{ "id": 8558758, "name": "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. DERMONT JARRELL CONRAD, TALTON GALLIMORE, JR., and TERRY JAMES DAVIS", "name_abbreviation": "State v. Conrad", "decision_date": "1969-06-18", "docket_number": "No. 30", "first_page": "342", "last_page": "354", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "275 N.C. 342" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C.", "id": 9292, "name": "Supreme Court of North Carolina" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "391 U.S. 123", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1767670 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/us/391/0123-01" ] }, { "cite": "141 S.E. 2d 869", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "264 N.C. 470", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8574040 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/264/0470-01" ] }, { "cite": "198 S.E. 613", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "214 N.C. 107", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8628906 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/214/0107-01" ] }, { "cite": "256 N.C. 494", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8573643 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/256/0494-01" ] }, { "cite": "240 N.C. 606", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8606359 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/240/0606-01" ] }, { "cite": "52 S.E. 2d 895", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "230 N.C. 312", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8629741 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/230/0312-01" ] }, { "cite": "85 S.E. 2d 924", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "241 N.C. 548", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8613740 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/241/0548-01" ] }, { "cite": "46 S.E. 2d 834", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "228 N.C. 659", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8627999 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/228/0659-01" ] }, { "cite": "103 S.E. 2d 503", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "248 N.C. 423", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8623998 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/248/0423-01" ] }, { "cite": "113 S.E. 2d 717", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "252 N.C. 320", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8621468 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/252/0320-01" ] }, { "cite": "126 S.E. 2d 581", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "257 N.C. 534", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8569075 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/257/0534-01" ] }, { "cite": "127 S.E. 2d 889", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "case_ids": [ 2116221 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/sc/241/0266-01" ] }, { "cite": "258 N.C. 84", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8559577 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/258/0084-01" ] }, { "cite": "195 S.E. 2d 7", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "213 N.C. 16", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8626257 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/213/0016-01" ] }, { "cite": "164 S.E. 737", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "203 N.C. 13", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8622578, 8597916 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/203/0865-03", "/nc/203/0013-01" ] }, { "cite": "12 S.E. 2d 556", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "218 N.C. 625", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8623156 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/218/0625-01" ] }, { "cite": "20 S.E. 2d 360", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "221 N.C. 400", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8627957 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/221/0400-01" ] }, { "cite": "65 S.E. 2d 508", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "233 N.C. 691", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8615953 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/233/0691-01" ] }, { "cite": "169 S.E. 711", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "204 N.C. 710", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8624511 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/204/0710-01" ] }, { "cite": "82 N.C. 565", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8683377 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/82/0565-01" ] }, { "cite": "244 N.C. 212", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2219465 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/244/0212-01" ] }, { "cite": "218 U.S. 601", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 8289042 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/218/0601-01" ] }, { "cite": "129 S.E. 2d 262", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "258 N.C. 533", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8561703 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/258/0533-01" ] }, { "cite": "136 N.C. 633", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8661657 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/136/0633-01" ] }, { "cite": "111 S.E. 2d 901", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "251 N.C. 658", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8626903 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/251/0658-01" ] }, { "cite": "117 S.E. 2d 849", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "253 N.C. 711", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8626910 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/253/0711-01" ] }, { "cite": "140 S.E. 2d 318", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "263 N.C. 784", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8573133 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/263/0784-01" ] }, { "cite": "158 S.E. 2d 505", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "272 N.C. 528", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8573990 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/272/0528-01" ] }, { "cite": "366 U.S. 717", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1285471 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/366/0717-01" ] }, { "cite": "87 S.E. 2d 916", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "242 N.C. 400", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8615664 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/242/0400-01" ] }, { "cite": "152 S.E. 2d 341", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "269 N.C. 81", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8561869 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/269/0081-01" ] }, { "cite": "153 S.E. 2d 44", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "269 N.C. 453", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8564264 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/269/0453-01" ] }, { "cite": "152 S.E. 2d 453", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "269 N.C. 307", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8563503 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/269/0307-01" ] }, { "cite": "153 S.E. 2d 10", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "269 N.C. 329", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8563543 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/269/0329-01" ] }, { "cite": "4 N.C. App. 50", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8551057 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/4/0050-01" ] }, { "cite": "391 U.S. 123", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1767670 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/391/0123-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1123, "char_count": 32188, "ocr_confidence": 0.575, "pagerank": { "raw": 7.091787126030955e-07, "percentile": 0.9666217991859757 }, "sha256": "0e970f6264e76a26ef4146b38147895221215eda9b204f05c410e514a53359eb", "simhash": "1:8177a8b33330a65c", "word_count": 5393 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T18:50:20.593891+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "PahKbr, C.J., did not participate in the decision of this case." ], "parties": [ "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. DERMONT JARRELL CONRAD, TALTON GALLIMORE, JR., and TERRY JAMES DAVIS" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Higgins, J.\nThe indictment in Case No. 13,678 charged that Dermont Jarrell Conrad, Tait\u00f3n Gallimore, Jr. and Terry James Davis \u201cunlawfully, willfully, feloniously, wickedly . . . did conspire, confederate, agree and scheme among themselves, with each other and diverse others . . .\u201d feloniously, wilfully, and deliberately to kill and to murder one Fred C. Sink.\nIn Case No. 13,664 Terry James Davis was indicted for the wilful, malicious and felonious damage, by the use of dynamite, to the dwelling house of Fred C. Sink, located at 318 Spruce Street in Lexington and occupied at the time by Fred C. Sink, his wife, and four daughters. In Case No. 13,665 Tait\u00f3n Gallimore, Jr. was separately indicted on the same charge. Both indictments were drawn under G.S. 14-49.1.\nIn Case No. 13,679, the defendant Gallimore was indicted for the wilful, malicious and felonious damage by the use of dynamite to the 1966 Mercury Comet automobile, the property of Fred C. Sink, and located at 318 Spruce Street in Lexington. In case No. 13,680, the defendant Davis was separately indicted on the same charge. The indictments were drawn under G.S. 14-49. All indictments were returned by the Grand Jury on January 22, 1968.\nAfter a long trial, the jury returned guilty verdicts against Galli-more and Davis on all charges. The jury failed to agree as to Conrad. The court ordered a new trial as to him. In the conspiracy case, the court imposed on Gallimore and Davis sentences of 10 years in prison, to run concurrently with other sentences they were then serving. On the charges of malicious injury to the automobile, the court imposed prison sentences of 20 years, to begin at the expiration of the sentences for conspiracy. On the charge of malicious damage to the occupied dwelling house of Fred C. Sink by the use of dynamite, the court imposed on each defendant a prison sentence of 40 years, to begin at the expiration of the sentence for malicious damage to the automobile.