{ "id": 8564291, "name": "VARIETY THEATRES, INC., a North Carolina Corporation v. CLEVELAND COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA; HAYWOOD ALLEN, Sheriff of Cleveland County, North Carolina, and all his deputies and BERRY LEE, Chief of Police of Shelby, North Carolina, and all his policemen", "name_abbreviation": "Variety Theatres, Inc. v. Cleveland County", "decision_date": "1972-11-15", "docket_number": "No. 43", "first_page": "272", "last_page": "278", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "282 N.C. 272" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C.", "id": 9292, "name": "Supreme Court of North Carolina" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "190 S.E. 2d 227", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1972, "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "15 N.C. App. 512", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8551850 ], "year": 1972, "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/15/0512-01" ] }, { "cite": "99 L.Ed. 563", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed.", "year": 1955, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "348 U.S. 483", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6931894 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1955, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/348/0483-01" ] }, { "cite": "46 S.E. 2d 860", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1948, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "228 N.C. 664", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8628020 ], "year": 1948, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/228/0664-01" ] }, { "cite": "160 S.E. 2d 18", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1968, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "273 N.C. 293", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8575113 ], "year": 1968, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/273/0293-01" ] }, { "cite": "105 S.E. 2d 37", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1958, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "41" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "248 N.C. 637", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8625490 ], "year": 1958, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "642" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/248/0637-01" ] }, { "cite": "93 L.Ed. 513", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed.", "weight": 2, "year": 1949, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "522" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "336 U.S. 77", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 3936243 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1949, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "87" }, { "page": "453" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/336/0077-01" ] }, { "cite": "63 L.Ed. 473", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed.", "year": 1919, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "249 U.S. 47", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 3688385 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1919, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "52" }, { "page": "249" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/249/0047-01" ] }, { "cite": "283 U.S. 697", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 434240 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1931, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/283/0697-01" ] }, { "cite": "372 U.S. 58", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1765270 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1963, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/372/0058-01" ] }, { "cite": "380 U.S. 51", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1525226 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1965, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/380/0051-01" ] }, { "cite": "393 U.S. 175", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11312044 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1968, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/393/0175-01" ] }, { "cite": "394 U.S. 618", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6177874 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1969, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/394/0618-01" ] }, { "cite": "400 U.S. 410", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 12047394 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1971, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/400/0410-01" ] }, { "cite": "402 U.S. 415", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11733776 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1971, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/402/0415-01" ] }, { "cite": "403 U.S. 713", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 12027544 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1971, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/403/0713-01" ] }, { "cite": "72 S.E. 2d 97", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1952, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "236 N.C. 