{ "id": 8576066, "name": "J. T. INGRAM, Executor of the Estate of EDITH K. MINISH v. W. A. JOHNSON, State Commissioner of Revenue", "name_abbreviation": "Ingram v. Johnson", "decision_date": "1963-12-19", "docket_number": "", "first_page": "697", "last_page": "702", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "260 N.C. 697" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C.", "id": 9292, "name": "Supreme Court of North Carolina" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "44 P. 2d 1038", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "84 S.E. 257", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "168 N.C. 266", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8658886 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/168/0266-01" ] }, { "cite": "84 S.E. 360", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "168 N.C. 352", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8659631 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/168/0352-01" ] }, { "cite": "76 S.E. 827", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "161 N.C. 246", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 11270366 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/161/0246-01" ] }, { "cite": "68 S.E. 2d 433", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "234 N.C. 572", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8624770 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/234/0572-01" ] }, { "cite": "126 S.E. 2d 92", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "257 N.C. 367", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8567903 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/257/0367-01" ] }, { "cite": "69 S.E. 2d 505", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "235 N.C. 203", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8622519 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/235/0203-01" ] }, { "cite": "114 S.E. 2d 237", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "252 N.C. 561", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8624519 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/252/0561-01" ] }, { "cite": "123 S.E. 2d 582", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "256 N.C. 155", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8571604 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/256/0155-01" ] }, { "cite": "129 S.E. 2d 465", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "258 N.C. 749", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8562682 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/258/0749-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 666, "char_count": 13044, "ocr_confidence": 0.418, "pagerank": { "raw": 9.880847230854428e-08, "percentile": 0.5349499140683491 }, "sha256": "507528da9bc020f70310efa3435d07ef611438e00d6d5ce1bc571727213d87aa", "simhash": "1:79552d1124e2b9c2", "word_count": 2137 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T17:49:29.885963+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "J. T. INGRAM, Executor of the Estate of EDITH K. MINISH v. W. A. JOHNSON, State Commissioner of Revenue." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Rodm\u00e1N, J.\nThe only question presented by the appeal is this: In which class, A or C, do the named legatees fall for the -purpose of determining the rate of tax to- be paid on the properties they received under Mrs. Minishls will?\nThe answer as to. be found by an interpretation and application of the appropriate statutes, G.S. 105-2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 to tire admitted facts.\nG.S. 105-4, iso far as here pertinent, reads: \u201c (a) Where the person . . .' entitled to any 'beneficial interest in such property shall be the lineal issue, or lineal ancestor, or 'husband or wife of the person who died possessed of such property aforesaid, or stepchild of the person who -died possessed of such property aforesaid, or child adopted by the decedent . . . at the following rates'oif tax . . . (Then-follows a tabulated rate based on values.) (fo) The persons mentioned in this olasis shall be entitled to the following exemptions: Widows-, ten thousand dollars ($10,000.00), each child under -twenty-one years of age, five thousand dollars ($5,000.00); .all other beneficiaries mentioned in this section,'two-thousand dollars ($2,000.00) each: Provided, a grandchild or grandchildren shall be allowed .the single exemption or pro rata part of the exemption of the parent, when the parent of 'any one grandchild or group of grandchildren is deceased or when the parent is living and does not share in the estate: Provided, that any part of the exemption not applied to the share of the parent may .be applied to- the share of a grandchild or .group of .grandchildren of such parent. The same rule shall apply to the taking under a will, and also in case of a specific legacy or devise . . .\u201d\nG.S. 105-5, captioned \u201cRate of tax- \u2014 Class B,\u201d provides: \u201cWhere the person or persons entitled to any beneficial interest in such property shall be \u00a1the brother or \u00a1sister or descendant of the brother or sister, or shall be the uncle or \u00bbaumt by blood of a person who died possessed aforesaid, at the following rates of tax . . .\u201d\nG.S. 105-6, entitled \u201cRate of tax \u2014 Olaiss C,\u201d provides: \u201cWhere the person or persons entitled to any beneficial interest in such property shall be in any other degree of relationship or collateral consanguinity than> is hereinbefore stated, or shall be a stranger in blood to the person who 'died possessed as aforesaid, or shall be a body politic or corporate, at the following rates of tax . . .