\nThe decision of the Court of Appeals finding no error in the trial is reported in 4 N.C. App. 50. In their petition for the review here, the defendants allege the trial court committed four prejudicial errors sufficient to require a new trial. The petitioners pray that the decision of the Court of Appeals be reversed. We discuss the four alleged errors in the order in which they are stated in the petition for certiorari.\nThe petitioners allege the trial court erroneously, and in violation of their constitutional rights, denied their motion for a change of venue based upon the ground the pre-trial publicity in the area was so general and so adverse as to prevent the selection of a fair and impartial jury from Davidson County. The record discloses that the presiding judge conducted a full inquiry, examined the newspaper articles, other news releases, and the affidavits presented in support of the motion. The court also considered voluminous affidavits of representative citizens who expressed the opinion the defendants could receive a fair trial from a Davidson County jury. After careful review, the court concluded an impartial jury could be selected from Davidson County and denied the motion.\nThe record fails to show that any juror, objectionable to either defendant, was permitted to sit on the trial panel, or that either had exhausted his peremptory challenges before he passed the jury. Error in denying the motion for change of venue is not disclosed. State v. Forth, 269 N.C. 329; 153 S.E. 2d 10; State v. Childs, 269 N.C. 307, 152 S.E. 2d 453; State v. Overman, 269 N.C. 453, 153 S.E. 2d 44; State v. McKethan, 269 N.C. 81, 152 S.E. 2d 341; State v. Scales, 242 N.C. 400, 87 S.E. 2d 916; Irvin v. Dowd, 366 U.S. 717.\n\u25a0 As a second ground for a new trial, the petitioners allege the trial court committed error in denying their motion for a bill of particulars in the conspiracy case. The indictment charged that the defendants and one Dermont Jarrell Conrad conspired \u201camong themselves, with each other, and diverse others\u201d to murder Fred C. Sink. The petitioners contend they were entitled to know the identity of diverse others\u201d in order to make adequate trial preparations. In response to the motion, the solicitor stated: \u201cAt the present time we do not know any others.\u201d Thereafter, the State did not offer evidence involving anyone except those charged by name in the bill. Obviously the solicitor could not disclose the identity of persons unknown to him.\nIn State v. Gallimore, 272 N.C. 528, 158 S.E. 2d 505, this Court indicated that an indictment charging conspiracy should name the conspirators if known to the solicitor at the time the bill is drawn. If unknown at the time the bill is submitted to the Grand Jury, the solicitor, upon demand, should disclose the identity of others when ascertained and the disclosure should be made in time for counsel to complete trial preparations. In the instant case, however, the defendants were in no wise prejudiced by the inclusion of \u201cdiverse others\u201d in the indictment. The evidence involved only the two petitioners and Conrad, the third defendant, as to whose guilt the jury was unable to agree. The trial court did not commit error either in denying the motion for particulars or in refusing to quash the indictment. G.S. 15-143; State v. Banks, 263 N.C. 784, 140 S.E. 2d 318; State v. Barnes, 253 N.C. 711, 117 S.E. 2d 849; State v. Thornton, 251 N.C. 658, 111 S.E. 2d 901; State v. Van Pelt, 136 N.C. 633.\nAs a third ground for a new trial, each appellant contends evidence of the acts and declarations of the other defendants were introduced in evidence over his objection. Actually the court cautioned the jury to consider acts and declarations of one as evidence against him only, unless the other was actually present and participating. Due to the nature of the charge, the limitation was more favorable to the defendants than they had any right to expect. The charge is conspiracy \u25a0 \u2014 \u25a0 a partnership in crime. Generally, an unlawful agreement is made in secret and known only to the guilty parties. They conceal and cover up their unlawful activities. The more reprehensible the objective, the more carefully they plan to prevent detection and exposure. \u201cEven though the offense of conspiracy is complete upon the formation of the illegal agreement, the offense continues until the conspiracy is consummated or is abandoned.\u201d State v. Brewer, 258 N.C. 533, 129 S.E. 2d 262; United States v. Kissel, 218 U.S. 601, 54 L. Ed. 1168. Because of the nature of the offense courts have recognized the inherent difficulty in proving the formation and activities of the criminal plan and have allowed wide latitude in the order in which pertinent facts are offered in evidence. \u201c(A)nd if at the close of the evidence every constituent of the offense charged is proved the verdict rested thereon will not be disturbed. . . .\u201d State v. Thomas, 244 N.C. 212; State v. Jackson, 82 N.C. 565.\n\u201cIt (conspiracy) may be, and generally is, established by a number of indefinite acts, each of which, standing alone, might have little weight, but, taken collectively, they point unerringly to the existence of a conspiracy.