{
  "id": 8562672,
  "name": "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. CALLOWAY HEARD and RONALD EXCELL JONES",
  "name_abbreviation": "State v. Heard",
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    "parties": [
      "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. CALLOWAY HEARD and RONALD EXCELL JONES"
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "BRANCH, Justice.\nDefendant Jones contends that the trial judge erred by admitting into evidence the confession of his codefendant Calloway Heard who did not testify at their trial.\nDefendant particularly points to that portion of Heard\u2019s confession which stated: \u201cThat he and two other men went to the store; that all of them knew what they were going there for and what they were going to do after they got there, and he and two other persons stated and agreed that if they got caught they would not tell on the other.\u201d\nPrior to the decision in Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123, 20 L.Ed. 2d 476, 88 S.Ct. 1620 (decided 20 May 1968), it was the federal and North Carolina rule that the admission of the extra-judicial confession of one codefendant which implicated another codefendant against whom it was inadmissible was not error when the trial judge instructed the jury that it was admissible only against the confessor and must not be considered against another.\nIn Bruton, the United States Supreme Court held that an accused\u2019s Constitutional right of cross-examination is violated at his joint trial with a codefendant who does not testify, when the Court admits the codefendant\u2019s confession inculpating the accused, notwithstanding jury instructions that the confession must be disregarded in determining the accused\u2019s guilt or innocence.\nRecognizing the binding effect of the decision in Bruton on this Court, Justice Sharp, speaking of the Court in State v. Fox, 274 N.C. 277, 163 S.E. 2d 492, stated the rule that is now the recognized law in this jurisdiction, to wit:\n\u201c ... in joint trials of defendants it is necessary to exclude extrajudicial confessions unless all portions which implicate defendants other than the declarant can be deleted without prejudice either to the State or the declarant. If such deletion is not possible, the State must choose between relinquishing the confession or trying the defendants separately. The foregoing pronouncement presupposes (1) that the confession is inadmissible as to the codefendant (see State v. Bryant, [250 N.C. 113, 108 S.E. 2d 128]), and (2) that the declarant will not take the stand. If the declarant can be cross-examined, a codefendant has been accorded his right to confrontation. See State v. Kerley, [246 N.C. 157], at 160, [97 S.E. 2d 876], at 879.\u201d\nIn instant case, the Court of Appeals adhered to the rule stated in Bruton and Fox and correctly found that the trial judge erred when he admitted the confession of the codefendant Heard, who did not testify and who was not subjected to a cross-examination. The Court of Appeals, however, held the admission of this evidence to be \u201charmless error.\u201d\nWe must now decide whether the admission of this evidence complained of was, in fact, harmless error.\nWe recognize that all Federal Constitutional errors are not prejudicial, and under the facts of a particular case, they may be determined to be harmless, so as not to require an automatic reversal upon conviction. The question is whether there is a reasonable possibility that the evidence complained of might have contributed to the conviction. Nevertheless, before a court can find a Constitutional error to be harmless it must be able to declare a belief that such error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Schneble v. Florida, 405 U.S. 427, 31 L.Ed. 2d 340, 92 S.Ct. 1056; Harrington v. California, 395 U.S. 250, 23 L.Ed. 2d 284, 89 S.Ct. 1726; Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 17 L.Ed. 2d 705, 87 S.Ct. 824; Fahy v. Connecticut, 375 U.S. 85, 11 L.Ed. 2d 171, 84 S.Ct. 229; State v. Cox and State v. Ward and State v. Gary, 281 N.C. 275, 188 S.E. 2d 356; State v. Jones, 280 N.C. 322, 185 S.E. 2d 858; State v. Swaney, 277 N.C. 602, 178 S.E. 2d 399; State v. Brinson, 277 N.C. 286, 177 S.E. 2d 398.\nThe State relies heavily on Harrington v. California, supra. In Harrington, the defendants were jointly tried upon charges of first degree murder and attempted robbery. Three of the defendants confessed and their confessions were offered into evidence. Only one of the confessing defendants took the stand so as to be subjected to cross-examination. The confessions of the two codefendants who did not testify were admitted into evidence. These confessions placed defendant Harrington at the scene of the crime, but did not place a gun in his hand. Harrington also made a statement which was offered into evidence in which he admitted being at the scene of the crime, but denied that he had a gun, or that he took any part in the crime. There was testimony by other persons which placed Harrington at the scene, with a gun in his hand actively participating in the crime. Harrington was convicted of murder. The United States Supreme Court affirmed and, inter alia, held that the admission of the confessions of the two codefendants who did not testify was \u201charmless error beyond a reasonable doubt\u201d because of the other overwhelming evidence against Harrington.\nHarrington is distinguishable from instant case. In Harrington one of the codefendants testified in court and placed the defendant at the scene with a gun in his hand at the time of the murder. Other persons testified that he was at the scene with a gun and was an active participant in the crimes. The challenged confessions placed him at the scene but did not place a gun in his hands. Harrington, by his own statement, admitted he was at she scene without a gun. Thus in Harrington the challenged confessions did not contradict defendant\u2019s statement or conflict with the theory of his defense.\nIn instant case, the credibility of the testimony of the witnesses Mumford and Wilson was seriously impaired by cross-examination. Defendant, although admitting that he was present at the scene of the crime, strongly denied any part in the planning or execution of the robbery. The erroneously admitted statement of his codefendant Heard unequivocally implicated defendant Jones in the planning and execution of the robbery. When defendant Jones was arrested shortly after the robbery he did not have a weapon in his possession. Defendant Heard had two pistols in his pocket at the time of the arrest.\nUnder the facts of this case, we are of the opinion that Heard\u2019s erroneously admitted confession might have contributed to Jones\u2019 conviction. Certainly, we are unable to say beyond a reasonable doubt under the special circumstances of this case that the jury would have convicted defendant Jones without benefit of the challenged evidence.\nFor reasons stated, there must be a new trial\nReversed.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "BRANCH, Justice."
