{ "id": 8574535, "name": "JOCIE MOTOR LINES, INC., Plaintiff v. INTERNATIONAL BROTHERHOOD OF TEAMSTERS, CHAUFFEURS, WAREHOUSEMEN AND HELPERS OF AMERICA, Defendant; and THE NEW DIXIE LINES, INCORPORATED, Plaintiff v. INTERNATIONAL BROTHERHOOD OF TEAMSTERS CHAUFFEURS, WAREHOUSEMEN AND HELPERS OF AMERICA, Defendant", "name_abbreviation": "Jocie Motor Lines, Inc. v. International Brotherhood of Teamsters", "decision_date": "1963-10-16", "docket_number": "", "first_page": "315", "last_page": "330", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "260 N.C. 315" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C.", "id": 9292, "name": "Supreme Court of North Carolina" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "132 S.E. 2d 352", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "260 N.C. 186", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8573591 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "188" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/260/0186-01" ] }, { "cite": "68 S.E. 2d 807", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "234 N.C. 734", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8625869 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/234/0734-01" ] }, { "cite": "254 N.C. 783", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "803" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "95 L. Ed. 1277", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "341 U.S. 665", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1148199 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/341/0665-01" ] }, { "cite": "275 F. 2d 610", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 1953786 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/275/0610-01" ] }, { "cite": "371 U.S. 899", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 450658, 450403, 450859, 450764, 450806 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/371/0899-02", "/us/371/0899-04", "/us/371/0899-03", "/us/371/0899-01", "/us/371/0899-05" ] }, { "cite": "371 U.S. 862", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 450502, 450921, 450579, 451292, 451005 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/371/0862-05", "/us/371/0862-02", "/us/371/0862-04", "/us/371/0862-03", "/us/371/0862-01" ] }, { "cite": "125 S.E. 2d 277", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "257 N.C. 18", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8565335 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/257/0018-01" ] }, { "cite": "29 U.S.C. \u00a7 185", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "U.S.C.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "29 U.S.C. \u00a7 187", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "U.S.C.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "29 U.S.C. \u00a7 158", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "U.S.C.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "29 U.S.C. \u00a7 157", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "U.S.C.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "61 Stat. 136", "category": "laws:leg_session", "reporter": "Stat.", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "et seq." } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "49 Stat. 449", "category": "laws:leg_session", "reporter": "Stat.", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "et seq." } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "61 Stat. 158", "category": "laws:leg_session", "reporter": "Stat.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "29 U.S.C.A. \u00a7 187", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "U.S.C.", "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "(b)" }, { "page": "(a)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "61 Stat. 159", "category": "laws:leg_session", "reporter": "Stat.", "opinion_index": 0 } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1347, "char_count": 37138, "ocr_confidence": 0.438, "pagerank": { "raw": 5.472647887756713e-08, "percentile": 0.34328719550830955 }, "sha256": "c5e3f2025ad938675b702cd930ac7875c046ff34f0816df2cebdae286b66444f", "simhash": "1:83f33af908d43676", "word_count": 5936 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T17:49:29.885963+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Parker & Higgins, JJ., dissent." ], "parties": [ "JOCIE MOTOR LINES, INC., Plaintiff v. INTERNATIONAL BROTHERHOOD OF TEAMSTERS, CHAUFFEURS, WAREHOUSEMEN AND HELPERS OF AMERICA, Defendant and THE NEW DIXIE LINES, INCORPORATED, Plaintiff v. INTERNATIONAL BROTHERHOOD OF TEAMSTERS CHAUFFEURS, WAREHOUSEMEN AND HELPERS OF AMERICA, Defendant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Bobbitt, J.\nDefendant assigns as error the denial of its motion for judgment of involuntary nonsuit. In passing upon this assignment, it is necessary to consider the nature of the cause of action alleged anid the theory of the trial.\nPlaintiff, in express terms, based its action on Section 303 (b) of the Labor Management Relations Act, 61 Stat. 159, 29 U.S.C.A. \u00a7 187(b), which provides:\n\u201cWhoever shall be injured in his business or property iby reason or (of) any violation of subsection (a) may sue therefor in any district court of the United States subject to the limitations and provisions of section 301 hereof without respect to the amount in controversy, or in any other court having jurisdiction of the parties, and -shall recover the damages by him sustained and the cost of the suit.