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8622124 ], "year": 1952, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/236/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "168 S.E. 2d 389", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1969, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "275 N.C. 454", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8558889 ], "year": 1969, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/275/0454-01" ] }, { "cite": "160 S.E. 2d 282", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1968, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "273 N.C. 452", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8575554 ], "year": 1968, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/273/0452-01" ] }, { "cite": "173 S.E. 2d 765", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1970, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "773" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "276 N.C. 535", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8562463 ], "year": 1970, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "547" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/276/0535-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 768, "char_count": 12912, "ocr_confidence": 0.57, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.1372705070915216e-07, "percentile": 0.5776161081205893 }, "sha256": "a241319d7a78b772afb61516b3d6930642a89a1088952ef4814978c4a047903e", "simhash": "1:0169bc206d4d2c0b", "word_count": 2081 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T21:08:27.476898+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "VARIETY THEATRES, INC., a North Carolina Corporation v. CLEVELAND COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA; HAYWOOD ALLEN, Sheriff of Cleveland County, North Carolina, and all his deputies and BERRY LEE, Chief of Police of Shelby, North Carolina, and all his policemen" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "SHARP, Justice.\nPlaintiff makes the following contentions: (1) The ordinance was enacted without legislative authority for Ch. 1062 empowers the county commissioners \u201cto regulate theater screens only if \u2018not visible\u2019 to any person operating a motor vehicle upon any public street or highway.\u201d (2) The ordinance imposes an \u201cunconstitutional prior restraint on speech\u201d in violation of the First Amendment. (3) The ordinance violates the due process and equal protection clauses of the State and Federal Constitutions in that its classification of drive-in theaters as a traffic hazard is \u201cirrational\u201d and discriminatory.\nBy its first contention, plaintiff seeks to take advantage of the inept language of Ch. 1062. While conceding that this session law is a poor example of legislative draftsmanship, plaintiff\u2019s assertion that it gives power to regulate theater screens only if not visible to any motorist on a public thoroughfare is not to be taken seriously. In construing any statute or ordinance the court will avoid an interpretation which would lead to absurd results. State v. Spencer, 276 N.C. 535, 547, 173 S.E. 2d 765, 773 (1970); Freeland v. Orange County, 273 N.C. 452, 160 S.E. 2d 282 (1968).\nThe Court of Appeals correctly construed Ch. 1062 to authorize Cleveland County to adopt ordinances regulating drive-in motion picture theaters located near any public street or highway to the end that the surface of any screen upon which moving pictures are being projected shall not be visible to any motorist on a public thoroughfare. No doubt Ch. 1062 was enacted at the instance of some municipal official who preferred to point to specific rather than general authority for the ordinance or who may have misconstrued the proviso in G.S. 153-9(55). There was, however, no need for its enactment.\nG.S. 153-9(55) provides plenary authority for the challenged ordinance. City of Raleigh v. R. R. Co., 275 N.C. 454, 168 S.E. 2d 389 (1969); State v. Scoggin, 236 N.C. 1, 72 S.E. 2d 97 (1952). Thus, plaintiff\u2019s allegations that Ch. 1062 is proscribed by N.C. Const. art. II, \u00a7 24(1) (a) as a local act relating to the abatement of nuisances and that it \u201cunconstitutionally attempts a standardless delegation of authority,\u201d raise moot questions.\nPlaintiff\u2019s second contention is equally indefensible. In support of its argument that the ordinance \u201ceffects an unconstitutional censorship\u201d and \u201cprevents a movie owner from broadcasting to the traveling public at large whatever non-obscene picture he wishes,\u201d plaintiff cites the following cases: New York Times Co. v. United States, 403 U.S. 713, 29 L.Ed. 2d 822, 91 S.Ct. 2140 (1971); Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe, 402 U.S. 415, 29 L.Ed. 2d 1, 91 S.Ct. 1575 (1971); Blount v. Rizzi, 400 U.S. 410, 27 L.Ed. 2d 498, 91 S.Ct. 423 (1971); Shapiro v. Thompson, 394 U.S. 618, 22 L.Ed. 2d 600, 89 S.Ct. 1322 (1969); Carroll v. Commissioners of Princess Anne, 393 U.S. 175, 21 L.Ed. 2d 325, 89 S.Ct. 347 (1968); Freedman v. Maryland, 380 U.S. 51, 13 L.Ed. 2d 649, 85 S.Ct. 734 (1965); Bantam Books v. Sullivan, 372 U.S. 58, 9 L.Ed. 2d 584, 83 S.Ct. 631 (1963); Near v. Minnesota, 283 U.S. 697, 75 L.Ed. 1357, 51 S.Ct. 625 (1931).