{ "id": 8565262, "name": "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. ANTHONY DOUGLAS CAREY", "name_abbreviation": "State v. Carey", "decision_date": "1974-07-01", "docket_number": "No. 16", "first_page": "497", "last_page": "509", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "285 N.C. 497" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C.", "id": 9292, "name": "Supreme Court of North Carolina" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "398 U.S. 959", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6269377, 6268865, 6270821, 6269961, 6271466, 6269642, 6271150, 6270290, 6270515, 6269109, 6268600 ], "year": 1970, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/398/0959-04", "/us/398/0959-02", "/us/398/0959-09", "/us/398/0959-06", "/us/398/0959-11", "/us/398/0959-05", "/us/398/0959-10", "/us/398/0959-07", "/us/398/0959-08", "/us/398/0959-03", "/us/398/0959-01" ] }, { "cite": "3 S.E. 2d 277", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1939, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "215 N.C. 784", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8632169 ], "year": 1939, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/215/0784-01" ] }, { "cite": "75 L.Ed., 624", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed.", "case_ids": [ 6933273 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/282/0687-01" ] }, { "cite": "80 S.E. 2d 901", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1954, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "239 N.C. 709", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8628437 ], "year": 1954, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/239/0709-01" ] }, { "cite": "174 S.E. 2d 487", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1970, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "276 N.C. 598", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8563091 ], "year": 1970, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/276/0598-01" ] }, { "cite": "183 S.E. 2d 671", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1971, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "279 N.C. 413", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8569338 ], "year": 1971, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/279/0413-01" ] }, { "cite": "185 S.E. 2d 652", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1972, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "280 N.C. 181", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8570781 ], "year": 1972, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/280/0181-01" ] }, { "cite": "195 S.E. 2d 534", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1973, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "283 N.C. 175", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8558286 ], "year": 1973, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/283/0175-01" ] }, { "cite": "202 S.E. 2d 750", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1974, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "284 N.C. 670", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8564781 ], "year": 1974, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/284/0670-01" ] }, { "cite": "203 S.E. 2d 38", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1974, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "285 N.C. 42", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8561675 ], "year": 1974, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/285/0042-01" ] }, { "cite": "203 S.E. 2d 844", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1974, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "285 N.C. 174", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8562722 ], "year": 1974, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/285/0174-01" ] }, { "cite": "204 S.E. 2d 817", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1974, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "285 N.C. 256", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8563941 ], "year": 1974, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/285/0256-01" ] }, { "cite": "391 U.S. 510", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1767501 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1968, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/391/0510-01" ] }, { "cite": "191 S.E. 2d 745", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1972, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "282 N.C. 92", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8562785 ], "year": 1972, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/282/0092-01" ] }, { "cite": "194 S.E. 2d 796", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1973, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "283 N.C. 46", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8557630 ], "year": 1973, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/283/0046-01" ] }, { "cite": "57 Mont. 480", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mont.", "case_ids": [ 4723359 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1920, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/mont/57/0480-01" ] }, { "cite": "67 S.E. 2d 292", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1951, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "234 N.C. 294", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8621741 ], "year": 