\u201d\nLegislative intent is the -test to be applied where a statute classifies persons for the purpose of measuring their tax liability. Sale v. Johnson, Commissioner of Revenue, 258 N.C. 749, 129 S.E. 2d 465; Canteen Service v. Johnson, Comr. of Revenue, 256 N.C. 155, 123 S.E. 2d 582; Shue v. Scheidt, Comr. of Motor Vehicles, 252 N.C. 561, 114 S.E. 2d 237; Watson Industries v. Shaw, Comr. of Revenue, 235 N.C. 203, 69 S.E. 2d 505.\nInterpretation is of course unnecessary where the words used are so plain and unambiguous that no doubt can exist as to legislative intent and the proper 'application of the statutory language to a particular factual situation; but when the words used leave reasonable doubt as to what .the Legislature intended with respect to a particular factual situation, it is proper to look to legislative history, judicial interpretation of prior \u00a1statutes -dealing with the question, and the changes, if any, \u00a1made following a particular interpretation. Insurance Co. v. Johnson, Comr. of Revenue, 257 N.C. 367, 126 S.E. 2d 92; Cab Co. v. Charlotte, 234 N.C. 572, 68 S.E. 2d 433.\nBy clear and express language, if the property had been given to Mrs. Sutton or Mrs. Ingram, parents- of the legatees, their tax liability would be computed at the rate charged to .class A beneficiaries. Does this classification extend to their .children? Plaintiff says .the answer should be yes. Defendant siays it should be no.\nDefendant would deny A \u00a1classification to. anyone other than those named in sub-sec. (a), G.S. 105-4, thereby confining .the 'Classification to lineal issue or stepchild or adopted child. He would ignore the provisions of .subsec. (b).\nThat subsection grants exemptions to \u201cthe persons mentioned in .this \u25a0class.\u201d What class? Manifestly the language refers to clase A beneficiaries. No exemptions are -allowed to class B or class C beneficiaries. The exemptions allowed class A beneficiaries are \u201ceach child under twenty-one years of age, five thousand dollars ($5,000.00); all other beneficiaries mentioned 'in .this section, two thousand dollars ($2,-000.00) each . . .\u201d If defendant\u2019s reasoning is correct, the Legislature intended to prevent a testator from conferring equal benefits on stepchildren and natural children. The natural, if under twenty-one, would gat a $5,000 exemption; but the stepchild, if oif like age, could not get that exemption. He would be limited to $2,000. We do not believe tire Legislature intended to torce \u00a1the testator to draw a distinction between his children, whether they .are stepchildren or natural children. Especially is this so when, by sulbsac. (a), it has expressly authorized him to accord them equality.\nThe first proviso in \u00a9ubsec. (b) permitting grandchildren to take the exemption a parent would \u00a1have taken iis of course limited to. the children of a natural child, because a stepchild does not, under our statutes of descent and 'distribution, succeed to the estate of hiis stepparent. A stepchild can take only by will. To protect the stepchildren as well as .the natural children- who may take, not by descent but by will of the person last seized, the Legislature said: \u201cThe same rule shall apply to the taking under .a will, and also, in case of a specific legacy or devise.\u201d Doe\u00ae not this language mean that -a stepparent, instead of giving to a stepchild who would be entitled to an exemption, -might give -to \u25a0the child of .a stepchild without depriving the \u00a1legatee of the exemption hi\u00ae .parent could claim? Certainly this is a reasonable -interpretation of the language used.\nIf \u00a1a husband -died, leaving -a widow -and a stepchild, child of the widow, and devised all, or substantially all, of hi\u00a9 property to hiis, widow, would \u00e1be be limited to- a $10,000 exemption or could she claim an exemption of $15,000 \u2014 $10,000 for herself and $5,000 for her minor \u00a1cihild? The last -proviso of isubsec. (b) would, we think, entitle the widow tool-aim an exemption of $15,000; but defendant\u2019s interpretation would limit her exemption to $10,000.\nOur present .inheritance \u00a1statute had its origin in. c. 9, P.L. 1901. That Act gave al-1 \u00a1who acquired -property as the -result of \u00a1the death of another\u2019 an exemption of $2,000. It fixed five -classes of beneficiaries, each to be taxed at a different rate. The first class, now class A, was composed of \u201clineal issue or -lineal ancestor, brother or sister.\u201d Property passing to a wife -or \u00a1husband or for religious, charitable, -or educational purposes was exempt from taxation.\nThe next session of the Legislature enlarged the first class of beneficiaries so as to include- those who. \u201c.stood- in -the relation of .child to the .person Who died possessed . . .\u201d c. 247, P.L. 1903.\n\u25a0 The language of these acts carried forward in \u00a1subsequent -revenue acts was interpreted in S. v. Bridgers, 161 N.C. 246, 76 S.E. 827, decided in December 1912. It was there held by a divided Court that the $2,000 exemption applied ito .all beneficiaries. 'Chief Justice Clark and Justice Walker dissented from this conclusion, but the Court was unanimous in its holding that daughters-in-law were within the language, \u201cstood in the relation of child to the person who died seized.\u201d\nThe Eevenue Act of 1913, ratified in March, e. 201, P.L. 1913, added to those -included in the first class \u201chusband or wife.