{
  "id": 11981316,
  "name": "Trustees of the University vs. Foy",
  "name_abbreviation": "Trustees of the University v. Foy",
  "decision_date": "1804-06",
  "docket_number": "",
  "first_page": "310",
  "last_page": "326",
  "citations": [
    {
      "type": "nominative",
      "cite": "2 Hayw. 310"
    },
    {
      "type": "official",
      "cite": "3 N.C. 310"
    }
  ],
  "court": {
    "name_abbreviation": "N.C. Super. Ct.",
    "id": 22358,
    "name": "North Carolina Superior Court"
  },
  "jurisdiction": {
    "id": 5,
    "name_long": "North Carolina",
    "name": "N.C."
  },
  "cites_to": [],
  "analysis": {
    "cardinality": 3427,
    "char_count": 50159,
    "ocr_confidence": 0.234,
    "pagerank": {
      "raw": 3.685625436184767e-07,
      "percentile": 0.892211090299087
    },
    "sha256": "baee05f442a26dfb9d33d511a811f0c7efaa1104d1432ae372b2fab8847c07e0",
    "simhash": "1:49a10dd3e7485472",
    "word_count": 9406
  },
  "last_updated": "2023-07-14T20:25:52.833864+00:00",
  "provenance": {
    "date_added": "2019-08-29",
    "source": "Harvard",
    "batch": "2018"
  },
  "casebody": {
    "judges": [],
    "parties": [
      "Trustees of the University vs. Foy."
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "1 answer, the University, like the seat of government, is instituted ior public purposes 5 but like that, is ordained by the constitution lor this very reason, that it may not be subject to the vicissitudes of legislative opinion. The legislature may regulate all things which pertain to the seat of government, but they cannot abolish it. They may say the lot on which the statehouse stands, shall not be used as a burial ground, as they did on the death of one of their speakers some years ago \u2014 or that the front, ot the state-house shall be decorated with a liberty poll and colore, as they did lastyeav; but they cannot say that shall not be the seat of government. So ic is with respect to the University \u201e\u2022 they cannot abolish it, nor do any act which has a diiect tendency to that end, such as taking away their funds. All that I need insist upon, however, is this : that they cannot abolish the University itself \u2014 a position which none will deny. Then it is on the same footing as other corporations, and the 10th article of the bill of rights secures all its property under the wordy- \u2014 no freeman shall be disseized of his liberties, &c. but by the Saw of the land. To avoid this consequence, it must le assumed, noS \u00aenly that the University is under the government of the Assembly, but also that its existence is dependant on. their pleasure; for if Ililie other corporations, its existence in mdcpEudent of the Legislature, then so is its property, for that is secured by the same words which secures the property of other corporations. If the idea were correct, shat they who can create can destroy, it would *p\u2022\u00a1\u2022ver no purpose to the advocates for the power of the assem-, My, unless they could also shew that the University is a crea-\"are of the assembly. It L\u2019 a ere ature \u00a1o\u00ed the people, who have \u00absed the assembly 83 aa c\u00bf*s\u00bb\u00ed to \u00abSecieate their will; wfricft having been done, their sutiitwity upon thw subject has ceased forever. The convention intended the Unl-oeroity should be z permanent institution $ and therefore they have ssot left it to the discretion c' the legists?w.e, but as a \u00ab.attcr of the utmost mo-Egent, tivy haw luaorM\u00e1 in sb-'; consikuik-a, and directed its creation,, to the vnti that h.