1951, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/234/0294-01" ] }, { "cite": "169 S.E. 2d 833", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1969, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "275 N.C. 554", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8559222 ], "year": 1969, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/275/0554-01" ] }, { "cite": "152 S.E. 2d 341", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1967, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "269 N.C. 81", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8561869 ], "year": 1967, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/269/0081-01" ] }, { "cite": "161 S.E. 2d 568", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1968, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "274 N.C. 106", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8559459 ], "year": 1968, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/274/0106-01" ] }, { "cite": "164 S.E. 2d 593", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1968, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "274 N.C. 536", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8561031 ], "year": 1968, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/274/0536-01" ] }, { "cite": "65 S.E. 2d 323", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1951, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "233 N.C. 683", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8615889 ], "year": 1951, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/233/0683-01" ] }, { "cite": "79 S.E. 2d 473", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1954, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "239 N.C. 245", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8626407 ], "year": 1954, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/239/0245-01" ] }, { "cite": "170 S.E. 2d 466", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1969, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "275 N.C. 651", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8559791 ], "year": 1969, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/275/0651-01" ] }, { "cite": "60 S.E. 2d 322", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1950, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "232 N.C. 333", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8601064 ], "year": 1950, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/232/0333-01" ] }, { "cite": "42 S.E. 2d 663", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1947, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "227 N.C. 517", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8626211 ], "year": 1947, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/227/0517-01" ] }, { "cite": "66 S.E. 2d 893", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1951, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "234 N.C. 263", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8621322 ], "year": 1951, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/234/0263-01" ] }, { "cite": "164 S.E. 737", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "203 N.C. 13", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8622578, 8597916 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/203/0865-03", "/nc/203/0013-01" ] }, { "cite": "12 S.E. 2d 556", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "218 N.C. 625", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8623156 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/218/0625-01" ] }, { "cite": "168 S.E. 2d 39", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1969, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "275 N.C. 342", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8558758 ], "year": 1969, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/275/0342-01" ] }, { "cite": "171 S.E. 50", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "year": 1933, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "205 N.C. 225", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8627771 ], "year": 1933, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/205/0225-01" ] }, { "cite": "175 S.E. 2d 561", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1970, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "277 N.C. 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8561677 ], "year": 1970, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/277/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "5 S.E. 2d 314", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1939, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "216 N.C. 446", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8604960 ], "year": 1939, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/216/0446-01" ] }, { "cite": "20 S.E. 2d 360", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1942, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "221 N.C. 400", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8627957 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1942, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/221/0400-01" ] }, { "cite": "90 S.E. 2d 241", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1955, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "243 N.C. 177", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8622662 ], "year": 1955, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/243/0177-01" ] }, { "cite": "65 