{ "id": 8608972, "name": "GEORGE THROWER, Trading as Boulevard Supermarket, v. COBLE DAIRY PRODUCTS CO-OPERATIVE, INC.", "name_abbreviation": "Thrower v. Coble Dairy Products Co-Operative, Inc.", "decision_date": "1958-10-29", "docket_number": "", "first_page": "109", "last_page": "113", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "249 N.C. 109" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C.", "id": 9292, "name": "Supreme Court of North Carolina" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "273 U. S. 359", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6142042 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/273/0359-01" ] }, { "cite": "282 U. S. 555", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6932804 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/282/0555-01" ] }, { "cite": "87 S.E. 2d 2", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "242 N.C. 152", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8611126 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/242/0152-01" ] }, { "cite": "58 S.E. 2d 351", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "231 N.C. 577", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8631162 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/231/0577-01" ] }, { "cite": "76 S.E. 634", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "161 N.C. 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 11269512 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/161/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "65 S.E. 644", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "151 N.C. 80", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8653956 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/151/0080-01" ] }, { "cite": "149 S.E. 377", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "197 N.C. 413", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8629318 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/197/0413-01" ] }, { "cite": "193 S.E. 224", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "212 N.C. 120", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8601183 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/212/0120-01" ] }, { "cite": "77 N.C. 233", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8682472 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/77/0233-01" ] }, { "cite": "159 S.E. 446", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "201 N.C. 90", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8622747 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/201/0090-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 607, "char_count": 11605, "ocr_confidence": 0.515, "pagerank": { "raw": 2.1336205168236426e-07, "percentile": 0.7661736263388329 }, "sha256": "cabf6fc02143af121f912a1f00baf6f63be2e29233750ec35eb631f3b225e32b", "simhash": "1:f77f7349ef36b1da", "word_count": 1928 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T22:25:15.863799+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "PARKER, J., not sitting." ], "parties": [ "GEORGE THROWER, Trading as Boulevard Supermarket, v. COBLE DAIRY PRODUCTS CO-OPERATIVE, INC." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "HiggiNS, J.\nThe defendant presents three questions for review: (1) Is the defendant responsible to the plaintiff for the loss caused by Queen\u2019s falsification of the invoices? (2) Is the plaintiff barred from recovery by his negligent failure to discover and prevent Queen\u2019s fraud? (3) Did the court err in fixing the amount of the recovery?\nThe evidence is amply sufficient to support the court\u2019s findings that Queen was \u201can employee, agent, and servant of the defendant corporation . . . was acting in the course and scope of his employment in dealing with the plaintiff and the controversy herein involved arises out of the acts of said Queen as agent, servant, and employee.\u201d The general rule is that a principal is responsible to third parties for the fraud of its agent while acting within his authority. \u201cIt is elementary that the principal is liable for the acts of his agent, whether malicious or negligent, and the master for similar acts of his servant, which result in injury to third persons, when the agent or servant is acting within the line of his duty and exercising the functions of his employment.\u201d Dickerson v. Refining Co., 201 N.C. 90, 159 S.E. 446. \u201cThere is no reason that occurs to us why a different rule should be applicable to cases of deceit from what 'applies to other torts. A coifpo-rati-on can only act through its agents, and must be responsible for their acts. It is of the greatest public importance that it should be so. If a manufacturing and trading corporation is not responsible for the false and fraudulent representations of its agents, those who deal with it will be practically without redress and the corporation can commit fraud with impunity.\u201d Peebles v. Patapsco Co., 77 N.C. 233. The master is liable for the unlawful or negligent acts of his servant if about the master\u2019s business, and if doing or attempting to do that which he was employed to do. Snow v. DeButts, 212 N.C. 120, 193 S.E. 224.