\u201d State v. Whiteside, 204 N.C. 710, 169 S.E. 711. \u201cA declaration or act of one conspirator, to be admitted against his co-conspirators, must have been made when the conspiracy was still in existence and in progress.\u201d 16 Am. Jur. 2d, Conspiracy, \u00a7 40, p. 148, citing many decisions.\nThe general rule is that when evidence of a prima facie case of conspiracy has been introduced, the acts and declarations of each party to it in furtherance of its objectives are admissible against the other members. State v. Gibson, 233 N.C. 691, 65 S.E. 2d 508; State v. Smith, 221 N.C. 400, 20 S.E. 2d 360; 16 Am. Jur. 2d, Conspiracy, \u00a7\u00a7 35, 36, 37, 38, pp. 146, 147 (citing authorities). Consideration of the acts or declarations of one as evidence against the co-conspirators should be conditioned upon a finding: (1) a conspiracy existed; (2) the acts or declarations were made by a party to it and in pursuance of its objectives; and (3) while it was active, that is, after it was formed and before it ended. State v. Dale, 218 N.C. 625, 12 S.E. 2d 556; State v. Lea, 203 N.C. 13, 164 S.E. 737; 11 Am. Jur. 571. Of course a different rule applies to acts and declarations made before the conspiracy was formed or after it terminated. Prior or subsequent acts or declarations are admissible only against him who committed the acts or made the declarations.\nIn the instant case, however, Judge Collier, in each instance throughout the trial, limited the acts and declarations to those actually present and participating at the time. These declarations were made by a party to the conspiracy during its active existence and concerning its purposes. The admissions do not violate the \u201cright to confrontation rule\u201d enunciated by the United States Supreme Court in Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123. Bruton and one Evans were indicted in the United States District Court for a postal robbery. During the interrogation, Evans confessed to the investigating officer, and implicated Bruton in the robbery. At the trial the officer was permitted to relate to the jury the statement made to him by Evans implicating both Bruton and himself. The Supreme Court granted Bruton a new trial on the ground he was denied the right to cross examine Evans whose statements, implicating him, were relayed to the jury by the officer. The Court held the trial judge\u2019s instruction to the jury not to consider the admission of Evans to the officer as evidence against Bruton was insufficient to defeat the right of confrontation.\nAs a fourth and final ground for a new trial, the appellants allege the court made a prejudicial remark in ruling on the solicitor\u2019s objection to defense counsel\u2019s questions concerning the attempt of a State\u2019s witness to commit suicide. Hattie Dean Proctor had given testimony strongly implicating both Gallimore and Davis in the conspiracy and in the substantive offenses. She and Gallimore had a falling out and had separated because of another woman. According to her story, Gallimore had assaulted her. Defense counsel, on cross examination, sought to establish bias or the mental instability of the witness.\n\u201cQ. At the time you split up in May, 1966 what did you do?\nA. I took a bunch of pills and cut my arm.\nQ. As a result of that were you hospitalized anywhere?\nA. Yes.\nOBJECTION BY SOLICITOR\nCourt: I don\u2019t see the relevancy, but I don\u2019t see the harm. Objection overruled. Answer the question.\nA. The Cherry Hospital in Goldsboro.\u201d\nIn the light of the prejudicial testimony which the witness had given against both Gallimore and Davis, her attempt at suicide conceivably might have some relevancy as to her mental balance and her recollection sufficient to be impeaching. State v. Exum, 213 N.C. 16, 195 S.E. 2d 7. Conceding but not deciding defense counsel\u2019s question and the witness\u2019 answer may have had some materiality, although the court thought otherwise, nevertheless, the court required the witness to answer. The chance remark that the judge failed to see relevancy does not amount to prejudicial error. \u201cIn the circumstances, the court\u2019s statement, if phrased as appears in the record, does not constitute 'prejudicial error.\u201d Pickens v. Pickens, 258 N.C. 84, 127 S.E. 2d 889.\nThe petition for certiorari does not allege the failure to non-suit as error in the trial. However, defense counsel strenuously argued on the review here the insufficiency of the evidence to warrant its submission to the jury. The case is one of great importance both to the State and to the defendants. \u201cThe sufficiency of the evidence of the State in a criminal case is reviewable upon appeal without regard to whether a motion has been made pursuant to G.S. 15-173 in the trial court.\u201d G.S. 15-173.1.\nThe State examined many witnesses. Its evidence, bit by bit, when fitted together, appears to disclose a clear picture of a plot to kill Sheriff Sink and to blow up his automobile and his occupied home. Gallimore and Davis are shown to have been active in the conspiracy and in the substantive offenses charged. However, it is not necessary to discuss the evidence against Conrad. The jurors considered it and were unable to agree as to his guilt.