S.E. 2d 508", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1951, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "233 N.C. 691", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8615953 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1951, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/233/0691-01" ] }, { "cite": "6 S.E. 2d 35", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1939, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "216 N.C. 574", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8610064 ], "year": 1939, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/216/0574-01" ] }, { "cite": "25 S.E. 810", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "year": 1896, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "119 N.C. 841", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8656455 ], "year": 1896, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/119/0841-01" ] }, { "cite": "83 S.E. 972", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "year": 1914, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "168 N.C. 173", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8658175 ], "year": 1914, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/168/0173-01" ] }, { "cite": "134 S.E. 2d 334", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1964, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "261 N.C. 181", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8572663 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1964, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/261/0181-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1239, "char_count": 29343, "ocr_confidence": 0.576, "pagerank": { "raw": 4.0756987290730284e-07, "percentile": 0.9086942906710005 }, "sha256": "e7eb44582081197282b268bfa7b09a5351bf6d34f45429e1aabc4088095ae138", "simhash": "1:776c37c964311e5b", "word_count": 5039 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T22:42:08.335271+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. ANTHONY DOUGLAS CAREY" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "HUSKINS, Justice.\nThe action of the trial court in overruling defendant\u2019s motion for judgment of nonsuit in the conspiracy case constitutes his first assignment of error.\n\u201cA criminal conspiracy is the unlawful concurrence of two or more persons in a wicked scheme \u2014 the combination or agreement to do an unlawful thing or to do a lawful thing in an unlawful way or by unlawful means. The conspiracy is the crime and not its execution.\u201d State v. Goldberg, 261 N.C. 181, 134 S.E. 2d 334 (1964), and cases cited therein; accord, 16 Am. Jur. 2d, Conspiracy \u00a7 1 (1964). \u201cAs soon as the union of wills for the unlawful purpose is perfected the offense of conspiracy is completed.\u201d State v. Knotts, 168 N.C. 173, 83 S.E. 972 (1914).\nViewed in the light most favorable to the State, the evidence shows that defendant, Peanut Mitchell, Harold Givens, Antonio Dorsey, and defendant\u2019s brother Butch Carey were together on 18 June 1973 when the robbery was planned. As they drove past the Exxon station on that date Butch Carey said: \u201cThat is the man right there we are going to get the money from. We need someone who is not scared.\u201d Peanut Mitchell suggested that defendant go with him to rob the station. Defendant rejected the suggestion because the Charlotte Police had his photograph and fingerprints on file. The same group reassembled on 19 June 1973 and, just prior to the actual robbery attempt, defendant said: \u201cIt\u2019s a whole lot of money in there, and we can get a whole lot of money from him.\u201d During the robbery attempt defendant remained in the car with Butch Carey and Antonio Dorsey, awaiting the return of the robbers with the fruits of the crime. He was a willing participant in the scheme.\nSince the gravamen of the offense of conspiracy is the agreement or union of wills for the unlawful purpose, active participation in the planned criminal activity is not required to establish guilt. \u201cA man may join a conspiracy by word or by deed. However, criminal responsibility for a conspiracy requires more than a merely passive attitude toward an existing conspiracy. One who commits an overt act with knowledge of the conspiracy is guilty. And one who tacitly consents to the object of a conspiracy and goes along with the other conspirators, actually standing by while the others put the conspiracy into effect, is guilty though he intends to take no active part in the crime.\u201d 16 Am. Jur. 2d, Conspiracy \u00a7 15 (1964).\nIn State v. Turner, 119 N.C. 841, 25 S.E. 810 (1896), we said that \u201c[t] hose who aid, abet, counsel or encourage, as well as those who execute their designs, are conspirators. ...\u201d (Emphasis added.) In State v. Andrews, 216 N.C. 574, 6 S.E. 2d 35. (1939), responding to a contention similar to that advanced by this defendant, we said: \u201cThe fact that the appealing defendant did not personally participate in the overt act is not material if it be established by competent evidence that he entered into an unlawful confederation for the criminal purpose alleged.\u201d\nIn light of these legal principles, we hold the evidence is sufficient to make out a prima facie case of conspiracy and to withstand the motion for judgment of nonsuit.