\nThe evidence in this case shows the court found the fraud was committed in the sale of defendant\u2019s products and in the padding of accounts its agent was authorized to collect. The defendant is liable for plaintiff\u2019s loss.\nThe defendant here-contends the plaintiff is barred from recovery by his own negligence in permitting Queen to deposit the invoices in a receptacle in plaintiff\u2019s office. This from his brief: \u201cIn permitting the practice to continue for that period (2% years) the plaintiff chose to put his faith and trust in Queen. Such was not a faith and trust solicited by the defendant.\u201d The argument is not persuasive. It ignores the fact that Queen was selected and sent out by the defendant as its agent to sell and deliver, and collect for its products. \u201cWhere a loss is to be suffered through the misconduct of an agent, it should be borne by those who put it in his power to do the wrong, rather than by a stranger.\u201d Bank v. Liles, 197 N.C. 413, 149 S.E. 377. There must be reliance on the integrity of men, or else trade or commerce could not prosper. Gray v. Jenkins, 151 N.C. 80, 65 S.E. 644; Machine Co. v. Bullock, 161 N.C. 1, 76 S.E. 634. The plaintiff\u2019s conduct in trusting Queen does not preclude the recovery.\nThe defendant challenges the amount found by the court (acting' as the jury) to be plaintiff\u2019s loss by reason of Queen\u2019s fraudulent invoices. In support of its assignment of error No. 18, the defendant offers the following in its brief: \u201cSurely such testimony as that admitted by the court over objection to the effect that his milk bills were 'right around $2,500 a month\u2019 before Queen\u2019s arrest and 'around $1,500\u2019 after his arrest, furnishes no such foundation. Apart from its vagueness, this was a clear violation of the best evidence rule.\u201d There was also evidence that in the year 1955 the plaintiff had an operating loss of $24,000, and that on a smaller volume in 1956 (during which Queen made deliveries for only one month) the plaintiff showed a profit of $9,000. The evidence was offered without objection. The defendant cannot justly -complain of the violation of the best evidence rule. Queen gave the plaintiff carbon copies of all invoices, genuine and spurious. The plaintiff introduced them in evidence, together with the checks that paid them. The evidence is that Queen kept the genuine originals and presumably settled with his employer on the basis of these only. The plaintiff demanded that the defendant produce them. The demand was met with the statement they were not available. It is fair to assume, therefore, the defendant had within its power the means of ascertaining the amount of plaintiff\u2019s loss. Not only did defendant fail to produce the original invoices, it failed to offer any evidence. The plaintiff offered the admission of Queen that he raised the tickets from $100 to $125 per week in excess of his actual deliveries.\nIn case a jury trial is waived, the court\u2019s findings of fact are conclusive upon appeal, if there is evidence to support them. Burnsville v. Boone, 231 N.C. 577, 58 S.E. 2d 351. \u201cThe amount of damages must be established with reasonable, but not with absolute certainty, . . . absolute certainty is not required; it is sufficient if a reasonable basis or computation is afforded, though the result be only approximate; . . .\u201d 25 C.J.S., Damages, sec. 26(c), p. 491. \u201cHowever, where actual pecuniary damages are sought, there must be evidence of their existence and extent, and some data from which they may be computed.\u201d Norwood v. Carter, 242 N.C. 152, 87 S.E. 2d 2; Story Parchment Corp. v. Patterson Parchment Paper Co., 282 U. S. 555; Eastman Kodak Co. v. Southern Photo Materials Co., 273 U. S. 359.\nThe evidence furnished sufficient support for .the court\u2019s finding as to the amount of plaintiff\u2019s loss. The findings are sufficient to sustain the judgment. The defendant\u2019s assignments do not present error of substance. The judgment is\nAffirmed.\nPARKER, J., not sitting.", "type": "majority", "author": "HiggiNS, J." } ], "attorneys": [ "Carpenter & Webb, By: William B. Webb for defendant, appellant.", "E. R. Warren, Whitener & Mitchem, By: Basil L. Whitener, By: Wade W. Mitchem for plaintiff, appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "GEORGE THROWER, Trading as Boulevard Supermarket, v. COBLE DAIRY PRODUCTS CO-OPERATIVE, INC.\n(Filed 29 October, 1958.)\n1. Corporations \u00a7 26: Principal and Agent \u00a7 10\u2014\nEvidence that defendant corporation\u2019s agent obtained tlie signatures of plaintiff\u2019s employees to invoices for products delivered and, by the use of carbons, to additional invoices, which the agent later filled in, and obtained payment for both the genuine and spurious invoices, is sufficient predicate for liability of defendant corporation under the general rule that the principal is liable for the fraud of its agent committed while acting within his authority.