-31 (t) as the subsection was written at the date of the injury: \u201cThe compensation for partial loss . . . shall be such proportion of the payments above provided for total loss as such partial loss bears to total loss.\u201d The plaintiff contends .the commission made the correct determination as to the weekly wages, ($46.00) and of the 60 per cent thereof ($27.60), and the per cent disability (10%); and the number of weeks the disability is deemed to continue (200). However, she contends the commission fell into error by awarding her only $2.76 per week instead of $8.00 as required by G.S. 97-31 (u): \u201cWeekly compensation payments referred to in this section shall all be subject to the same limitations as to maximum, and minimum as set out in G.S. 97-29.\u201d (emphasis added) Section 97-29 fixed the minimum weekly payment at $8.00. Her contention is, the proper award should have required the payment of $8.00 per week for 200 weeks.\nThe defendants are satisfied with the award and they do not object to the method used by the commission in fixing it at $2.76 per week for 200 weeks. They do object to the application of the $8.00 weekly \u00a1minimum rule. They contend the minimum as provided in Sec. 97-29 applies only to total disability. The contention is quite correct, but G. S. 97-31 provides for partial disability and subsection (u) provides the weekly compensation payments thereunder shall all be subject to the minimum fixed in Sec. ,97-29; and we must look to that section for the minimum, and for nothing more. The defendants further contend the application of the $8.00 weekly minimum was never intended in a case like this for the reason that the plaintiff would receive the same award per week for her 10 per cent disability as she would receive had her disability been 29 per cent. The contention is quite correct. On the other hand, if her weekly wages had been $150.00 and her disability 33-1/3 per cent, she would receive just the same \u2014 the maximum $30.00 \u2014 -as if her disability were fixed at any point above 33-1/3 per cent.\nThe inevitable effect of any minimum is to permit the same award for minor injury as for a greater one up to the point where the award is equal to the fixed minimum. Under the maximum and minimum provisions the rule for calculating the award is observed in the ascending scale until the maximum is reached \u2014 and there the award stops and the maximum controls rather than the calculation. In precisely the same way the rule for calculating the award is observed in the descending scale until the minimum is reached \u2014 and there it stops and the minimum controls rather than the calculation. The effect of a maximum and minimum provision is to fix a ceiling above which, and a floor below which, an award may not go. The maximum and minimum provisions do not enter into the mathematical steps in making the calculation. However, when the calculation is made, th\u00e9 maximum and minimum provisions come into play to control the award only to the extent that it must not exceed $30.00 (as of 1953) or it must not fall below $8.00.\nA stronger argument for sustaining the amount of the award can be made out by giving G.S. 97-31 (t) (as of 1953) a different interpretation. That is, by taking 10 per cent of the number of weekly payments rather than 10 per oenit of the amount of one such payment. In other words, as contended, the award should be $27.60 per week for 20 weeks rather than $2.76 per week for 200 weeks .as actually fixed by the 'commission. The total would be 'the same.\nIn this case the difference in 'the method of determining the amount of the award, whether $2.76 per week for 200 weeks or $27.60 per week for 20 weeks, becomes important to the parties only by reason of the applicability of \u00a1tire $8.00 minimum weekly payment provision of G.S. 97-31 and G.S. 97-29 \u2019Construed together.\nThe method of calculating the award by 'applying the per cent of disability to the weekly wages rather than to the number of weekly payments during which the disability is presumed to continue has been \u00a1specifically .approved by this Oourt in the case of Watts v. Brewer, 243 N.C. 422, 90 S.E. 2d 764. While the weekly \u00a1award of $4.92 \u2019in that case was not disturbed, the question of the applicability of .the $8.00 weekly minimum was not raised \u00a1and not discussed. No case has been called to our attention where the applicability of the $8.00 minimum rule under G.S. 79-31 has been presented.\nIn the case of Andrews v. Princeville, 245 N.C. 669, 97 S.E. 2d 110, this Oourt, in a per curiam opinion, without discussing the facts, approved \u00a1an award in a death case of $8.00 per week when the monthly wages of the \u00a1special police officer amounted to $5.00, or a little more than $1.25 per week.\nThe reasoning that the minimum weekly award in this case should control 'is further supported by the decision of Clark v. Portland General Electric Co., a decision of the Ninth Circuit Oourt of Appeals, reported in 111 Fed. 2d 703. There the \u00a1count was considering an .award under the Longshoremen\u2019s and Harbor Workers\u2019 Compensation Act (Gh. 18, 33 USOA) which provided that compensation for disability should not exceed $25.00 per week nor be less than $8.00 per week. The court upheld the contention of -the appellant employee that an \u25a0award to him for a partial, permanent disability could not be less than $8.00 per week for the reason that disability means total, partial, permanent, or temporary, and was not limited to total disability as contended for by the employer.