-.iug s Ge.ns\u00edk^\u00fatr.d, and nos a legisla-the estolIkkmeia, it should aot he liable to eaose changes, whsc\u2019x rime pwduc-.r, in the conduce of rise legislatures.\nTo s?.y the least, she Ur* visrsky Is 2 corporation, as independent aa other corporations A\u2019tc, and o? corns-, end ilea to be assess rg/\u2019iws the euo/rca slur-cat\u00bb of the kj'rit\u00educc uroa its prop-srty and effects, But considering it as established bv the pc pie, and remitir\u00e1 sacred by a p'ao' in our constitution, for the very pit-pose of perpetuation, it seems impossible to doubt upon the subject before us, orto run the r\u00a1\u00bfk <A mistake, in pronouncing, that the assembly have no fight to interfere with its pso\u00a1u.r-f.y of any kind. It is not true that whoever can create, tan destroy. In JL-ngvod the king can create, and usually does create corporation-,; but he cannot destro-\u00bb them at pleasure. My lord Coke, in his \u00cd Uh Report, pag& 89, gives us the it-ason. \u2014 No. freeman, says he, of a corporation can be removed, but upon,, conviction by course o\u00ed law 5 for, he adds, it is provided Lj Magna Coarta, ch. 2S, that no one shall be disseised of his ii-la\u25a0rtfes, hut by the judgment of the peers or the lav* of the land i, and 4 Report, I'f, proves that: the king who creaied, eats no. otherwise proceed to the dissolution of a corporation; than by a due court's of !nv, and by obtaining a regular judgment rot- t\u00f1ai purnose, 1 he came doctrine is htkl-1 Bl. Com. 485. Then, si doc:, tK-r follow that because the legislature could create,.there*, foie it. c-josid destroy the University and take array its propevtv*, iitu it does follow that if the words used in Magna Chart?, as. restrictive of the power of the executive, are used also j,jo,ue-oih of rights a* restrictive of the power of the legislature*. -;hni. they tstusi conStse the legislature here in the same mountr-as they \u00abo the executive in England: and consequently that tuft, leg-stature- cannot interfere with the University, otherwise ibais, by w.birduing to the judiciary of the country, whether or aoi they have beer, guilty of any such acts as will in law amount to a forfeiture ot their property, 'or to a dissolution of the bodj*^ constituted for the superintendance of its affairs. Upon thia: view of the cace, I submit to the court, that the law in qmstioat I* against the constitution and void, Adjournalur*",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": null
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Haywood, for the Trustees."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "Trustees of the University vs. Foy.\n'rpITs.S was an ejectment brought for the recovery of lands tin. ~ dur the acts ior endowing the University of this state. After the passing of the act o\u00ed 1800, for repealing the said acts, it became a question, whether the action could be sustained, notwithstanding the said repealing acts. The determination of that question, because of its importance and difficulty, was. referred to this court. In December Term, 1803, Mr. Jocelyn and Mr. Duffy, for the defendants, stated to the court their -u asons in support of the position, that the action could not be supported.. \u2014 And now at this term, Haywood, for the Ttustees, delivered his argument against that position. The reasons offered by the defendant\u2019s counsel, are not detailed separately, because they are for the most part mentioned in the arguments o/hieh answer them.\nHaywood, for the Trustees.\nIn 1789, the Legislature, by set of Assembly then passed, granted to the Trustees \u201c all the 44 property that has heretofore, or shall hereafter escheat to the \u201c state.