\nBy like reasoning, defendant argues that since he did not actively participate in the armed robbery attempt he is not criminally responsible for the murder committed in that attempt. Denial of his motion to nonsuit the murder case is assigned as error.\n\u201cThose who enter into a conspiracy to violate the criminal laws thereby forfeit their independence, and jeopardize their liberty, for, by agreeing with another or others to engage in an unlawful enterprise, they thereby place their safety and freedom in the hands of each and every member of the conspiracy.\u201d State v. Gibson, 233 N.C. 691, 65 S.E. 2d 508 (1951).\n\u201cThe felony-murder rule applies whenever a conspirator kills another person in the course of committing a felony, as against the contention that the killing was not part of the conspiracy. If the unlawful act agreed to be done is dangerous or homicidal in its character, or if its accomplishment will necessarily or probably require the use of force and violence, which may result in the taking of life unlawfully, every party to such agreement will be held criminally liable for whatever any of his co-conspirators may do in furtherance of the common design.\u201d 1 Wharton\u2019s Criminal Law and Procedure \u00a7 251 (1957) (emphasis added). Accord, 40 Am. Jur. 2d, Homicide \u00a7\u00a7 34-35 (1968) ; 40 C.J.S., Homicide \u00a7 9e(l) (1944). For a more general statement of the same principle, see State v. Kelly, 243 N.C. 177, 90 S.E. 2d 241 (1955) ; State v. Smith, 221 N.C. 400, 20 S.E. 2d 360 (1942) ; State v. Williams, 216 N.C. 446, 5 S.E. 2d 314 (1939) ; 16 Am. Jur. 2d, Conspiracy \u00a7 14 (1964).\nThe following statement from State v. Fox, 277 N.C. 1, 175 S.E. 2d 561 (1970), is in agreement with the general rule and is most appropriate here: \u201c[Wjhen a conspiracy is formed to commit a robbery or burglary, and a murder is committed by any one of the conspirators in the attempted perpetration of the crime, each and all of the conspirators are guilty of murder in the first degree.\u201d Accord, State v. Bell, 205 N.C. 225, 171 S.E. 50 (1933).\nApplication of the foregoing principles to the evidence in this case leads inexorably to the conclusion that defendant\u2019s motion for judgment of nonsuit in the murder case was properly denied. The evidence makes a case for the jury. Defendant\u2019s first assignment of error is overruled.\nDefendant contends the trial court erred in allowing James Calvin Mitchell, alleged co-conspirator, to testify to defendant\u2019s involvement in the conspiracy. Defendant argues that the State is required to establish the existence of the conspiracy by independent proof before evidence of the conspiracy from a. co-conspirator can be introduced.\nThe principles defendant urges us to apply in this case were stated in State v. Conrad, 275 N.C. 342, 168 S.E. 2d 39 (1969), as follows:\n\u201cThe general rule is that when evidence of \u00e1 prima facie case of conspiracy has been introduced, the acts and declarations of each party to it in furtherance of its objectives are admissible against the. other members. State v. Gibson, 233 N.C. 691, 65 S.E. 2d 508; State v. Smith, 221 N.C. 400, 20 S.E. 2d 360; 16 Am. Jur. 2d, Conspiracy, \u00a7\u00a7 35, 36, 37, 38, pp. 146, 147 (citing authorities). Consideration of the acts or declarations of one as evidence against the co-conspirators should be conditioned upon a finding: (1) a conspiracy existed; (2) the acts or declarations were made by a party to it and in pursuance of its objectives; and (3) while it was active, that is, after it was formed and before it ended. State v. Dale, 218 N.C. 625, 12 S.E. 2d 556; State v. Lea, 203 N.C. 13, 164 S.E. 737; 11 Am. Jur. 571. Of course a different rule applies to acts and declarations made before the conspiracy was formed or after it terminated. Prior or subsequent acts or declarations are admissible only against him who committed the acts or made the declarations.\u201d\n\u2022 Defendant seeks to. apply a sound principle of law to an ineligible state of facts. Of course, the existence of a conspiracy must be established by evidence aliunde for the acts and declarations. of one conspirator, in furtherance of the common design, to be competent against the others. State v. Benson, 234 N.C. 263, 66 S.E. 2d 893 (1951); State v. Blanton, 227 N.C. 517, 42 S.E. 2d 663 (1947) ; 2 Strong\u2019s N. C. Index 2d, Conspiracy \u00a7 5 (1967).\" This rule, however, affords this defendant no solace because this' case does not involve the use of acts and declarations of one conspirator against another. Rather, it involves the sworn testimony of one conspirator against another.\nIt is seldom that the State can show the existence of a conspiracy by direct proof, but when the testimony of a co-conspirator is available it is competent to establish the conspiracy. State v. Summerlin, 232 N.C. 333, 60 S.E. 2d 322 (1950). A co-conspirator is an accomplice and is always a competent witness. State v. Goldberg, 261 N.C. 181, 134 S.E. 2d 334 (1964) ; 16 Am. Jur. 2d, Conspiracy \u00a7 41 (1964). It has been held in many cases that the unsupported testimony of a co-conspirator is sufficient to sustain a verdict, although the jury should receive and act upon such testimony with caution. State v. Horton, 275 N.C. 651, 170 S.E. 2d 466 (1969), cert. denied, 398 U.S. 959 (1970): See State v. Tilley, 239 N.C. 245, 79 S.E. 2d 473 (1954) ; State v. Bovender, 233 N.C. 683, 65 S.E. 2d 323 (1951).