\u201d\nIn M,ay, June, July and August, 1959 (and prior to amendment of September 14, 1959), the pertinent portion of Section 303(-a), 61 Stat. 158-159, 29 U.S.C.A. \u00a7 187(a), provided:\n\u201c (a) It shall be unlawful, for -the purposes of this section only, in an industry or activity 'affecting -commerce, for any labor -organization to engage in, or to induce -or encourage the employees of any employer to engage in, >a \u00a9trike or a concerted refusal in the course of their employment to use, manufacture, process, transport, or otherwise handle or work on any goods, articles, materials, or -commodities or to- perform any services, where an obj ect thereof is\u2014\n\u201c (1) forcing oi\u2019 requiring any employer or self-employed person to j-oin any labor or employer organization or any employer or other person to cease using, selling, handling, .transporting, or otherwise dealing in the products of any other producer, processor, or manufacturer, or to cease doing business with any other person;\n\u201c (2) forcing or requiring any other employer to recognize or bargain with .a labor organization as the representative of his employees unless such labor organization has been certified as the representative of such employees under the provisions of section 9 of the National Labor Relations Act.\u201d\nIt is noted that plaintiff, in paragraph 5 of the complaint, uses substantially the language used in said Section 303(a).\nThe federal statutes to which reference will be made are the \u201cNational Labor Relations Act\u201d of 1935, 49 Stat. 449 et seq., as amended by the \u201cLabor Management Relatione Act, 1947,\u201d 61 Stat. 136 et seq. Provisions of the 1947 Act are codified as follows: \u00a7 7 is 29 U.S.C. \u00a7 157; \u00a7 8 is 29 U.S.C. \u00a7 158; \u00a7 303 is 29 U.S.C. \u00a7 187; \u00a7 301 is 29 U.S.C. \u00a7 185.\nThe complaint contains no reference to a strike. Nor does it refer to Local 509 (Columbia) or Local 71 (Charlotte) or to any other subordinate or affiliate of the International Union. It alleges the International Union committed the alleged unlawful acts without designating the agency through which it acted.\nThe following excerpts from the court\u2019s charge indicate the theory of the trial:\n\u201cAs you have learned from the evidence in this case, Locals 509 and 71, local unions affiliated with the defendant International Union who were actively carrying on the strike and picketing against the plaintiffs, are not parties to these proceedings, nor were the Joint Council Nine -or the Eastern or Southern Conferences, also affiliated with the defendant. The defendant International Union alone has been sued on the theory that it was the principal for whom Loc\u00e1is 71 and 509 were acting as agents within the scope of their authority at the \u25a0time of the events out of which this lawsuit arose. Whether the facts support this theory is an issue that you must decide, as plaintiff\u2019s contentions in this respect are expressly denied by the defendant.\n\u201cUnder the law the defendant International Union, on the one hand, and its subordinate affiliated bodies such as local unions, joint councils and conferences, on the other hand, are considered separate and distinct entities. The mere fact that a local union or other subordinate bodies are constituent bodies or entities embraced within or affiliated with the International Union does not of itself make the local union or other subordinate bodies the agent of the International Union, nor does this fact of affiliation make this International Union responsible for such acts of the local unions or other subordinate bodies.\n\u201cTo hold the Defendant responsible for the actions of said local unions, you must find either that defendant itself participated in such actions or that the local unions were acting as the agents of the defendant.\u201d\nWhether plaintiff was damaged by unlawful secondary boycott activities of the union pickets, and, if so, whether those engaged in such activities were acting as agents of International Union were the questions involved in the first issue.\nThe court's final'instruction with reference to the first issue was as follows: \u201cNow . . . if the plaintiff . . . has satisfied you ... by tire greater weight of the evidence that in failing .to handle the cargo of the plaintiff's transportation company, that members of the union were acting not as individuals but in concerted actions for and on behalf of the Union as its agent, that the union would become responsible for their action; and if it has not so satisfied you, then it would be not responsible. Therefore, if you find that the members of the union were not acting as individuals and that they engaged in secondary boycotting, if you find from the evidence and by the greater weight of the evidence, then it would be your duty to answer that first issue yes. If you are not satisfied, Ladies and Gentlemen of the Jury, if you are not satisfied, then it would be your duty .to answer .that issue no.\u201d\nInternational Union did not except to the last quoted excerpt. We are not now concerned (with whether it is insufficient or erroneous.