\u201d It further said: \u201cThe persons mentioned in this class, except -as is hereinafter otherwise provided, shall be entitled to -an exemption of two- thousand dollars ($2,000) each: Provided, grandchildren shall be allowed only the single exemption of the child they represent: Provided, a widow shall be entitled to an exemption of ten thousand dollars and each child under twenty-one years of age to an exemption of five thousand dollars.\u201d\nBrothers and sisters were stricken from the first class and put in the second class. Only those in the first class were allowed an exemption.\nThe Revenue Act of 1915, c. 2&5, P.L. 1915, .struck from the list of first class beneficiaries those who \u201cstood in the relation of -child to the person last possessed,\u201d \u00a1and inserted in lieu thereof the words \u201cadopted child.\u201d It reduced the classes from five to three, the present number. These changes were .apparently made in response to- the decision of this Court, In re Inheritance Tax, 168 N.C. 352, 84 S.E. 360.\nIn 1921, c. 34, the Legislature enlarged the first class- -beneficiaries so us to include \u201cson-in-law or daughter-in-law -or stepchild of the person who died possessed of .such -property aforesaid, or .any person -to who-m the decedent -stood in the -mutually acknowledged relation of a parent, and who -began such -relationship at -or before -such person\u2019s fifteenth \u25a0birthday, and whose relationship was continuous from such age until the date of the decedent\u2019s death.\u201d\nThe Legislature,-by the Revenue Act-of 1925, c. 101, P.L. 1925, added to the -proviso- giving -a grandchild the exemption -his parent would have taken this phrase: \u201cand the -same rule -shall -apply to the taking under a will and .also- in case of specific legacy or devise.\u201d\nThis amendment would appear to be superfluous if limited to natural grandchildren \u2014 they had 'been provided for in the previous provision\u2014 but essential to permit -stepgrandchildren to take \u00a1the exemption.\nThe Revenue Act of 1927, -c. 80, rewrote subsec. (a) to- read a-s now appears in -G.S. 105-4. It .added the last .proviso- -to- subsec. (b). There has, .as 'affecting the decision in this case, been no- material amendment since 1927.\nWe think a -reading -of the entire inheritance tax statute shows that .the Legislature -did not use the word \u201cgrandchildren\u201d in a technical or resrbr'i:oted seinise, Owens v. Munden, 168 N.C. 266, 84 S.E. 257, but intended to place ihi's eihiidreni, natural, step, or ndopibed, in the same category. Our interpretation `of the language used as it appeains in the present `statute is stiresmgtthened and fortified by `an examination of preceding statutes imp.oisinig ther\u00f3~taaiice taxes. In Re Bousman's Estate, 44 P. 2d 1038.\nReversed.", "type": "majority", "author": "Rodm\u00e1N, J." } ], "attorneys": [ "Dickson Whisnant for plaintiff appellant.", "Attorney General Bruton and Assistant Attorney General Barham for defendant appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "J. T. INGRAM, Executor of the Estate of EDITH K. MINISH v. W. A. JOHNSON, State Commissioner of Revenue.\n(Filed 19 December 1963.)\n1. Taxation \u00a7 23\u2014\nWhere the language of a taxing statute is plain and unambiguous, the courts must give its language its obvious meaning; but when the language leaves reasonable doubt, the courts will give it the meaning intended by the legislature as ascertained with reference to the parlt\u00e1cular factual situation, the legislative history, judicial interpretation of prior statutes dealing with the 'Situation, and the changes, if any, made following a par-'fcioular interpretation.\n2. Taxation \u00a7 27\u2014\nStep grandchildren of testatrix who are the daughters of testatrix\u2019 stepchildren who predeceased testatrix, fall within Glass A as defined by G.S. 105-4, and not class C as- defined toy O.'S. 105-6, for the purpose of determining 'the rate of tax to be paid on properties bequeathed them.\nAppeal \u2018by plaintiff from Campbell, J., March 25, 1963 Civil Session of Caldwell.\nPlaintiff seeks (to recover the sum of $2,428.76 assessed as inheritance taxes owing in .-addition to. the .sum reported .and paid by plaintiff. The sum assessed was paid under protest.\nPlaintiff, -as the basis for his demand, alleges these facts. Edith K. Minish, a resident oif Caldwell County, died testate in October 1961. The pertinent part of her will reads: \u201cAll the rest and residue of my property, which I may die seized and possessed of, which includes all moneys, stocks .and bonds of eveay kind and nature, I .give to my step grandchildren, Mrs. Betty Sutton Nelson, Mrs. Nancy Sutton Young, Mrs. Ann Ingram Whisnant and Miss Siarah Ingram, they to. share and -share alike in -the same.\u201d Mrs. Nelson and Mrs-. Young are children of Maude Minish Sutton, a stepdaughter of testatrix. Mrs. Whisnant and Mias Ingram are -children of Pearl Minisih Ingram, a stepdaughter of testat\u00f3x. Mns. Sutton and Mrs. Ingram, stepchildren of Mrs. Minisih, died prior-to October 1961. Plaintiff, executor, filed his 'inheritance tax return and paid $338.24, the proper amount on 'the properties received by the named legatees if they are class A beneficiaries' as plaintiff contends.\nDefendant, by .answer, admitted the facts alleged but asserted the facts stated placed tlie named legatees in class C. Hence the assessment was properly made.\nDefendant moved, for judgment on the pleadings. The motion was allowed. Judgment was entered dismissing the action.\nDickson Whisnant for plaintiff appellant.\nAttorney General Bruton and Assistant Attorney General Barham for defendant appellee." }, "file_name": "0697-01", "first_page_order": 737, "last_page_order": 742 }