\nThe North Carolina Workmen\u2019s Compensation Act seems to have been taken in the main from the Longshoremen's Act. Morris v. Chevrolet Co., 217 N.C. 428, 8 S.E. 2d 484.\nThe plaintiff\u2019s injury occurred on September 2, 1953. This Oourt has said the per cent of -the di'salbiiity must be applied to tbe weekly payments -and not -to the number of payments, which must remain constant. However, since the plaintiffs injury, the Legislature, by Oh. 1396, Session Laws of 1957, amending G.S. 97-31 (t), has made -the per cent of disability applicable to \u201cperiods of payment.\u201d However, as the Act was written as of the date of the plaintiff\u2019s injury, we think the wording permitted, if not required, the construction given it in Watts v. Brewer supra. The counts must give the Workmen\u2019s Compensation Act liberal construction \u201cto the end that the benefits \u25a0thereof shall not be denied upon technical, narrow, 'and restricted interpretation.\u201d Hardy v. Small, 246 N.C. 581, 99 S.E. 2d 862; Johnson v. Hosiery Co., 199 N.C. 38, 153 S.E. 591.\nIf we adhere to the decision in Watts v. Brewer, supra, we must conclude the commission was correct in requiring the payments to be made for 200 weeks. It seems inevitable then that the $8.00 minimum be applied to the weekly payments. The industrial worker who earns high wages and whose injury is serious is limited by the maximum provided in G.S. 97-29, notwithstanding the fact that the award, according to the formula,, would 'be much higher. As a means of evening the burdens resulting from industrial accidents the worker of low income is given the benefit of the minimum. After all, one of the purposes of the Workmen\u2019s Compensation Act is to relieve 'against hardship rather than to afford f-ull compensation for injury. The fixing of maximum and minimum awards in industry is a compromise. In -this case the plaintiff benefits by the minimum. Her assignment of error N'o. 3 that her weekly award should have been $8.00 instead of $2.76 is sustained. For the reasons herein stated, the judgment below is set \u25a0aside. The Superior Court of Mecklenburg County will remand the case to the North Carolina Industrial Commission for ian amendment to its award striking out $2.76 and substituting $8.00 therefor.\nReversed and remanded.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "Higgins, J."
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Robert L. Scott, for -plaintiff, (appellant.",
      "Carpenter & Webb,",
      "By: L. B. Carpenter, for defendants, appellees."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "VIOLA KELLAMS, Employee v. CAROLINA METAL PRODUCTS, INC., Employee; and NEW YORK MUTUAL CASUALTY INSURANCE COMPANY, Carrier.\n(Filed 9 April, 1958)\n1. Master and Servant \u00a7 53b (1)\u2014\nIn figuring the maximum award under the Compensation Act, the award must be calculated in the 'ascending scale until the maximum is reached, and then the maximum controls rather than, the calculation; in figuring the \u25a0minimum awiard the rule for calculating the award is observed in the descending scale until the minimum is reached, and there the award stops and the minimum controls rather than the calculation.\n2. Same\u2014\nUnder the provisions of G.'S. 97J31(u), awards for partial disability are subject to the minimum fixed in G.'S. 97-29 in like manner as awards for total disability, and therefore the weekly payments of an award for partial disability should not be less than the $8 minimun fixed by the statute.\n3. Same\u2014\nPrior to the amendment of G.S. 97-31 (t) by Ch. 1396, Session Laws of 1957, an award for partial disability must he based on a percentage of the weekly wage for the entire period of 200 weeks rather than a percentage of the number of weekly payments.\n4. Master and Servant \u00a7 87\u2014\nThe Workmen\u2019s Compensation Act must be liberally construed to the end that its benefits shall not be denied upon technical, narrow and restricted interpretation.\nAppeal by plaintiff employee from Craven, S. J., October 7, 1957, Special Civil Term, MecKleNburg Superior Court.\nThis proceeding originated before the North Carolina Industrial Commission upon a claim for compensation for injury resulting from an industrial accident on September 2, 1953. All jurisdictional facts were stipulated. Defendants admitted liability and paid compensation during temporary total disability. The controversy before the Industrial Commission involved (1) the date of maximum recovery, and (2) the amount of compensation for permanent partial disability. The hearing commissioner found the plaintiff, employee, attained maximum recovery on March 8, 1955, and that as a result of the accident she suffered a ten per cent permanent partial disability to her right leg. The commissioner, based on her weekly wages and per centum of disability, made an award to her of $2.76 per week for 200 weeks, beginning February 14, 1955. Upon her appeal and application for review before the full commission upon specific errors assigned, the full commission adopted the findings of fact, conclusions of law, and award made by the hearing commissioner. Upon her appeal, the superior court overruled all her exceptions and affirmed the award. The plaintiff excepted and appealed.\nRobert L. Scott, for -plaintiff, (appellant.\nCarpenter & Webb,\nBy: L. B. Carpenter, for defendants, appellees."
  },
  "file_name": "0199-01",
  "first_page_order": 241,
  "last_page_order": 245
}