\u2019\u2019 By another act passed in 1794, the Assembly granted to the Trustees the confiscated property then unsold; and by another act passed in 1800, it is enacted, \u201c That from and after 44 the passing of this act, all acts or clauses of acts, which havu heretofore granted power to the Trustees of the University 44 of North-C.-roIina, to seise and possess any escheated or con- \u201c fi seated property, real or personal, shall be and the same is (L hereby repealed and made void.\n41 And be it further enacted, That all escheated or confiscated u property, which the said Trustees, their agents or attornies M have not legally sold by virtue of the said laws, shall from 44 hence revert to the state, and henceforth be considered as tbe u property of the. same, as tho\u2019 such laws had never been passed.\u201d\nIn consequence of these provisions, it is imagined the Trust-cs have no title to the lands in question, because they are of the description mentioned in the act; and it is a question for the consideration of this court, how far the Trustees have title under the funner of these laws, and how far they are divested of tiiat title by the latter.\nIt is supposed by some, that the public property cannot be disposed of but by grant, because in l\u00edu 36ih section of the constitution, it is directed that all commissions and grants shall tun in the name of the state of North-Carolina, and bear test ? ha signed by the Governor, Ste. It does not say all proper* iy shall be conveyed by graat, cad not otncrwisr ; but when c>.n= wyed by jraat, it presc\u00f1K' tbs form; otherwise :\u00ed wooJ\u00e1 t ave been uncertain, who should authenticate the instrument, and the form would have beets as different and discordant, as the \u2022 n>h;i cus of successive officers were vari\u00f3os, upon the subj.-ciof the saost convenient and proper form. If the legislature is \u00ab liberty to direct the officer:; of state to issue grants for certain property, surely the}' are at liberty to grant it themselves in a more solemn wry by act of Assembly, which is am instrument subj.'ci to more scrutiny and solemnity in its passage, than ary; otheu instmraent huown in oar law. it cannot be thought that ibero la l\u00edame danger of imposition upon the General Assembly, in the disposing of public property by act of AsamUy, thaa \u00ab.here iu upon individual officers conveying by grant.\nEn trods, the passing of public propeity by &ct of AssemMv, hath beets practised nlcaost ever si \u25a0 -s the formation ui ous oiir .\u00a1litution, and has never been tpxee\u00fao&id\u00bb Some of our nnr-c Seamed Sawyers of former tim< s, who had a principal share ia \u00bftiming the constitution, approved -'.non afterwards of the mode of passing the public property in this, %7\u00bby0\nOaths 18tr: of October, !??\u00a3>, cfe, if, a crec\u00ed of land wr-n treated by act of Assembly, in Thomas Person, h\u2019s Letra iu\u00a1\u00bf resigns i oa the same day, another \u00a3ry;.\u00bf h dtdared to be and remain to Tfc.j\u00bbaaa But It, hi& heirs and assigns j II tb ei.' April, 2720, a tract is vested in William Houston, bis heirs and fssigu \u00bf mother\u2019 hr Hannah Need. Similar circumstances occur in 1; fcO, f.h. 40; 1783, c!i. 33; 1783, ch. 38 & 42; 1734, ch. 71 3 1\u00cdQ0, eh. 72 A SS\u00cd787, ch. 33 ; 2789, ch. \u00a36; end divers other ace; passed since 17\u00a33. These several acts, demonstrate an tinny c5 \u2022\u00bftJiiiment on ibis subject; not only of the profession, and of thes Assembly, which has from time to