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Attorney General Robert Morgan by Assistant Attorney General Walter E. Ricks III for the State.",
      "Ward, Tucker, Ward & Smith by Michael P. Flanagan and G. H. Pope, Jr., for defendant appellant Ronald Excell Jones."
    ],
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    "head_matter": "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. CALLOWAY HEARD and RONALD EXCELL JONES\nNo. 61\n(Filed 10 April 1974)\n1. Criminal Law \u00a7 169\u2014 constitutional error \u2014 determination of harmlessness\nIn determining- whether a Federal Constitutional error is prejudicial, the question is whether there is a reasonable possibility that the evidence complained of might have contributed to the conviction, and a court, before it can find a Constitutional error harmless, must be able to declare a belief that such error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.\n2. Criminal Law \u00a7\u00a7 95, 169 \u2014 consolidated trials \u2014 confession of non-testifying codefendant \u2014 prejudicial error\nIn the consolidated trial of two defendants for armed robbery, the trial court\u2019s error in allowing into evidence the confession of a nontestifying codefendant was not harmless beyond a reasonable doubt where defendant testified that he was present at the crime scene but strongly denied any part in the planning or execution of the robbery, the codefendant\u2019s erroneously admitted confession unequivocally implicated defendant in the planning and execution of the robbery, and, upon their arrest shortly after the robbery, defendant had no weapon in his possession but the nontestifying codefendant had two pistols in his pocket.\nAppeal by defendant, Ronald Excell Jones, pursuant to G.S. 7A-S0(1), from decision of the Court of Appeals reported in 20 N.C. App. 124, 201 S.E. 2d 58, finding no error in the trial before Blount, S.J., 23 April 1973 Session of Craven Superior Court.\nDefendants Calloway Heard and Ronald Excell Jones were charged in separate bills of indictment with armed robbery. The cases were consolidated for trial over objection of defendant Heard. Both defendants entered pleas of not guilty.\nThe State\u2019s evidence, except when quoted, may be summarized as follows: Jesse Wilson testified that on 9 February 1973 between 10:00 a.m. and noon, Ronald Excell Jones (Jones) and Calloway Heard (Heard), in company with three other men came into his store, which was located in Craven County near the town of Vanceboro. They shot pool, and Jones purchased and ate a sandwich. On the same day at about 2:00 p.m., while Mr. John Thomas Mumford was in the store, defendants Jones and Heard returned. Mr. Wilson related:\n\u201c . . . I raised my head up when they walked in the door expecting them to call for a drink or something, and that one with no coat on throwed a gun in my face and shot me with a blank right in my face, and I don\u2019t know if he was drunk or what, and I jumped back and I said, \u2018What in the world ails you, what do you mean?\u2019 And at that time neither one of them had said a word. He was around there on me, and he shot me in the face again and said it was a hold-up and Jones about that time shot Mr. Mumford in the face and told him to stand over there and chunk his pocketbook on the drink box. He started beating me over the head.\u201d\nHeard took Mr. Wilson\u2019s pocketbook, which contained between eight or ten dollars, from his person. Heard and Jones then fled. Police were called, and one of the officers took Mr. Wilson to the hospital where approximately twenty stitches were taken to close wounds in his head.\nOn cross-examination, Mr. Wilson stated:\n\u201c . . . the second time he shot me, Mr. Jones shot Mr. Mumford at the same time. Sure my eyes were burning, then, he had done shot me once. They were watering. If someone would shoot you in the face, you couldn\u2019t help but throw your hands up. I was backing away; I jumped backwards when he shot me the first time and said, \u2018What in the world ails you, what do you mean?\u2019 And at that time he was around the box and he was shooting Mr. Mumford. I was backing away as fast as I could, my eyes were burning, my eyes were watering, and I had thrown one or both hands up to my face, and I still saw Mr. Jones.\u201d\nDeputy Sheriff E. E. Rowe, of the Craven County Sheriff\u2019s Department, testified that on 9 February 1973, shortly after 2:00 p.m,, he went to the area of Mr. Wilson\u2019s store after receiving a radio call concerning an alleged robbery at the store. He was accompanied by Deputy Sheriff Pritchard and they were looking for \u201ctwo colored males, medium build; one was supposed to be dressed in a gray sweater, pullover type; one with a light brown coat. . . . \u201d Shortly after reaching the area, they observed defendants walking along the road about a mile and a half from Mr. Wilson\u2019s store. He observed a red substance about Heard\u2019s wrist. At that time, Heard was wearing a brown coat and Jones was wearing a gray sweater. A .22 caliber blank pistol which would expel blanks or gas, a .22 caliber pistol containing six unfired bullets and eight dollars were found on Heard\u2019s person. No weapons were found on Jones. Jones and Heard were arrested and carried to the courthouse in New Bern.