\nThe relationships between the International Union, the conferences, the joint councils and the (approximately 960) locals are set forth in the constitution of the International Union. Excerpts therefrom are quoted by Higgins, J., in Transportation Co. v. Brotherhood, 257 N.C. 18, 125 S.E. 2d 277, certiorari denied sub nom. International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen and Helpers of America, Petitioner v. Overnite Transportation Co., 371 U.S. 862, petition for rehearing denied, 371 U.S. 899. In International Bro. of Teamsters, etc. v. United States, 4 Cir., 275 F. 2d 610, Haynsworth, Circuit Judge, summarizes the provisions bearing upon the International Union\u2019s right of control over a local union. We approve Judge Hayns-worth's summary and agree with the court\u2019s conclusion, viz.: \u201cIt (the constitution) showed such extensive control and direction of the local as to warrant the conclusion that the local is a component of the International. The local is the internal organizational means which the International employs to keep its accounts of its membership, to collect its revenues, and to execute and enforce its policies. If all of the other general and specific rights of control vested in International should prove insufficient to assure subservience of a local in a particular matter, the right to suspend the charter and seize immediate control of a local which adopts an independent course must be effective.\u201d\nAs to whether International Union exercised its right of control, the evidence is in conflict; but, when considered in the light most favorable to plaintiff, we think it was sufficient to support findings that International Union authorized the strike and supported it by direct payment of strike benefits .to Local 71 (Charlotte) pickets and by indirect payment of strike benefits to Local 728 (Atlanta) pickets, and that International Union was fully advised of \u00a1the secondary boycott activities being employed as a means of obtaining the objectives of the \u25a0strike.\nInternational Union contends, citing Labor Board v. Rice Milling Co., 341 U.S. 665, 95 L. Ed. 1277, 71 S. Ct. 961, and other decisions, that the evidence fails to disclose secondary boycott activities in violation of Section 303 (a). In our view, the evidence, when considered in the light most favorable to plaintiff, was .sufficient to support findings that the activities of union pickets at the places of business of plaintiff\u2019s customers and interchange carriers induced and encouraged the employees of such secondary employers by concerted action to refuse to handle commodities transported by plaintiff.\nInternational Union\u2019s assignment of error directed to the court\u2019s denial of its motion for judgment of involuntary nonsuit is overruled.\nInternational Union assigns as error the admission by the court over its objection of the testimony referred to below.\nThe evidence that plaintiff was damaged by the secondary boycott activities of union pickets is plenary and uncontradicted. International union contended, and offered evidence tending to \u00a9how, that it did not authorize the strike or picketing or secondary boycott activities; that, when plaintiff refused to reinstate union members who had gone on strike, such payments as International Union made were lockout benefits, not strike benefits; and that, in calling the \u00a9trike and in picketing and in the secondary boycott activities, the local unions acted as lautonomouis unions and not as agents of International Union.\nThere is evidence that plaintiff \u201cgot an injunction in the Federal Court around August 20, 1959.\u201d Apparently, the roving or ambulatory picketing and secondary boycott activities were then enjoined but picketing at plaintiff\u2019s terminals was permitted to continue and did continue.\nInternational Union assigns as error the admission, over its objection, (1) of certain testimony of J. D. Brothers, .New Dixie\u2019s President, \u25a0as to what R. C. Cook, President of Local 728 (Atlanta), testified at \u25a0a National Labor Relations Board 'bearing in Atlanta, and (2) of a. portion of the official report of said bearing, consisting of testimony given by Cook at isaid hearing. The said record indicates the hearing was held October 29, 1959, in a proceeding to which Local 509, Local 728 and Jocie (but not International Union) were parties. The exact nature and purpose of the hearing does not appear.\nBrothers testified that he, personally, cross-examined Cook at said National Labor Relations Board hearing. Brothers was permitted to testify, over objection by International Union, as follow\u00ae: \u201cMr. Cook admitted under my cross-examination that he was reimbursed by Joint Council 9 for every, for all of the strike expenses, and in turn Joint Council 9 was partially \u00bfreimbursed by the International.\u201d International Union moved to strike and for a mistrial and excepted to the denial of it\u00a9 \u00a9aid motions.\nThe portion of said official report offered amid admitted in evidence tends to show that Local 728 made payments to Overnite and Jocie pickets; that, although not affiliated with Joint Council 9, Local 728 was reimbursed by Joint Council 9 to the extent of its payments to Jocie pickets; and that Joint Council 9 was reimbursed in part by International Union. Local 509 (Columbia) and Local 71 (Charlotte) were affiliated with Joint Council 9.\nCook was not a witness at the trial of this action.