time proceeded ia this iv\u00bfy .: \u00bfat of the public, who hi;re never questioned the validity A aach conveyances. A more important qu> si ion is, v/be-.b .. i:. .is true as argued on the other side, that a repeal of the vesting icto, divests the Trustees of ail the property acquked imdct the former laws, which had net been disposed u! when the repealing act passed ? And if we consider either the nature of conveyances, oi of repealing acts of the legislature ; and il we a the same time admit the unttue position, that the Assembly >.;u: power at pleasure, t\u00a9 re-afcsume the property widen they mvi parted with by their grants % still we shall be oblige d to ccltncw* \u00dcsdge, that they have not divested the Trustees of ibis property\u00bb\nIr. is inconurovertibly true in regard to the conveyances of In-dividu\u00e1is, that if the tide be transferred hy deed or of\u00e1ts; k.vru-snout; and that be afterwards lost, cancelled, or otherwise de\u00ab r.troysd; that the title does not revert to the grantor. G' rarH Spiral \u00c1vkl-ace, 107, sities precisely.ft ib?. Ifc co-me- anee ,.r- 4\" by 5\u00ed-\u00bb\u00ed-* anc j-c'-ej.st*, the tases were\u00a9r<co <t\u00a1r,ecated hv t?\u00a1\u00ed\u00a1 r'b s'c,i.u*e, and tlv.\u2019 > o o\u00ed re'urn fo?,cfc ar-b\" bv tvrcvdu-g the \u201c\u2022 ce:'\u00ed 4'' \u00bf\u00ed;rf :n :\u00a1\u00fa? '\u25a0viy.y.p'\u25a0 y\u00a1 fi, ir- yecyd :;y * Xr\u00edrr. \u00cdOr-\u00f1 at!\u25a0-Xa K. P\u201e SrA I- !\u2022< \u00bb>'\u2022.>, ibis /\u00bb<\u00ab\u2019 y-A* v!s*\u00bf y. ^wuit rz\u00fcUOt.i\u2019- C\u00a1\u2018 \u2022,'\u2022\u25a0 \u2022b,f \u2019,*'\u2022\u2022\u00bb i:.\u201e. -i),\u2022 . if; ('.OI,-:-\u2019\u00bb ' \u2022' \u00ed c;<r party. iv!u-. la et -<\u2022}&.\u2019. 'l\u00ed-.-bv'-- \u00edn \u00ed>i v-~~\u00a1\u2019t\u2022p.rmotbai'\u00fais-?>i;\u00ed;\u00faEr A- .c.-hi-ccy *ic.\" y ' -\u00a1u- ;v ' \"> \u25a0<, .vt. o :h\u00ab 4\u00bb r.r.c *-v . cr, i'*) co'* i [ -- o \u2019\u2022>- r'-'-o-y1?; ,\"T\"s> l-v .u1 ?rt, ->':y :h r* -cu asv-'i'-. > \u00bb\u25a0<-> \u2019\u25a0 > (\u00a1> t fc ib >be \u00edc\u00bb \".\u2018Uifs'-d \u00f1\u00ab r- \u2022> .1.-1, , c< u ;a ps-\u00a1r? ?.\u2022>!', i \u00cdN. : \u25a0'. 'c Lacovpuia.\u00edi.ii ;n.o : ;\u2022 w ryor.-ri jv;>.\u00a1ec ; ct\u00ed uo pG'.iuT up''* errth ran rsy-ilitviy \u00a9t \u2022: s <> u, i\u00edcrr cct\u00a3i\u00ed'\u00ab ic toen, that a d<- c\u2019anuios\u00bb o\u00ed ibe bvlUty j A-- ve-s-mg, acts, meda \\<-8\u00eds \u00bffrer the p>haa coknj ; :\\k t t-MA\u00abi \u00edun> ti.**. \"\u2022-.y;\":->a;usvuliont c.<.\u00a9\"\u25a0_-\u00a3 o\u00ed'che Tvu\u00edhs cht..1! r.\"T,m restrtp to tV \u00abate i Sti/pose such a eibesar rd.on es u n\" pl*\";dj' to ba1 o o* thn'is \u00a9roer ;;- o\u00ed cow?v. se- tr-<y; bao bet-E , -o: c'\u2022\u2022. .-tih c.\u00ab or \u2018vnursed \u00edVor-* 0-^ >\u00ed?ib\u00a1te rccottls ,> * till ene tule has already passed.- m\u00ed t\u00ed:;. \u00ed'iriht: act was rt~ iqu'ved \u00ed.'i i-evest 'th<:.- titles \u2014 anac>. \\y;. r-d.-h v'sc; eyejy s.-.c, J-it bet o\u00a1\u00abS \u00edb<2 pa\u2022.-\u00ab\u2022!# of \u2022L>e l ^\u00abstatut'e vo \u00a1,csr\u00ed'-.\". re. It t-se cnocs \u2022<:. -r-loi.-; \u00ab\u00edvs\u00edi'ucfion o', .be ,tjS''.t\u00ede\u00a1c\u00ed eorra:p'>ysi;c, wib not \u2022\u25a0c /. .v\u00ed-. the propiny. can such a \u25a0c-\u00edn&rsj'c.rtsce be deii-red ;.c::x i'-V; nature a reof s;i:e~ zz\u00ed \u00ed This questio.j ir eolr'ed by cv;>?i-*hc e\u00edtn ct o\u00ed ;> tei:\u00ed:\u2018Iv\u00a1uj lift, In coins-w-i other acts, it l -as- not Hnj rof\u00ed.-spf.-c\u00ed\u00edve rior,\u2019 wnb.