\nUnder applicable principles of law James Calvin Mitchell was a competent witness to testify to the conspiracy. Defendant\u2019s second assignment of error is overruled.\nPrior to arraignment the trial judge instructed the solicitor and defense counsel that the fact that this was a capital case or that the death penalty might be imposed should not be mentioned in the presence of the jury. Defendant objected to this instruction and now assigns it as error. He contends that denial of his right to question prospective jurors concerning their views on capital punishment or to inform them of the punishment prescribed by law upon a verdict of guilty of first degree murder'was prejudicial and requires a new trial.\nThe basic concept in jury selection is that each party to a trial has the right to present his cause to an unbiased and impartial jury. State v. Spence, 274 N.C. 536, 164 S.E. 2d 593 (1968) ; State v. Peele, 274 N.C. 106, 161 S.E. 2d 568 (1968). \u201cA defendant on trial has the right to reject any juror for cause or within the limits of his peremptory challenges before the panel is completed.\u201d State v. McKethan, 269 N.C. 81, 152 S.E. 2d 341 (1967).\n\u201cPeremptory challenges are challenges which may be made or omitted according to the judgment, will, or caprice of the party entitled thereto, without assigning any reason therefor, or without being required to assign a reason therefor.\u201d 50 C.J.S., Juries \u00a7 280(a) (1947). Accord, State v. Allred, 275 N.C. 554, 169 S.E. 2d 833 (1969) ; Freeman v. Ponder, 234 N.C. 294, 67 S.E. 2d 292 (1951) ; 47 Am. Jur. 2d, Jury \u00a7 233 (1969). G.S. 9-21 (a) confers upon each defendant in a capital case the right to challenge fourteen jurors \u201cperemptorily without cause.\u201d\nIn State v. Allred, supra, we quoted with approval the following passage from State v. Brooks, 57 Mont. 480, 188 P. 942 (1920) : \u201cThe voir dire examination of jurors is a right secured to the defendant by the statutes and has a definite double purpose : First, to ascertain whether there exist grounds for challenge for cause; and, second, to enable counsel to exercise intelligently the peremptory challenges allowed by law.\u201d The quoted passage vividly reveals the crucial relationship between voir dire examination of prospective jurors and challenges, both peremptory and for cause. The right to make inquiry as to the fitness and competency of any person to serve as a juror is vouchsafed by G.S. 9-15(a) which provides: \u201cThe court, and any party to an action, or his counsel of record, shall be allowed, in selecting the jury, to make direct oral inquiry of any prospective juror as to the fitness and competency of any person to serve as a juror, without having such inquiry treated as a challenge of such person, and it shall not be considered by the court that any person is challenged as a juror until the party shall formally state that such person is so challenged.\u201d The extent of the inquiries, of course, is subject to the control and supervision of the trial judge. State v. Harris, 283 N.C. 46, 194 S.E. 2d 796 (1973) ; State v. Bryant, 282 N.C. 92, 191 S.E. 2d 745 (1972).\nSince decision of the United States Supreme Court in Witherspoon v. Illinois, 391 U.S. 510, 20 L.Ed. 2d 776, 88 S.Ct. 1770 (1968), we have held in many capital cases that solicitors may ask prospective jurors whether they have moral or religious scruples against capital punishment; if so, whether they are willing to consider all of the penalties provided by law, or are irrevocably committed to vote against a verdict carrying the death penalty regardless of the facts and circumstances that might be revealed by the evidence. See State v. Britt, 285 N.C. 256, 204 S.E. 2d 817 (1974) ; State v. Honeycutt, 285 N.C. 174, 203 S.E. 2d 844 (1974) ; State v. Crowder, 285 N.C. 42, 203 S.E. 2d 38 (1974) ; State v. Noell, 284 N.C. 670, 202 S.E. 2d 750 (1974) ; State v. Washington, 283 N.C. 175, 195 S.E. 2d 534 (1973) ; State v. Frazier, 280 N.C. 181, 185 S.E. 2d 652 (1972) ; State v. Doss, 279 N.C. 413, 183 S.E. 2d 671 (1971) ; State v. Sanders, 276 N.C. 598, 174 S.E. 2d 487 (1970).\nThis right of inquiry concerning a prospective juror\u2019s competency and fitness to serve may, of course, be exercised by or on behalf of the defendant as well as the State. \u201cIn order to insure a fair trial before an unbiased jury, it is entirely proper in a capital case for both the State and the defendant to make appropriate inquiry concerning a prospective juror\u2019s moral or religious scruples, beliefs, and attitudes toward capital punishment.\u201d State v. Crowder, supra.\nApplying the foregoing principles, we hold it was error for the trial judge to deny the solicitor and defense counsel the right to examine prospective jurors concerning their moral or religious scruples, beliefs, and attitudes toward capital punishment. Both the State and the defendant were thus deprived of the right to exercise intelligently their peremptory challenges and their challenges for cause. This assignment is sustained and requires a new trial.\nDefendant contends it was error for the trial judge to preclude mention of the death penalty during the cross-examination of Peanut Mitchell.