\nPlaintiff suggests that this evidence was competent as a declaration against interest. Cook was testifying as President of Local 728, a party to the proceeding. Whether his declarations were .against the interest of Cook or of Local 728 does not appear. There is no- evidence that -Cook was an officer of International Union. International Union was not a 'party to- the proceeding and Cook Was not testifying in its behalf. When bis testimony was given, the alleged roving or ambulatory picketing and secondary boycott activities had been enjoined. It is noted that the statements .attributed to Cook referred to- what (may have) occurred in May, June, July and August of 1959.\n. There was independent evidence that Local 728 made payments to Jocie pickets, that Joint Council 9 made payments to Local 728 and that International Union made payments to Joint Council 9. But the evidence as to Cook\u2019s testimony at the National Labor Relations Board hearing is the only evidence that tends positively to identify payments made by International Union to Joint Council 9 as made to reimburse Local 728 in part for payments made by it to- Jo-cie pickets. There can be no question as to- the force and prejudicial effect of the testimony als to what Cook said October 29, 196-9, at said National Labor Relations Board Hearing. The evidence a\u00ae to what Oook testified at said bearing was incompetent because (1) it was 'hearsay, and (2) agency may not be proved by the declarations of the alleged agent. The admission \u00a1thereof is prejudicial error for which a new trial must \u2022be awarded.\nInternational Union assigns as error the admission, over its objection, of four documents identified collectively as plaintiff\u2019s Exhibit 17, to wit:\n\u201c(1) NEWS RELEASE\n\u2018For Immediate Release to all News Media\nGreenville, South Carolina\nFebruary 1,1962\nTEAMSTERS LOSE AGAIN\nThe Teamsters\u2019 organizers suffered another' defeat in Greenville, South Carolina on February 1, 1962. In an election supervised by the National Labor Relations Board, the employees of the New Dixie Lines\u2019 -terminal at Greenville rejected Teamsters Local 509 as their bargaining agent. Only one vote was east in favor of the Union.\n(This was -the first election ever held in the New Dixie four \u2019state operation since this general commodity motor carrier began operations in 1945. New Dixie -operates through-out Virginia, North Carolina, S-o-uth Carolina, and Georgia from twenty-two terminal locations with an annual gross \u00a1revenue exceeding $4,500,000.00.) (Our parentheses).\n(This completes the latest chapter -o-f Hoffa\u2019s Teamsters efforts to organize the employees of New Dixie.) (Our parentheses).\n(In 1959 New Dixie and its subsidiary, Jocie Motor Lines, were involved in a prolonged and bitter \u00a1struggle with the Teamsters. As a result New Dixie filed a $500,000.00 suit against Hoffa\u2019s International Union for -damages alleged to have been inflicted as a -result of unlawful secondary boycott activity and violence. This suit is scheduled for trial in the Superior Court of Charlotte, No-rth Carolina on April 16,1962.) (Our parentheses).\ns/J. D. Brothers\nPresident\u2019\n\u201c(2) LETTER OF J. D. BROTHERS, PRESIDENT OF THE NEW DIXIE LINES, INC.\n\u2018THE NEW DIXIE LINES, INC.\nNEW DIXIE\nBROOK ROAD AND NORWOOD AVE., RICHMOND, VA.\nP. O. BOX 5032, PHONE EL 5-9141\nFebruary 12, 1962\nTo all New Dixie Friends:\nEnclosed -is a copy of a News Release made on February 1.1 thought you might \u00a1be interested in its contents.\nVery truly yours,\nNEW DIXIE LINES\nis/J. D. Brothers\nPresident\nJDB/de\nAtt: News Release\u2019\n\u201c(3) LETTER OF D. S. WILLARD, PRESIDENT OF LOCAL UNION 391\n\u2018CHAUFFEURS, TEAMSTERS & PIELPERS Local No. 391\nMain Office\nP. 0. Box 873, Phone BRoadway 3-7389,\nGreensboro, North Carolina\nSub-Office\nP. 0. Box 598, Phone PArk 5-7586\nWinston-Salem, North Carolina\nAffiliated with EASTERN CONFERENCE OF TEAMSTERS I. B. of T. C. W. & H. OF A.\nAffiliated with Carolina Joint Council No. 9\nFebruary 15, 1962\nMr. James R. Hoffa, General President\nInternational Brotherhood of Teamsters\n25 Louisiana Avenue, N. W.\nWashington 1, D. C.\nDear Sir and Brother:\nEnclosed herewith is photocopy of letter and News Release put out by the New Dixie Lines, Inc.\nThis is being mailed to business concerns, as this was handed to one of Local 391 members by a customer that he was delivering at. This is for your information.\nWith best wishes, I am\nFraternally yours,\ns/D. S. Willard, Pres.\nTeamsters Local Union No. 391\nDSW:m\nEnel.1\n\u201c (4) LETTER OF JAMES R. HOFFA, GENERAL PRESIDENT OF THE DEFENDANT INTERNATIONAL.\nNLRB\nCASE No. ll-eo-17\nX New Dixie Lines\nX\nFebruary 19, 1962\n\u2018Mr. Thomas E. Flynn, Area Director\nEastern Conference of Teamsters\n100 Indiana Ave., N.W.\nWashington, D. C.\nDean* Sir and Brother:\nThe attached 'communication from D. S. Willard, President of Local Union 391 is self-explanatory.\nFrom the looks of this I would say that it might be well to be sure of ourselves before we petition, for elections. Please go to work on this and organize all of the employees and pull them out on strike if you can\u2019t win the election.