\nThe keystone of the State\u2019s case against Gallimore and Davis is disclosed by short excerpts from the evidence of two witnesses. Hattie Dean Proctor, formerly Gallimore\u2019s girlfriend, testified that she went with Gallimore to a hardware store in Kinston and while there she purchased for him 50 dynamite caps and 25 feet of dynamite fuse.\nLater, she and Gallimore were arrested' in Sumter, South Carolina. They were returned to Davidson County by Sheriff Sink and Jack Richardson and placed in jail. After they were released on bond, she and Gallimore went to the home of her mother where the defendant Davis joined them. She detailed this conversation: \u201cTai-t\u00f3n said he was going to blow Fred and Jack to hell and Jimmy Davis said \u2018that\u2019s the thing we ought to do\u2019 \u201d. The witness went with Gallimore to his grandmother\u2019s home in Davidson County. They got 20 sticks of dynamite from the attic. \u201cI asked him what he was going to do with it. He said he was going to blow Fred and Jack to hell. He said, \u2018make it look like an accident\u2019. . . .\u201d\nLarry Hedrick testified that on Saturday (before the explosion the following morning) he drove Gallimore and Davis to the old Gallimore home near Denton. On the way they talked about blowing up a car. They went to an old shack behind the house and got some dynamite. \u201cOn the way back they was [sic] talking about putting it on Fred Sink\u2019s car and blowing it up.\u201d Back at the garage after the explosion \u201cTait\u00f3n asked Jimmy did he think the F.B.I. would be investigating. Jimmy told him \u2018yes\u2019 because explosives were involved.\u201d\nThe State\u2019s evidence disclosed that on and prior to November 27, 1967 Sheriff Sink had been actively pursuing Gallimore, Davis and Conrad for their alleged violations of the criminal law. At that time the sheriff lived in a brick house on Spruce Street in Lexington. On Saturday night, November 26, Sheriff Sink, his wife and four (named) daughters, aged 2 to 12 years, were in the house. All were asleep. The sheriff\u2019s automobile was parked in the drive near the front of the house. At about 8 minutes after 12:00 on Sunday morning, November 27, the automobile was completely destroyed by an explosion. The rear axle, with one of the wheels attached, was blown across the street into a neighbor\u2019s yard. The explosion forced open the front door to the house,' breaking the lock. Windows were blown out and broken glass scattered over all rooms. Window screens were bent double. Window sills on the side of the house near the explosion were shattered. The explosion ppened cracks in the outside walls and in the plaster inside. Windows-in neighbor\u2019s houses across the street were smashed.\nNeither of the defendants testified as a witness. The trial court and the Court of Appeals on the review correctly held the evidence presented jury questions. The weight, of the evidence was for the jury. State v. Whiteside, supra.\nWe have reviewed all legal objections raised by the defendants and have found them without merit. Nevertheless, we have examined the record proper and have concluded that error appears on the face of that record with respect to one of the charges. In matters of importance or to prevent injustice, the Court, ex mero motu, will take notice of a defect or fatal error which appears upon the face of the record proper. In Re Burton, 257 N.C. 534, 126 S.E. 2d 581; Skinner v. Transformadora, 252 N.C. 320, 113 S.E. 2d 717; In Re Davis, 248 N.C. 423, 103 S.E. 2d 503.\nAn indictment was returned against each defendant charging the wilful and malicious damage. to the sheriff\u2019s occupied dwelling by the use of dynamite. The bills were drawn under G.S. 14-49.1, which provides:\n\u201cAny person who shall wilfully and maliciously damage or attempt to damage any dwelling, building, vehicle, real or personal property of any kind or nature, being at the time occupied by one or more persons, by the use of nitroglycerine, dynamite, gunpowder or other high explosive, shall be guilty of a felony, and on conviction shall be punished by imprisonment in the State prison for not less than 10 years and not more than life.\u201d\nAn indictment was also returned against each defendant for the wilful and malicious damage to the sheriff\u2019s automobile by the use of explosives. These bills were drawn under G.S. 14-49, which provides:\n\u201cAny person who shall wilfully and maliciously injure or attempt to injure any person, or any building, equipment, real or personal property of any kind or nature belonging to another person, firm or corporation, by the use of nitroglycerine, dynamite, gunpowder or other high explosive, shall be guilty of a felony, and on conviction shall be punished by imprisonment in the State prison for not less than five years and not more than thirty years.\u201d\nG.S. 14-49.1, enacted as Chapter 342, Session Laws of 1967, amended G.S. 14-49. Both the original and the amendment involve (1) wilful and malicious injury, (2) to real or personal property, (3) by the use of explosives. G.S. 14-49.1 provides additional punishment if the real or 'personal property is \u201coccupied by one or more other persons\u201d.