\nThe record discloses that defendant was permitted to cross-examine Mitchell with respect to his plea bargaining and the fact that he was originally charged with first degree murder. Mitchell testified on cross-examination in regard to this matter as follows: \u201cI have not been sentenced for murder in the Sloop robbery murder. I don\u2019t know when I will be sentenced. I was originally charged with murder and have entered a plea of guilty of murder in the second degree, which is a different charge from that with which I was first charged.\"\n\u201cCross-examination of an opposing witness for the purpose of showing his bias or interest is a substantial legal right, which the trial judge can neither abrogate nor abridge to the prejudice of the cross-examining party.\u201d State v. Hart, 239 N.C. 709, 80 S.E. 2d 901 (1954).\n\u201cWhile latitude is allowed in showing the bias, hostility, corruption, prejudice and interest or misconduct of the witness with respect to the case or other facts tending to prove that his testimony is unworthy of credit, 3 Jones on Evidence, 1538, the question as to the extent to which the cross-examination may extend is to be determined with a view to the discretion of the trial judge. Nevertheless, if the latter has excluded testimony which would clearly show bias, interest, the promise, or the hope of reward on the part of the witness, it is error and may be ground for a new trial. Alford v, U.S., 75 L.Ed., 624; 3 Jones on Evidence, 1538. The discretionary power of the trial judge is to confine the cross-examination within reasonable limits. It does not include the authority to exclude altogether questions, and the answers thereto, which directly challenge the. disinterestedness or credibility of the witness\u2019 testimony.\u201d State v. Roberson, 215 N.C. 784, 3 S.E. 2d 277 (1939).\nThe pressures which induced Peanut Mitchell to plead .guilty to second degree murder and to testify for the State against a co-conspirator are material and have a substantial bearing upon the credibility to be given his testimony, and are permissible subjects for cross-examination. It is logical to assume that one very important factor which may have influenced Mitchell\u2019s decision to cooperate with the State was the possibility that had he been tried for first degree murder, he might have been convicted and sentenced to death. Because the question of Mitchell\u2019s credibility and bias is of such vast importance in this case, we hold it was error for the scope of cross-examination to be limited so as to exclude all mention of the death penalty.\nWe deem it unnecessary to discuss other, assignments of error relating to recall of a witness and to instructions given by the court, in response to a juror\u2019s question, alleged by defendant to contradict instructions initially given. These are -matters not likely to arise on retrial.\nFor error committed with respect to selection of the jury defendant is entitled to a new trial and it is so ordered.\nNew trial.", "type": "majority", "author": "HUSKINS, Justice." } ], "attorneys": [ "Robert Morgan, Attorney General; James F. Bulloch, Deputy Attorney General; and Raymond W. Dew, Jr., Assistant Attorney General, for the State of North Carolina.", "Gene H. Kendall, attorney for defendant appellant." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. ANTHONY DOUGLAS CAREY\nNo. 16\n(Filed 1 July 1974)\n1. Conspiracy \u00a7 6\u2014 conspiracy to rob \u2014 defendant not participant in robbery\nThe State\u2019s evidence was sufficient to be submitted to the jury on the issue of defendant\u2019s guilt of conspiracy to commit armed robbery where it tended to show that defendant and four others planned a service station robbery on the day prior to the date it was attempted, that defendant rejected a suggestion that he go with one of the others to rob the station because his fingerprints and photograph were on file with the police, that just prior to the actual robbery attempt defendant stated that they could \u201cget a whole lot of money from him\u201d and that defendant remained in a car during the robbery attempt awaiting the return of the robbers with the fruits of the crime, defendant\u2019s active participation in the planned criminal activity not being required to establish guilt of the conspiracy.\n2. Homicide \u00a7 2\u2014 conspiracy to rob \u2014 murder during attempt to rob \u2014 responsibility of co-conspirator\nWhere defendant entered into a conspiracy to commit an armed robbery, he is criminally responsible for a murder committed by another conspirator during the attempted armed robbery even though he did not actively participate in that attempt.\n3. Conspiracy \u00a7 5; Criminal Law \u00a7 79\u2014 testimony by co-conspirator \u2014 independent proof of conspiracy\nThe State was not required to establish the existence of a conspiracy by independent proof before the sworn testimony of one conspirator could be introduced against another conspirator.\n4. Criminal Law \u00a7 79\u2014 unsupported testimony of co-conspirator\nThe unsupported testimony of a co-conspirator is sufficient to sustain a verdict although the jury should receive and act upon such testimony with caution.\n5. Constitutional Law \u00a7 29; Criminal Law \u00a7 135; Jury \u00a7 7\u2014 selection of jury \u2014 inquiries as to death penalty views\nIt was error for the trial judge in a capital case to deny the solicitor and defense counsel the right to examine prospective jurors concerning their moral or religious scruples, beliefs, and attitudes toward capital punishment since both the State and the defendant were thus deprived of the right to exercise intelligently their peremptory challenges and their challenges for cause.