\nFraternally yours,\nJames R. Hoffa\nGeneral President\nJRH/yk\nEnc. \u2019 \u201d\nWhile the 1962 letters of Willard and Hoffa were not competent as evidence that Hoffa authorized, supported or ratified the strike, picketing and secondary boycott activities in May, June, July and August of 1959, they would appear competent for a limited purpose, that is, as bearing upon the question as to whether, as contended by International Union and as International Union\u2019s evidence tended to show, the locals in actual practice were autonomous and not subj ect to the direction and control of International Union. However, it does not appear defendant requested the court to instruct the jury as to the limited purpose for which said 1962 letters were competent. Under Rule 21, Rules of Practice in the Supreme Court, 254 N.C. 783, 803, it is not a \u201cground of exception that evidence competent for some purposes, 'but not for all, is admitted generally, unless the appellant asks at the time of admission, that its purpose shall 'be restricted.\u201d\nA portion of the \u201cNews Release\u201d (through .the first paragraph thereof) was admissible as explanatory of the subject referred to in said 1962 letters. The second, third and fourth paragraphs thereof (enclosed \u00a1by our parentheses) are self-serving and are not competent for any purpose. However, it appears defendant\u2019s objection was directed 'to the \u201cNews Release\u201d in its entirety rather than to specific portions thereof. In this connection, see Grandy v. Walker, 234 N.C. 734, 68 S.E. 2d 807, and v. Brooks, 260 N.C. 186, 188, 132 S.E. 2d 352.\nWhile, under our rules, the admission of said 1962 letter\u00ae and of said \u201cNews Release\u201d over defendant\u2019s general objection would not ordinarily be ground for a new trial, the foregoing discussion with reference to. the 'Competency of this evidence seems appropriate.\nWe pass, without discussion, the questions raised by assignments of error directed (1) to the court\u2019s failure to submit the specific issue as to agency tendered by International Union and (2) to- designated portions of the charge bearing upon the first issue. These questions may not recur at the next trial. Moreover, since a new trial is .awarded, we do not discuss, upon the pleadings and evidence in .the record now before us, whether the court erred in submitting the third and fourth issues or in the instructions given the jury with reference thereto'.\nNew .trial.\nParker & Higgins, JJ., dissent.", "type": "majority", "author": "Bobbitt, J." } ], "attorneys": [ "Blakeney, Alexander & Machen for plaintiff appellee.", "Francis M. Fletcher, Jr., Herbert S. Thatcher and McLellan & Wright for defendant appellant.." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "JOCIE MOTOR LINES, INC., Plaintiff v. INTERNATIONAL BROTHERHOOD OF TEAMSTERS, CHAUFFEURS, WAREHOUSEMEN AND HELPERS OF AMERICA, Defendant and THE NEW DIXIE LINES, INCORPORATED, Plaintiff v. INTERNATIONAL BROTHERHOOD OF TEAMSTERS CHAUFFEURS, WAREHOUSEMEN AND HELPERS OF AMERICA, Defendant.\n(Filed 16 October 1963.)\n1. Master and Servant \u00a7 16\u2014\nIn tbis action against an international labor union to recover damages resulting from an unlawful secondary boycott to compel plaintiff employer to recognize as a bargaining agent a labor union which had not been certified by any authority as a bargaining agent, the evidence considered in the light most favorable to plaintiff is held, sufficient to be submitted to the jury upon the theory that the local unions and labor councils were the agents of the international union in committing the unlawful acts, and that the activities of the union .pickets amounted to an unlawful secondary boycott in violation of \u00a7 303(a) of the Labor Management Relations Act.\n2. Evidence \u00a7 31; Principal and Agent \u00a7 4\u2014 Testimony held incompetent as hearsay and as tending to prove agency by declarations of the agent.\nIn an action against an international union to recover damages resulting from an unlawful secondary boycott carried on by a local union as its agent, testimony of admissions by an officer of the local union made in proceedings to which the international union was not a party, which admissions were to the effect that the local union was reimbursed by the labor union\u2019s joint council to the extent of payments to the pickets carrying on the unlawful activities and that the joint council was reimbursed in part by the international union, held incompetent as hearsay and as tending to prove the fact of agency by declarations of the alleged agent, there being no evidence that the officer of the local union was an officer or agent of the international union.\n3. Trial \u00a7 17\u2014\nThe general admission of evidence competent for a restricted purpose, or competent in part, will not be held for error unless appellant, at 'the time of his admission, requests that its admission be restricted. Rule of Practice in the Supreme Court No. 21.\n4. Evidence \u00a7 28\u2014\nIn an action against a labor union to recover damages resulting from an unlawful secondary boycott, the .admission 'in evidence of certain letters \u2022of officials of the local and international union, competent only upon the question of whether .the local union was under control of the international union, and a news release, competent in part in .stating admitted facte, will not be held for prejudicial error in the absence of a request at the time they were offered in evidence that their admission be restricted.