\nNone of the cases cited above support plaintiff\u2019s contention; nor in our opinion, do they bear upon the validity of the ordinance. In New York Times Co., the Supreme Court refused to enjoin two newspapers from publishing material which the executive branch of the government insisted should not, in the national interest, be published. Organization for a Better Austin pertained to an injunction against the peaceful distribution of informational pamphlets. Blount involved the constitutionality of a federal statute designed to deny the use of the mails to commercial distributions of obscene literature. Shapiro declared unconstitutional statutes denying welfare assistance to residents who had not resided in their respective jurisdictions for at least one year prior to their application. Carroll dealt with an injunction, issued without notice, which restrained the National State\u2019s Right\u2019s Party from holding public meetings. Freedman invalidated a statute which prohibited the showing of any motion pictures in the State of Maryland which had not been previously approved by the State Board of Censors. Bantam Books involved a statutory commission set up to examine and suppress publications which it deemed inimical to youth. Near invalidated a statute declaring the regular publication of a malicious, scandalous and defamatory newspaper to be a nuisance, abatable in injunctive proceedings unless the owner or publisher showed \u201cthat the truth was published with good motives and for justifiable ends.\u201d\nThe ordinance under consideration involves no censorship; it makes no attempt to regulate what is shown on the screen. It imposes no prior restraints on expressions of any kind, nor does it abridge freedom of speech or the press. In the interest of public safety it requires plaintiff to locate its screen so that the pictures and information projected upon it will not create a nocturnal traffic hazard. The First Amendment no more licenses such a hazard than it will \u201cprotect a man falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic.\u201d Schenck v. United States, 249 U.S. 47, 52, 63 L.Ed. 473, 39 S.Ct. 247, 249 (1919).\nIn Kovacs v. Cooper, 336 U.S. 77, 93 L.Ed. 513, 69 S.Ct. 448 (1949), the Supreme Court upheld the right of a state legislature to bar sound trucks with broadcasts of public interest, amplified to a loud and raucous volume, from the public ways of municipalities. The Court said: \u201cCity streets are recognized as a normal place for the exchange of ideas by speech or paper. But this does not mean the freedom is beyond all control. ... On the business streets of cities . . . such distractions would be dangerous to traffic at all hours useful for the dissemination of information, and in the residential thoroughfares the quiet and tranquility so desirable for city dwellers would likewise be at the mercy of advocates of particular religious, social or political persuasions.\u201d Id. at 87, 93 L.Ed. at 522, 69 S.Ct. at 453.\nThe ordinance was enacted by the board of commissioners of Cleveland County to further highway safety by eliminating the distractions and congestion caused by a motion picture screen adjacent to and visible from the highway. The validity of a police regulation primarily depends on \u201cwhether it is reasonably calculated to accomplish a purpose falling within the legitimate scope of the police power, without burdening unduly the person or corporation affected.\u201d Winston-Salem v. R. R., 248 N.C. 637, 642, 105 S.E. 2d 37, 41 (1958). The ordinance meets this test. It therefore withstands the due process attack.\nPlaintiff\u2019s contention that the ordinance violates the equal protection clauses of the State and Federal Constitutions is this: Many distractions \u201cconfront the nighttime motorist in modern neon America, from dual headlights to the thousand points of light that come from your friendly used car lot.\u201d The \u201csingling out\u201d of drive-in movies is violative of the equal protection clause. This contention is untenable.\nIndubitably, in addition to having a reasonable relation to the evils sought to be remedied, an ordinance must affect alike all those in the same class and under similar conditions. However, an ordinance passed in the interest of public safety is not void as class legislation if it is made to apply uniformly to all members of the class affected and the classification has a reasonable basis. Cheek v. City of Charlotte, 273 N.C. 293, 160 S.E. 2d 18 (1968); State v. Glidden Co., 228 N.C. 664, 46 S.E. 2d 860 (1948). See also Williamson v. Lee Optical Co., 348 U.S. 483, 99 L.Ed. 563, 75 S.Ct. 461 (1955). It is clear to us that moving picture screens showing pictures visible to motorists on a public highway are a special hazard, justifying a special classification.\nWe hold that the ordinance is constitutional. The decision of the Court of Appeals is\nAffirmed.", "type": "majority", "author": "SHARP, Justice." } ], "attorneys": [ "George S. Daly, Jr., for plaintiff appellant.", "Horn, West & Horn for defendant appellees." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "VARIETY THEATRES, INC., a North Carolina Corporation v. CLEVELAND COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA; HAYWOOD ALLEN, Sheriff of Cleveland County, North Carolina, and all his deputies and BERRY LEE, Chief of Police of Shelby, North Carolina, and all his policemen\nNo. 43\n(Filed 15 November 1972)\n1. Statutes \u00a7 5\u2014 drive-in motion picture theaters \u2014 screens visible from highway \u2014 ordinance authorized by awkwardly worded session law\nA county ordinance prohibiting the operation of drive-in motion picture theaters so that the surface of the screen upon which pictures were projected was visible to any person operating a motor vehicle upon nearby streets or roads was authorized by session law, though that law was awkwardly worded.\n2. Constitutional Law \u00a7\u00a7 11, 18\u2014 restrictive ordinance \u2014 freedom of speech \u2014 valid exercise of police power\nAn ordinance regulating motion picture screens involved no censorship as it made no attempt to regulate what was shown on the screens, imposed no prior restraints on expressions of any kind, and abridged no freedom of speech or the press; rather, the ordinance was a valid police regulation enacted to further highway safety by eliminating the distractions and congestion caused by screens adjacent to and visible from the highway.\n3. Constitutional Law \u00a7 20\u2014 equal protection \u2014 justifiable classification\nA county ordinance regulating motion picture screens did not violate the equal protection clauses of State and Federal Constitutions where the ordinance applied uniformly to all members of the class affected and where the classification had a reasonable basis.\nAppeal by plaintiff under G.S. 7A-30(2) (1969) from the decision of the Court of Appeals affirming the judgment of Fountain, /., at the 14 February 1972 Session of Cleveland.\nAction instituted under G.S. 1-253 et seq. (1969) and G.S. 7A-245 (1969) to determine the validity of an ordinance.\nPurporting to act under the authority of G.S. 153-9(55) (Supp. 1971) and N.C. Sess. Laws, Ch. 1062 (1971) (Ch. 1062), on 1 December 1971 the Board of Commissioners of Cleveland County enacted an ordinance (hereinafter referred to as \u201cthe ordinance\u201d), which makes it unlawful for an operator of a drive-in theater \u201cto establish, operate or maintain a theater screen in the vicinity of any public street or highway in such manner that the surface of such theater screen upon which pictures are being projected is visible to any person operating a motor vehicle upon such street or highway.\u201d\nThe preamble to the ordinance recites that its purpose is to abate \u201cthose nuisances on private property controlled by drive-in theaters\u201d which would interfere with the safety of persons using public thoroughfares.\nG.S. 153-9(55), in pertinent part, empowers the boards of commissioners of the several counties \u201c[t]o adopt ordinances to prevent and abate nuisances, whether on public or private property; ordinances supervising, regulating, or suppressing or prohibiting in the interest of public morals, comfort, safety, convenience and welfare, public recreations, amusements, and entertainments, and all things detrimental to the public good; and ordinances in exercise of the general police power not inconsistent with the Constitution and laws of the State or the Constitution and laws of the United States.\u201d The section provides, however, that it does not \u201cconfer upon any county any power or authority (not now possessed by such county) relating to the regulation or control of vehicular or pedestrian traffic on streets and highways under the control of the State Highway Commission. ...\u201d\nChapter 1062 provides:\n\u201cSection 1. The Board of Commissioners of Cleveland County shall have authority under G.S. 153-9(55) to adopt ordinances regulating any drive-in motion picture theaters which are or shall be established, operated or maintained in the vicinity of any public street or highway in such manner that the surface of such theater screen upon which pictures are being projected is not visible to any person operating a motor vehicle upon such street or highway.\n\u201cSec. 2. This act shall be in addition to any other authority granted by law.\u201d\nPlaintiff owns and operates in Cleveland County the Skyvue Drive-In Theater. The theater\u2019s motion picture screen is visible from a public highway while motion pictures are being projected upon it. In this action, upon grounds specifically set forth in the complaint, plaintiff challenges the validity of the ordinance and seeks to enjoin enforcement.\nAt the trial, Judge Fountain heard the case upon facts agreed and adjudicated the validity of the ordinance. Upon appeal the Court of Appeals affirmed his judgment. 15 N.C. App. 512, 190 S.E. 2d 227 (1972). One member of the hearing panel dissented, and plaintiff appealed as a matter or right to this Court.\nGeorge S. Daly, Jr., for plaintiff appellant.\nHorn, West & Horn for defendant appellees." }, "file_name": "0272-01", "first_page_order": 292, "last_page_order": 298 }