\nThe gist of the offense created by G.S. 14-49 is malicious injury or damage to property, real or personal, by the use of high explosives. The word \u201cmalicious\u201d as used in the statute connotes a feeling of animosity, hatred or ill will toward the owner, the possessor, or the occupant. The word \u201cproperty\u201d is defined in the statute as \u201creal or personal property of any kind or nature\u201d. No distinction whatever is made between real and personal property. One blast from a high explosive may injure both real and personal property. The indictment should contain an identifying description of the property which the defendant damaged or attempted to damage by the use of the explosive.\nIf the property, real or personal, was occupied at the time of the explosion, the indictment should describe the property and name the occupant. The indictment should be drawn under G.S. 14-49.1 and should include not only the description of the occupied property but any other property injured or attempted to be injured by the explosion so that if proof of occupancy fails, the jury could consider whether the defendant is guilty under G.S. 14-49 of the lesser included offense of malicious injury to unoccupied property. State v. Bell, 228 N.C. 659, 46 S.E. 2d 834.\nAll the evidence discloses that there was a single explosion which seriously damaged Sheriff Sink\u2019s occupied dwelling and his automobile parked beside the house. We may treat the indictments in Nos. 13,679 and 13,680 charging the damage to the automobile as additional counts in the bills in Nos. 13,664 and 13,665 which charge damage to the occupied dwelling. \u201cOrdinarily where separate bills of indictment are returned and the bills are consolidated for trial as authorized by G.S. 15-152, the counts contained in the respective bills will be treated as though they were separate counts in one bill. . . .\u201d State v. Austin, 241 N.C. 548, 85 S.E. 2d 924; State v. Braxton, 230 N.C. 312, 52 S.E. 2d 895. However, since there was one explosion, the court should have charged the jury that if it found the defendants were guilty of malicious injury to the occupied dwelling house by the use of dynamite, that such would be the major offense in the indictment and the jury should not consider any other counts or verdicts. Since the verdict of dynamiting the occupied dwelling contains the maximum charge under G.S. 14-49, as amended by G.S. 14-49.1, the verdicts for dynamiting the automobile should be treated as surplusage, should be set aside, and the judgments should be arrested. This Court said in State v. Stone, 240 N.C. 606:\n\u201cThe conviction for an assault on a female may be treated as surplusage. This is a lesser offense included in the charge of assault with attempt to commit rape. A conviction of an assault on a female could only be sustained provided the jury acquitted of the greater offense.\u201d\nThis Court said in State v. Birckhead, 256 N.C. 494:\n\u201cWhere the second indictment is for a crime greater in degree than the first and where both indictments arise out of the same act, it is held that an acquittal or conviction for the first is a bar to prosecution for the second.\u201d State v. Midgett, 214 N.C. 107, 198 S.E. 613.\n. The effect of the 1967 amendment (G.S. 14-49.1) increasing the penalty if the property is occupied, is analogous to the effect of G.S. 14-87 on the crime of robbery. The section drastically increased the penalty for robbery if the perpetrator committed or attempted to commit the offense by the use or threatened use of firearms or other dangerous weapons. The charge of robbery with firearms will support a verdict for common law robbery as a lesser included offense if the lesser offense is embraced within the allegations of the indictment and supported by the evidence. State v. Norris, 264 N.C. 470, 141 S.E. 2d 869. This Court said in State v. Bell, supra:\n\u201cIt is true that in a prosecution for robbery with firearms, an accused may be acquitted of the major charge and convicted of an included or a lesser offense, such as common law robbery, or assault, or larceny from the person, or simple larceny, if a verdict for the included or lesser offense is supported by allegations of the indictment and by evidence on the trial.\u201d (Citing authorities)\nSince the judgments provide the sentences on the charges of malicious injury to the occupied dwelling are to begin at the expiration of the sentences imposed for damage to the automobile (which we have ordered vacated) it is necessary for the judgments and the commitments to be corrected to the end that the prison sentences shall begin' at the expiration of the sentences on the conspiracy charge.\nThe decision of the Court of Appeals in No. 13,678 charging conspiracy if affirmed. Likewise, the decision of the Court of Appeals in Nos. 13,664 and 13,665 charging malicious damage to the occupied dwelling of Sheriff Sink is affirmed. In Nos. 13,679 and 13,680 charging malicious injury to the Sheriff\u2019s automobile by the use of explosives, the decision of the Court of Appeals is reversed, the verdicts will be set aside, and the judgments will be arrested.