\nParker and Higgins, JJ., dissent.\nAppeal 'by defendant from Froneberger, J., September 10, 1962, Schedule \u201cA\u201d Regular Civil Term of Mecklenburg, docketed and argued as No. 248 at Spring Term 1963.\nOn May 3,1960, Joeie Motor Lines, Ine., hereafter called Joeie, and The New Dixie Lines, Inc., hereafter called New Dixie, instituted separate civil actions against International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen and Helpers of America, an unincorporated labor organization or union, hereafter called defendant or International Union.\nThe original complaint in each action, after allegations relating to the identity and corporate status of plaintiff and the identity of defendant, was as follows:\n\u201c (4) That the plaintiff derived its revenues and profits from handling and transportation of direct freight, which is freight transported from origin to destination entirely by the plaintiff, and from handling and 'transportation of interchange freight which is freight not transported from origin to destination entirely by the plaintiff, but interchanged between the plaintiff and other trucking companies and transported part of the way from origin to destination by plaintiff and part of the way by such other interchange trucking companies.\n\u201c(5) That during the months of May, June, July and August of 1959, the defendant induced and encouraged the employees of the plaintiff\u2019s customers and the employees of the aforesaid trucking companies doing interchange freight business with the plaintiff to' engage in a concerted refusal in the course of their employment, to' transport or otherwise handle any good\u00ae, articles, materials or commodities going to or coming from the plaintiff and that the object of such inducement and encouragement of the employees of the plaintiff\u2019s customers and said employees of said trucking companies was to force and require the said customers and trucking companies to cease doing business with the plaintiff.\n\u201c(6) That such action on the part of the defendant was wrongful and in violation of law and was taken by the defendant for the willful, deliberate and malicious purpose of injuring and damaging the plaintiff; that as a result of such action on the part of the defendant the plaintiff has been shut off from and deprived of freight business which 'Otherwise and normally the plaintiff would have profitably handled and has been required to pay out large sums of money for extraordinary expenses incurred by the plaintiff in its efforts to secure, handle and transport freight shipments and otherwise operate its business despite the wrongful and unlawful acts of the defendant herein-above set forth and that in this manner and by this means the plaintiff has been grievously injured .and damaged by the defendant.\n\u201c(7) That by reason of the matters hereinabove set forth, the plaintiff has been injured and damaged by the defendant in the sum of One Hundred Twenty-five Thousand Dollars ($125,000) and is entitled to judgment against the defendant in that amount, and by reason of the defendant deliberately, willfully and maliciously inflicting such damage upon the plaintiff as hereinabove set forth, the plaintiff is entitled to judgment for punitive damages against the defendant in an additional sum of One Hundred Twenty-five Thousand Dollars ($125,000).\n\u201c(8) That the acts of the plaintiff in the operation of its business described above affects interstate commerce within the meaning of the Labor Management Relations Act (29 U.S.C. 151, et seq.); and that jurisdiction of this cause is conferred upon this Court by Section 303(b) of said Act (29 USC 137b (sic) )\n\u201cWHEREFORE, the plaintiff prays judgment against the defendant \u25a0in the sum of Two Hundred Fifty Thousand Dollars ($250,000), together with the costs of this action; and the plaintiff prays the Court for such other and further relief as the Court may deem just and proper.\u201d\nIn each action, defendant, answering, denied plaintiff\u2019s said allegations and prayed \u201cthat it be hence discharged.\u201d\nPursuant to orders dated January 19, 1962, each plaintiff amended its original complaint by adding -immediately after paragraph (5) the following:\n\u201c(5a) That in addition to the defendant\u2019s illegal secondary boycotting activities, the Defendant -resorted to- assaults, assaults with deadly weapons upon, and damage to the property of, the plaintiff, its employees and persons seeking to do business with the plaintiff.\u201d\nDefendant, in apt time, objected and excepted \u00a1to said orders of January 19, 1962.\nBefore answering said \u201cAmendment to Complaint,\u201d defendant, in each action, filed a \u201cDemurrer and Motion to Strike of Defendant,\u201d assenting as grounds therefore the following:\n\u201c1. Said complaint seeks to recover under color of the Labor-Management Relations Act 1947 (29 U.S.C.A. sec. 151 and particularly under Sec. 29 U.S.C. 137 (b) (sic) ) punitive damages against this defendant which punitive damages are unauthorized under the foregoing statute and are not recoverable as a matter of law. Accordingly said punitive damage count and each and every allegation therein contained including the allegations respecting defendant\u2019s alleged resort to assaults should be stricken from the face of the complaint as amended.