\n2. Same\u2014\nThe purchaser of products, in permitting the seller\u2019s agent to deposit invoices, over the course of years, in a receptacle in the purchaser\u2019s office, is not guilty of negligence barring recovery for the fraud of the seller\u2019s agent in thus presenting both genuine and spurious invoices, since the seller selected the agent, and it is necessary to trade and commerce that a party may rely on the integrity of men.\n3. Evidence \u00a7 26\u2014\nWhere plaintiff demands that defendant produce the original invoices for the purpose of ascertaining which carbon copies in plaintiff's possession are genuine and which spurious, and defendant states that the originals are not available, defendant cannot complain of the intro duetion of the carbons in evidence, since it is apparent that defendant had within its power the means of establishing the matter if plaintiff were in error as to which of the invoices are genuine and which spurious.\n4. Damages \u00a7 14\u2014\nWhile the damages must be established with reasonable certainty, it is not required that they be established with absolute certainty, and where plaintiff has paid both genuine and spurious invoices, the ascertainment of the amount of the spurious invoices by taking the invoices for the less amount for those days during which both a genuine and a spurious invoice were paid, establishes the amount of damages with reasonable certainty, and is sufficient.\nParker, J., not sitting.\nAppeal by defendant from Froneberger, J., December, 1957 Civil Term, GastoN Superior Court.\nCivil action to recover $21,200 which the plaintiff alleged the defendant, through its agent and servant, Raymond Queen obtained by false pretenses from the plaintiff. The defendant denied that Queen was acting as its agent; that if it be found to the contrary, the \u201cnegligence and lack of care in the operation of his business and in his dealings with . . . Queen, . . . aided, abetted, and contributed\u201d to any loss sustained by him. The parties waived a jury trial and stipulated the presiding judge \u201cshould hear the matter, find the facts, and render judgment.\u201d\nThe plaintiff\u2019s evidence in short summary tended to show: During the time involved, the plaintiff operated a grocery store and market in the Town of Belmont. From August, 1953 to February, 1956 the plaintiff purchased on open account from the defendant corporation its milk and dairy products delivered at his store. In these transactions Raymond Queen was the agent and employee of the defendant, except for about five months beginning April 21, 1954. In connection with his deliveries, and as a means of keeping account of them, Queen made use of invoice tickets consisting of an original and one or more carbon copies. However, he employed the device of withdrawing the carbon paper from all except the first copy at the time he listed the purchases, and then reinserted the carbon for the other copies before he obtained the signature of the plaintiff\u2019s employee whose duty it was to approve the invoice. The result was an original ticket, one correct carbon copy with the approval signature of the plaintiff\u2019s employee, and one or more blank copies with the carbon signature of the employee. Thereafter Queen filled out the additional copy, or copies, showing fictitious deliveries. He then deposited all carbon copies, both genuine and spurious, in a receptacle in the plaintiff\u2019s office. At the end of each week he collected not only for the amount showing the actual delivery, but for the amount shown on the spurious invoices.\nThe plaintiff\u2019s evidence tended to show that only one delivery was made on Mondays, Thursdays, and Sundays. On many Mondays and Thursdays, and on one Sunday, Queen submitted and collected for more than one invoice. About once each month as many as two deliveries were made on Wednesdays and Fridays. Frequently Queen submitted and collected for two or three invoices on Wednesdays and Fridays. No deliveries were actually made on Tuesdays, but Queen submitted and collected for invoices on that date. The plaintiff offered in evidence all invoices (genuine and spurious) left with the plaintiff by Queen, and plaintiff\u2019s checks in payment.\nThe court examined all checks and. invoices, and made its determination as to which were spurious. The court thus stated its method of fixing the plaintiff\u2019s loss: \u201cIn arriving at the amount of loss sustained by the plaintiff the court has given the defendant the benefit of the invoices for the larger amount and in the computation of the said loss by the plaintiff has taken the invoices for Wednesdays stating the lesser amounts.\u201d A similar method was followed in determining the loss for the other days for which invoices were submitted.\nThe defendant did not offer any evidence. The court found the plaintiff had paid $15,579.25 for milk products not delivered, rendered judgment accordingly, and the defendant appealed.\nCarpenter & Webb, By: William B. Webb for defendant, appellant.\nE. R. Warren, Whitener & Mitchem, By: Basil L. Whitener, By: Wade W. Mitchem for plaintiff, appellee." }, "file_name": "0109-01", "first_page_order": 151, "last_page_order": 155 }