\nThe Court of Appeals will remand to the Superior Court of Davidson County for disposition in accordance with this opinion. As a matter of precaution, the solicitor should notify defense counsel and have the defendants in court at the time the change is made in the judgments with respect to the date on which service of the sentences in Nos. 13,664 and 13,665 shall begin.\nAs to Case Nos. 13,678, 13,664 and 13,665 \u2014 Affirmed.\nAs to Case Nos. 13,679 and 13,680 \u2014 Judgment arrested and cases remanded with directions.\nPahKbr, C.J., did not participate in the decision of this case.", "type": "majority", "author": "Higgins, J." } ], "attorneys": [ "Robert Morgan, Attorney .General; Andrew A. Vanore, Jr., Staff Attorney for the State.", "Barnes and Grimes by Jerry B. Grimes for the defendants Galli-more and Davis." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. DERMONT JARRELL CONRAD, TALTON GALLIMORE, JR., and TERRY JAMES DAVIS\nNo. 30\n(Filed 18 June 1969)\n1. Criminal Law \u00a7 15\u2014 change of venue \u2014 unfavorable pre-trial publicity\nNo error is disclosed in the trial court\u2019s denial of defendants\u2019 motion for a change of venue on the ground of unfavorable pre-trial publicity where the trial judge conducted a full inquiry, examined the newspaper articles and other news releases, considered affidavits presented by defendants and the State, and concluded that an impartial jury could be selected from the county, and the record fails to show that any juror objectionable to either defendant was permitted to sit on the trial panel or that either defendant exhausted his peremptory challenges.\n2. Indictment and Warrant \u00a7 13; Conspiracy \u00a7 4\u2014 indictment for conspiracy \u2014 co-conspirators \u2014 bill of particulars\nIn a prosecution upon an indictment charging that the three named defendants conspired \u201camong themselves, with each other, and diverse others\u201d to commit murder, the trial court did not err in denying defendants\u2019 motion for a bill of particulars setting forth the names of the \u201cdiverse others\u201d referred to in the indictment where the solicitor advised the court that he did not know the names of any others and the State did not offer evidence involving anyone except those charged by name in the indictment. G.S. 15-143.\n3. Conspiracy \u00a7 3\u2014 continuing offense\nEven though the offense of conspiracy is complete upon the formation of the illegal agreement, the offense continues until the conspiracy is consummated or is abandoned.\n4. Conspiracy \u00a7 6\u2014 order of proof of conspiracy\nBecause of the nature of the offense of criminal conspiracy, courts have recognized the inherent difficulty in proving the formation and activities of the criminal plan and have allowed wide lattitude in the order in which pertinent facts are offered in evidence, and a verdict rested thereon will not be disturbed if at the close of the evidence every constituent of the offense charged has been proved.\n5. Conspiracy \u00a7 5\u2014 acts and declarations of co-conspirators\nWhen evidence of a prima facie case of conspiracy has been introduced, the acts and declarations of each party to the conspiracy in furtherance of its objectives are admissible against the other members.\n6. Conspiracy \u00a7 5\u2014 consideration of acts of one conspirator against other conspirators \u2014 necessary findings\nConsideration of the acts and declarations of one conspirator as evidence against his co-conspirators should be conditioned upon a finding that (1) a conspiracy existed, (2) the acts were done or the declarations were made by a party to the conspiracy and in pursuance of its objectives, and (3) the acts or declarations occurred while the conspiracy was active.\n7. Conspiracy \u00a7 5\u2014 consideration of acts of conspirator before or after existence of conspiracy\nActs performed and declarations made before the conspiracy was formed or after it terminated are admissible only against the person who committed the acts or made the declarations.\n8. Conspiracy \u00a7 5\u2014 admission of acts and declarations of one conspirator\nIn this joint trial of three defendants for conspiracy to commit murder, the trial court did not err in the admission of evidence of the acts and declarations of one defendant over objections of the remaining defendants where the acts were performed or the declarations were made during the active existence of the conspiracy and concerning its purpose, and the court limited the jury\u2019s consideration of such acts and declarations to those defendants who were present and participating at the time.\n9. Conspiracy \u00a7 5; Constitutional Law \u00a7 31; Criminal Law \u00a7\u00a7 76, 95\u2014 joint trial \u2014 admission of acts and declarations of one conspirator \u2014 right to confrontation\nIn this joint trial of three defendants for conspiracy to commit murder, the \u201cright to confrontation rule\u201d enunciated in Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123, is not violated by the admission of evidence of the acts or declarations of one defendant in furtherance of the conspiracy for consideration against other defendants who were present and participating at the time.