\n\u201c2. Defendant demurs specifically to the amended complaint which purports to join in a Federal statutory proceeding a common law cause of action for unlawful trespass contrary to the terms of Section 1-127 of the General Statutes of North Carolina prohibiting misjoinder of causes of actions.\u201d\nDefendant\u2019s said demurrer (s) and motion (s) to< strike were overruled by order(s) dated March 30, 1962, and defendant excepted.\nThereafter, defendant, in each action, answered the amendment to complaint filed by plaintiff pursuant to said orders of January 19, 1962, as follows:\n\u201c(1) That the Defendant lacks knowledge and information sufficient as to form a belief as to the allegations in paragraph 5(a) of the Complaint as Amended and, therefore, denies the same.\n\u201cAND AS A FURTHER ANSWER AND DEFENSE, the Defendant -alleges and says:\n\u201c(2) That if the alleged conduct attributed to- the defendant in paragraph 5(a) of the Complaint as Amended did occur, which is denied as hereinabove stated, the said conduct occurred more than one year next preceding -the filing of said Amended Complaint, as shown on the face thereof, and is barred by the Statute of Limitations respecting assault and battery actions, G.S. 1-54, which defense iis specifically pled.\n\u201c(3) That the defendant did not authorize, ratify or participate in any action against the plaintiff, including that action complained of in the Amended Complaint.\n\u201c (4) That the plaintiff\u2019s controversy was with -a local labor organization and not with this defendant; and that prior to' the filing of this action, the plaintiff has instituted administrative proceedings against said local labor organization before the National Labor Relations Bo-ard dealing with the same -subject matter as is involved in this action; and that the plaintiff has never instituted administrative proceedings against this defendant -and has never charged this defendant with any misconduct whatsoever before the National Labor Relations Board.\n\u201cExcept as -herein modified, the Defendant adopts and ratifies its original Answer -as if herein set out.\n\u201cWHEREFORE, having fully answered the Amended Complaint, the defendant renews its prayer that the plaintiff\u2019s action be dismissed, that the cost of -this action be taxed to the plaintiff, and that the defendant receive such ether and further relief to which it may be entitled in the premises; and further prays that the cause of action set forth in the Amended Complaint be dismissed with prejudice to the plaintiff.\u201d\nAt trial, for reasons that will appear from the .summary of facts, the actions, 'by stipulation, were consolidated for trial and the two plaintiffs, collectively, were considered and treated as a single entity and referred to as \u201cplaintiff.\u201d\nMuch testimony and documentary evidence was offered by plaintiff and by defendant.\nUnoontradieted evidence tends to show:\nIn 1957, New Dixie, a Virginia corporation, and Jocie, a North Carolina corporation, were common carriers of general commodity freight in interstate and intrastate commerce. New Dixie, with headquarters in Richmond, was authorized to operate and did operate in Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina. Jocie, with 'headquarters in Charlotte, was authorized to operate and did operate in North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia.\nIn May, 1957, New Dixie entered into a contract, subject to I.C.C. approval, to purchase the corporate stock of Jocie; and, pending final decision on its application for approval, the I.C.C. in June, 1957, granted New Dixie temporary authority to manage and control Jocie\u2019s affairs. The sale was approved in May of 1959 and completed immediately. Thereafter, -application w-ais filed for New Dixie to take over the operating properties and franchises of Jocie. Pursuant to approval, this transfer was completed January 1, 1960. Hence, when these actions were commenced, New Dixie was the \u00a9ole party in interest.\nAfter June, 1957, New Dixie-J-ocie operated -a\u00a9 an integrated system. Of their fourteen terminals, the major terminals were those in Richmond, Charlotte and Atlanta. At the New Dixie-Jocie terminal in Charlotte, about twenty were employees of Jocie and about seventy were employees of New Dixie.\nNew Dixie bad no labor contract and was nonunion. Jocie had a contract with Local 71 (Charlotte), with Local 728 (Atlanta) and with Local 391 (Greensboro). Jocie was a party to area-wide union contracts covering its Greensboro, Charlotte and Atlanta terminals. It was also a party to a Southern Conference Local Freight Forwarding, Pickup and Delivery Agreement. These agreements covered approximately one hundred employees.\nThere was evidence tending to show:\nIn the first week of May, 1959, the president of Local 509 (Columbia) made demand that it be recognized as bargaining agent for Joeie\u2019s Charleston employees. No National Labor Relations Board election had been held or requested. On the morning of May 18th, union pickets were stationed in front of Jooie\u2019s Atlanta terminal. When advised of this picket line, J. D. Brothers, President of New Dixie, flew from Richmond to Atlanta. In a telephone conversation with Brothers, Guy 0. Alexander, Business Manager of Local 71, demanded -that the union be recognized as 'bargaining agent for New Dixie employees and threatened, upon refusal of said demand, to shut plaintiff down. Alexander .spurned Brothers\u2019 suggestion that the union petition for a National Labor Relations Board election among its employees. Late in the afternoon of May 18th, union pickets were stationed at the New Dixie-Jocie terminal in Charlotte.