\n6. Criminal Law \u00a7 88\u2014 co-conspirator as State\u2019s witness \u2014 cross-examination as to plea bargaining \u2014 exclusion of mention of possible death penalty\nIn a first degree murder case in which defendant was permitted to cross-examine a co-conspirator who testified for the State with respect to the fact that he had originally been charged with first degree murder and had been allowed to plead guilty to second degree murder, the trial court erred in limiting the scope of such cross-examination so as to exclude all mention of the death penalty which might have been imposed upon the co-conspirator for a conviction of first degree murder.\nDefendant appeals from judgment of Ervin, /., 29 October 1973 Session, Mecklenburg Superior Court.\nDefendant was tried upon bills of indictment, consolidated for trial, charging (1) armed robbery, (2) conspiracy to commit armed robbery, and (8) first degree murder. The armed robbery charge was dismissed at the close of the State\u2019s evidence. Defendant was convicted on the two remaining charges and we allowed his petition to bypass the Court of Appeals in the conspiracy case to the end that both convictions might be reviewed by the Supreme Court.\nThe jury was selected in obedience to an instruction by the trial judge that neither the solicitor nor defense counsel should mention the fact on voir dire examination of the jurors that this was a capital case requiring imposition of the death penalty upon a verdict of guilty of first degree murder.\nThe State\u2019s evidence tends to show that on 18 June 1973 Albert \u201cButch\u201d Carey was driving his wife\u2019s Buick Electra 225 automobile in which his younger brother Anthony Carey (defendant in this case), James Calvin \u201cPeanut\u201d Mitchell and Antonio Dorsey were riding. The car was driven down Trade Street and through the intersection of Trade and Cedar Street where the passengers observed Raymond B. Williams in the process of closing his Exxon service station. Butch Carey said at that time: \u201cThat\u2019s the man right there that we\u2019re going to get the money from. We need someone who is not scared.\u201d In the discussion which followed, defendant Anthony Carey stated that he would not go into the service station because his picture and fingerprints were on record at the Charlotte Police Department. Butch Carey suggested that Harold Givens was not afraid and would be willing to commit the robbery with Peanut Mitchell. Harold Givens was picked up at his home and the proposed armed robbery was outlined to him. It was then decided that it would be better to postpone the robbery for one day, and the occupants of the car were returned to their various homes.\nThe next day, 19 June 1973, Butch Carey and defendant Anthony Carey assembled the same group. Butch Carey was driving the car, and they first picked up Peanut Mitchell followed by Harold Givens and Antonio Dorsey. Butch Carey drove the car to a point approximately three blocks from the scene of the proposed robbery and parked. While riding along Anthony Carey said: \u201cThere\u2019s a whole lot of money in there, and we can get a whole lot of money from him.\u201d It was about 6:30 p.m. Peanut Mitchell and Harold Givens left the car while the others remained in it and waited for their return. Mitchell carried with him a 20-gauge sawed-off shotgun which had been furnished by Butch Carey. Mitchell and Givens went to the service station where Givens entered and bought a soft drink while Mitchell remained outside near the rest room. Givens gave a prearranged signal to Mitchell who then came to the front of the service station where he pointed the gun at Raymond B. Williams, the owner, who was preparing to close the station and leave with the day\u2019s receipts. Mitchell ordered Mr. Williams to give him the money. Mr. Williams said nothing, but James D. Sloop, who had been employed by Mr. Williams for thirty-seven years, and who was on the scene at the time, said, \u201cI wouldn\u2019t give you anything.\u201d Peanut Mitchell then fired the shotgun at Mr. Sloop as a result of which Mr. Sloop\u2019s stomach was blown open, his intestines fell out and were supported by the interlaced fingers of Mr. Sloop\u2019s hands. Numerous internal organs were perforated and damaged and there was profuse bleeding. Mr. Sloop was taken to the hospital where extensive surgery was undertaken. He lived thirteen days, dying on 3 July 1973 from infection caused by perforation of the digestive organs.\nAfter the gun was discharged both Givens and Mitchell fled without getting the money or anything else. They were picked up by the Carey automobile and all the occupants were returned to their various homes. The attempted robbery took place between 6:30 and 7:00 p.m. on 19 June 1973.\nJames Calvin \u201cPeanut\u201d Mitchell was fifteen years and seven months old and had completed the ninth grade in school at the time Mr. Sloop was murdered. He was allowed to plead guilty to second degree murder and testified as a witness for the State, his sentence being deferred until after the trial of his co-defendants. On a voir dire hearing in the absence of the jury, the trial court instructed defense counsel that cross-examination of Mitchell with regard to the plea-bargaining would be permitted in the presence of the jury but that no mention was to be made of the death penalty which might have been imposed upon Mitchell for a first degree murder conviction.