\n10. Criminal Law \u00a7\u00a7 89, 99, 165\u2014 comment by trial court \u2014 expression of opinion on evidence\nComment by the trial judge in ruling on the solicitor\u2019s objection to defense counsel\u2019s questions concerning the attempt of a key State\u2019s witness to commit suicide that \u201cI don\u2019t see the relevancy, but I don\u2019t see the harm,\u201d is held not to constitute prejudicial error where the court required the witness to answer, notwithstanding evidence of the witness\u2019s attempt at suicide may have some relevancy as to her mental balance and her recollection sufficient to be impeaching.\n11. Criminal Law \u00a7 164\u2014 appellate review of nonsuit question \u2014 failure to move for nonsuit in trial court\nThe sufficiency of the State\u2019s evidence in a criminal case is reviewable on appeal without regard to whether a motion was made pursuant to G.S. 15-173 in the trial court. G.S. 15-173.1.\n13. Conspiracy \u00a7 6; Property \u00a7 4\u2014 sufficiency of evidence of conspiracy and malicious destruction of property by explosives\nThe evidence is held sufficient to be submitted to the jury as to defendants\u2019 guilt of conspiracy to commit murder and of malicious damage to an occupied dwelling and an automobile by use of explosives.\n13. Appeal and Error \u00a7 5\u2014 fatal error on face of record \u2014 notice by Supreme Court ex mero motu\nThe Supreme Court will take notice ex mero motu of a defect or fatal error which appears upon the face of the record proper in matters of importance or to prevent injustice.\n14. Property \u00a7 4\u2014 malicious injury to property by explosives\nBoth G.S. 14-49 and the amendment to that statute, G.S. 14-49.1, involve (1) wilful and malicious injury, (2) to real or personal property, (3) by the use of explosives, G.S. 14-49.1 providing additional punishment if the real or personal property is occupied by one or more persons.\n15. Property \u00a7 4\u2014 malicious injury to property by explosives \u2014 gist of offense\nThe gist of the offense created by G.S. 14-49 is malicious injury or damage to property, real or personal, by use of high explosives.\n16. Property \u00a7 4\u2014 definition of \u201cmalicious\u201d\nThe word \u201cmalicious\u201d as used in G.S. 14-49 connotes a feeling of animosity, hatred or ill will toward the owner, the possessor or the occupant.\n17. Property \u00a7 4\u2014 malicious damage to property by explosives \u2014 indictment\nAn indictment under G.S. 14-49 should contain an identifying description of the property which the defendant damaged or attempted to damage by use of the explosive.\n18. Property \u00a7 4\u2014 malicious damage to property by explosives \u2014 indictment\nIf the real or personal property was occupied at the time of the explosion, the indictment should be drawn under G.S. 14-49.1 and should name the occupant and describe the occupied property and any other property injured or attempted to be injured by the explosion, so that if proof of occupancy fails, the jury may consider whether defendant is guilty under G.S. 14-49 of the lesser included offense of malicious injury to unoccupied property.\n19. Property \u00a7 4\u2014 malicious damage to occupied dwelling and automobile \u2014 separate indictments \u2014 one explosion \u2014 possible verdicts\nIn consolidated trial of separate indictments charging the same defendant with malicious damage to an occupied dwelling and malicious damage to an automobile, the indictment charging damage to the automobile will be treated as an additional count in the bill charging damage to the occupied dwelling, and where the evidence discloses that there was but one explosion which damaged the occupied dwelling and the automobile, the court should instruct the jury that if it finds defendant guilty of malicious injury to the occupied dwelling by use of dynamite, such would be the major offense in the indictment and the jury should not consider any other count or verdict.\n20. Property \u00a7 4\u2014 verdicts of guilty of malicious damage to occupied dwelling and automobile \u2014 one explosion\nIn consolidated trial of separate indictments charging the same defendant with malicious damage to an occupied dwelling and malicious damage to an automobile, where the evidence discloses but one explosion and the jury returns a verdict finding defendant guilty of malicious damage to the occupied dwelling, a further jury verdict finding defendant guilty of malicious damage to the automobile should be treated as surplusage, since the verdict of dynamiting the occupied dwelling contains the maximum) charge under G.S. 14-49 as amended by G.S. 14-49.1.\nThe defendants, Tait\u00f3n Gallimore, Jr. and Terry James Davis,, petitioned for and were granted certiorari to review the decision of the North Carolina Court of Appeals filed February 26, 1969 finding no error in their trial, convictions and prison sentences on three felony charges tried at the June 24, 1968 Mixed Session, Davidsok Superior Court.\nRobert Morgan, Attorney .General; Andrew A. Vanore, Jr., Staff Attorney for the State.\nBarnes and Grimes by Jerry B. Grimes for the defendants Galli-more and Davis." }, "file_name": "0342-01", "first_page_order": 372, "last_page_order": 384 }