\nBoth Heard and Jones made statements to the officers after they had been advised of their rights and had signed waivers of rights. When the State offered these statements, counsel objected. Judge Blount allowed Deputy Sheriff Rowe to testify concerning both statements. Prior to admitting this testimony, Judge Blount instructed the jury that the testimony relating to the statement made by Heard was to be considered only as to defendant Heard and not as to defendant Jones. A like instruction was given to the effect that the statement made by Jones was to be considered only as to defendant Jones and not as to defendant Heard.\nAccording to Deputy Rowe, Heard stated that he went to Wilson\u2019s store for the purpose of robbing the store; that he used the gas gun and hit Mr. Wilson on the head three or four times with a Pepsi-Cola bottle. He, at that time, took Mr. Wilson\u2019s wallet from his pocket. He further stated that he and two other men went to the store and that all of them knew what they were going there for and what they were going to do after they got there.\nDeputy Rowe further testified that Jones admitted going to Wilson\u2019s store and saying, \u201cLet\u2019s get out of here.\u201d They went to the store in his Plymouth automobile and the only thing that was said about money was that, \u201cthey had to have some money to get back to Alabama just before we got to the store.\u201d\nJohn Thomas Mumford testified that he was in the store when Jones and Heard came in at around 2:00 p.m. He heard someone say, \u201cThis is a stickup,\u201d and when he looked up, he was shot in the eye with something. He said that the man who had the pistol on him had on a gray slipover sweater and that the man told him to keep his back turned. On cross-examination, Mr. Mumford stated:\n\u201c ... I do not know if I was shot with the same gun Mr. Wilson was, and I do not know if I was shot before he was. I heard three or four different shots and then I heard the man say, \u2018This is a stick-up.\u2019 My eyes stung and even though I had glasses on I had to close them; and, when he told me to keep my back turned, I kept my back turned. I had my back to the man closest to me, and I couldn\u2019t say who he was. I don\u2019t know if the man in the gray sweater was the one behind me, but I saw a gray sweater when I first raised up. I don\u2019t know if the man who was doing the shooting had on a gray sweater or not. ...\u201d\nAt the close of the State\u2019s evidence, defendants each moved for judgment as of nonsuit. The motions were denied.\nDefendant Jones, testifying in his own behalf, stated that he was a resident of Grifton, North Carolina. On 9 February 1973 he, Heard, and his brother-in-law Chester Atkinson, a resident of the State of Alabama, drove to Winton, North Carolina, in his automobile. After purchasing some whiskey and beer, they proceeded to Williamston where he allowed Atkinson to drive. They were drinking intoxicants as they traveled. His back was hurting so he took a pill and lay down in the back seat. He remembered hearing Atkinson and Heard mention needing some money, but nothing was said about a robbery. They drove up to Mr. Wilson\u2019s store and he went in to get some cigarettes. Heard also went in the store, and shortly after they entered the store a gas gun went off causing a stinging in his eyes. He saw Heard beating Mr. Wilson and he (Jones) said, \u201cMan let\u2019s get away from here.\u201d He had no weapon, did not hit anyone, and knew nothing about a planned robbery. Upon leaving the store, he saw that Atkinson and his car were gone. He walked away from the store and was later joined by Heard. They were picked up by officers and carried to the courthouse in New Bern. He and Heard had not been in Mr. Wilson\u2019s store on the morning of 9 February 1973.\nDefendant Heard offered no evidence.\nThe jury returned verdicts of guilty of armed robbery as to both Jones and Heard. Each defendant appealed from judgment imposing prison sentences of not less than twenty-five nor more than thirty years. The Court of Appeals found no error in the trial below.\nEach defendant petitioned for writ of certiorari to the North Carolina Court of Appeals to review its decision. We denied these petitions on 5 February 1974. Defendant Jones appealed pursuant to G.S. 7A-30(1). The Attorney General moved to dismiss this appeal and we denied his Motion on 5 February 1974.\nAttorney General Robert Morgan by Assistant Attorney General Walter E. Ricks III for the State.\nWard, Tucker, Ward & Smith by Michael P. Flanagan and G. H. Pope, Jr., for defendant appellant Ronald Excell Jones."
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