\nAt the outset, picketing was confined to plaintiff\u2019s terminals. Despite this picketing, plaintiff\u2019s business continued to operate. Upon instructions issued by officers of local unions, pickets then began to follow plaintiff\u2019s trucks to the points of pickup and delivery at the premises of plaintiff\u2019s customers and interchange carriers, principally in or near Charlotte and Atlanta.\nPicket lin.es were maintained at -the entrances to the premises of plaintiff\u2019s customers .and interchange carriers when plaintiff\u2019s trucks were there. Before setting up picket lines at the premises of secondary employers, the pickets would go to the warehouses of such employers, ask .someone in charge, or if no one was in charge, anyone there, to get the employees of .such employers not to handle plaintiff\u2019s freight or to sit down and stop work completely while the picket line was up and, further, to get employees of other companies not to cross the picket lines. The object of such roving pickets was to stop the flow of freight being delivered by or to the plaintiff.\nWhile this picketing was in progress, employees of numerous customers .and interchange earners refused to handle plaintiff\u2019s freight or cross the roving picket lines and in many cases refused to do any work so long as the picket lines were present.\nThe pickets wrote down the names of union members who crossed the roving picket lines. This was done .openly in the presence >of the offending member. The names of these individuals were turned over\u2019 to Hargett (President of Local Union No. 71) who, in turn, prosecuted them before Lloyd Young, President of Carolina Joint Council No. 9. Those found guilty of crossing the roving picket lines were fined by Young.\nPlaintiff continued to operate during May, June, July and August of 1959 (and thereafter) despite acts of violence committed by union pickets .and unidentified persons. The acts of violence, with one exception, occurred .at plaintiff\u2019s terminals or along the road rather than at the places of business of plaintiff\u2019s customers or interchange carriers. These acts of violence consisted of damage to certain of plaintiff\u2019s equipment and assaults or threatened assaults on persons (plaintiff\u2019s employees) operating plaintiff\u2019s equipment. Property damage was sustained. There were no personal injuries.\nLarge numbers of customers completely stopped doing business with plaintiff. Others greatly curtailed business dealings with plaintiff. Still others continued to use plaintiff\u2019s services, but only when plaintiff did all the work of handling its freight whereas, prior to the strike, they had assisted plaintiff\u2019s employees in loading, unloading and checking such freight. Local cartage agents were employed by plaintiff to pick up and deliver\u2019 freight of customers who were willing to use plaintiff\u2019s services, but who were unwilling to do so at the risk of business interruptions caused by roving pickets. Extra employees were hired and additional equipment was leased to take care of freight where employees of neutral companies refused to handle it. Administrative and supervisory employees were transferred from their regular duties to handling freight, reassuring customers and other jobs related to moving freight, notwithstanding the pickets\u2019 activities. Guards were hired to protect the property of plaintiff and its employees. Damage claims were excessive due to the necessity of double handling of freight.\nAdditional facts will be stated in the opinion.\nDefendant, in apt time, moved for judgment of involuntary nonsuit and excepted to the court\u2019s denial thereof.\nDefendant tendered, and excepted to the court\u2019s .refusal to submit, this special issue: \u201cWere the local unions or persons who engaged in the picketing alleged to be illegal in this case then acting as agents of the defendant International Union?\u201d\nThe court submitted, and the jury answered, the following issues:\n\u201c1. Was the Plaintiff damaged by the wrongful actions of the Defendant, as alleged in the Complaint? ANSWER: Yes.\n\u201c2. If so, what amount, if any, is the Plaintiff entitled to recover off the Defendant as actual damages? ANSWER: $104,023.11.\n\u201c3. Was Plaintiff damaged by the violent, reckless, wanton and malicious actions of the defendant, as alleged in the Complaint? ANSWER: Yes.\n\u201c4. How much, if .any, is Plaintiff entitled to recover of Defendant \u25a0as punitive damages? ANSWER: $120,000.\u201d\nIn, accordance with the verdict, the court entered judgment \u201cthat the plaintiff have and recover' of the defendant $104,023.11 actual 'damages, together with $120,000.00 punitive damages, and the costs of this action to be taxed by the Clerk.\u201d\nDefendant excepted, appealed and brings forward numerous assignments of error.\nBlakeney, Alexander & Machen for plaintiff appellee.\nFrancis M. Fletcher, Jr., Herbert S. Thatcher and McLellan & Wright for defendant appellant.." }, "file_name": "0315-01", "first_page_order": 355, "last_page_order": 370 }