\nMitchell testified that he, Butch Carey, Anthony Carey, and Antonio Dorsey planned the service station robbery prior to the date it was attempted; that he was in the company of Anthony and Butch Carey on the 18th of June from late morning until approximately 6:00 p.m.; that he met with Butch and Anthony Carey between 4:00 and 5:00 p.m. on 19 June 1978 and rode around with them for about two hours, passing the Exxon station five or six times; that he originally was charged with first degree murder of Mr. Sloop, pled guilty to second degree murder and had not been sentenced. He said he told Officer H. R. Thompson about the Exxon station robbery and signed a written statement containing the same information he had already related, and after giving the statement he accompanied Officer Fesperman to the Exxon service station and showed the officer \u201cthe way that I had run from the station and the path which I took in leaving the station. I also showed Officer Fesperman where I reloaded the shotgun.\u201d\nThe State offered in evidence a written waiver of rights and waiver of counsel signed by Anthony Carey dated 11 July 1973 at 3:15 p.m. (State\u2019s Exhibit 8) together with Anthony Carey\u2019s written statement bearing the same date and indicating it was finished at 4:10 p.m. The pertinent portion of the statement concerning the murder of James Sloop reads as follows:\n\u201cSometime just before the man got shot down at the Exxon Station, we all, Butch, me, and James Mitchell, and Tony Dorsey, and Harold Givens, were in Butch\u2019s car. We were all in the car together. I believe Harold ask me to go with him to rob the man and I told him I wasn\u2019t going.' Harold or Peanut (James Mitchell), one of them, asked Tony if he would go and Tony told them he wasn\u2019t going. Tony said he wasn\u2019t going because Peanut accused Tony of being scared and Tony made some kind of remark back to Peanut. We went out West Trade Street to Cedar Street there at the station (Exxon Station), then we went to the next corner and went across 5th Street and we went up a little bit. We let Peanut and Harold out of the car. Peanut had the-gaft (HRT) (AC) We let them out on Cedar Street. Peanut said when they finished the job that they were going to run back down Cedar Street \u2014 indicating the Fifth Street area. He said \u2018If you all don\u2019t find me, I will be in the Fairview Homes.\u2019 We then rode on down by the cemetery on Kates Street. We came back to Trade Street and '.'.went- across Trade Street and went back by the service station. We saw Peanut standing by the bathroom on the side at the station and Harold was going toward the drink- box to get a drink. We turned left on Cedar Street and went to 5th to the traffic light and we saw Peanut and Harold running behind the service station. Before this we had heard a shot. Then we turned left on Fifth Street and we los.t.Peanut and Harold and we went on to Sycamore Street. ....We came back and hit Irwin Avenue and we saw Peanut coming down behind the building that sits on the corner of Fifth and Irwin, and we stopped and picked up Peanut ; and Harold. We went right on Fifth and went toward Johnson C. Smith University and went to Grant Street. In the meantime, we had heard the shot and when they got into the car, we were all kind of scared. Nobody said anything about this until we got back home on Grant Street. I asked Peanut why he shot the man and he said something like \u2018He. was trying to be like all the rest, they want to go for . their gun;\u2019 Harold said that he didn\u2019t get the money because T saw all that blood and got scared and ran.\u2019 \u201d\nDefendant testified in his own behalf. He stated that he did not participate in the robbery of the Exxon station where Mr. Sloop was shot and did not help anybody plan that robbery. He said: \u201cI never encouraged anyone to commit that robbery. I had no knowledge of the crimes which were being committed by Peanut Mitchell until later in the month of June when his activities became common knowledge in my community. I had no knowledge of the Exxon service station robbery prior to the time the robbery took place.\u201d\nOther witnesses testifying for the defendant placed him elsewhere from late evening on 18 June 1978 until 7:00 p.m. on 19 June 1973. No alibi evidence was presented with respect to the period of time when the robbery was planned on 18 June 1973, but defendant denied any participation in the planning or commission of the attempted robbery and denied that he was with the alleged co-conspirators on either of the days in question.\nDefendant was convicted of conspiracy to commit armed robbery and first degree murder. He received ten years on the conspiracy; charge and was sentenced to death for first; degree murder. Both cases are now before the Supreme Court for appellate review. Errors assigned are discussed in the opinion.\nRobert Morgan, Attorney General; James F. Bulloch, Deputy Attorney General; and Raymond W. Dew, Jr., Assistant Attorney General, for the State of North Carolina.\nGene H. Kendall, attorney for defendant appellant." }, "file_name": "0497-01", "first_page_order": 529, "last_page_order": 541 }