--; givrti it by espies\u00bb words. F \u00ablo n'; <' (.'\u00a5 hat tf\u00fcv \u2022;\u00ab!\u00ab legislature h.OTti powcv b> \u00bf\u00absos retrosnectit e i.-ivs, on snHjc- u, lirblr- t-: :Vw;;r ; l ot such an exercise qi power is aUvrys th*. diente o\u00ed isnpotioas ;.'.-<v:.sitv ;\u25a0 \u2014 is in \u00ed!\u00ed-tU\u2019oJi</H3 ; because k intcricres xtith per\u00bb thr.\u00edts v.t o i\\< \\ n(!j crpecS i'., and is tbtrs fere not acb r,, .c'l, out win :> t-i\u201d words of tbs act an* quivot ally give it such j \u25a0iiranirg : 4 Bu.r. 3-.-61. S L\u00edo. \u2018S<0. % Just- 29:2. The ro-yr hpjr'i'ct torn \\a ih-' case he lore us. h.v. og n.*< rt trespr c\u00fare r-. commences its operation precistly -\u00abv that point o\u00ed time it passed.\nthen b\u201crmt o\u00ed a\u2019? the prf.jrriy vL.itb bad he Tore that Cni.\" vested in tb\u00ab t\u00ab? It ro o\u00ab t in the 'tas* d'-gree af-ir t\u00bbc<\u2019. by \u00dcre re\u00a1>> a'.;.;g act.-, Our opyoai-nia tuy, hoewver, that v-iio avoids o\u00ed the icnr X.iny reaum** i-n the u\u00ab\" o^\u2019 the suit-, all confiscated and ei':h>*'--,tsd iandr. -ic-1 *:*cn \u00ab.oitl, ikhottefi yar-rd v/kh before, and .-i'/endr ^T.prr-':\u00a1!/ t'1 ail i'.ntner acqnicttion.' \u2014 \u2014 and that tho rrpei-.\u2019iiniy act is teX.iy i-rtrcf.ni-1 ..k- *% For a tnr ir-t ct L>- \u00a1t so .tbvti W'S are to sr.-.nN: rtt ob\u00ed> w^*t they Ivve tk-re, but ale > (which is dar mors r.ik. ;ita\u00bb) what tbev had a rigbs H. <!<\u00bb, And in order to make a lair exper :n-(>t d (hr sxter.'j oi !cv,uia- . jiovk-c v\u00bba tr-t,; \u00far \u00bb\u2018. e \u00edrunsl\u00bb:i;r\u00ed c*-*intsrlcrs with \u00ed>ts rights private property j bow fax with tac- y^cpeityfeeio? - ing t0 corporations 3 and \u00abseo more particularly Isot? fe \u00f1 '-y Inve a cQdtrcci over the property o\u00ed the UBivefe\u00edy o\u00ed\u2019 L\u00f3t?t-\u00eda-C.o*s*.iiifsw The Intangibility o\u00ed private' property, Is to fji&if s erennuwity, a principle o\u00ed rile highest consideration s the lacfc.-k\u00bbyof j<s \u00a1ahrtbluat9 \u00ablepc-Rda upon it, and the ncctoaar\u00edws i*> \" the coi&brto ofSf\u00ed, which are results of industry, arc produc\u00bb*.; bj a balisfin every citizen, that what bis industry procures, r-FI be p'/culidriy Isis owe. In despotic governments, isoec labor, beraaoci the earning* of labor are not free from i&vaeioa 5 an i idleness ac.'l poverty, unci the* destitution of those ifokigs which ruinler rgroerble, \u2019eriditerire'i\u00ae,.\nrfos'ih-C.',iod.rs^ will fed by fatal experience, the oftener her kgisfeusc; breaks ift upon this great pafelple, the \u00eduti\u00edz v.'ill eke approach to the repre. \u2022\u2022nUfciow of ik-n;>r<tiam. iofery exam-p\u00eds o\u00ed innovation which oh% g-vee, will lessen the assurance of individuals ia its sanctity; because every new !\u00ab*\u00bb\u00bb*.\u20ac*\u2022 givea euw strength to the practicability o\u00ed luvcsnri, expos k>g \u00bb.o public view the \u00cdutility of the w\u2019\u00faca proiv03<\u00bf& to render pr\u00ed-vete property inviolable. Deliberate but ors\u00ae ks.es. s\u00ed, mi fu; consequence of this pr\u00eda\u00fcpl\\ anti its veer sangmtudo will tush '\u00a1ipoj the senses, we uhaii bs convinced of the rcecons, why ,ri! wise givernmenrs ' -ve- mec\u00ed\u00a9 it a far.drJiCEE'al Li.jrim o\u00ed fere-' political HvJtmious ; &j\u00ab5 wfcv in a\u00fc irse oeko, it outlet to h.3 die nrcct sacred. Those who argue for this power, can only derive it, either from the inherent rights of covoxidgaty, \u00a9cme ciausc in the constitution of l\u00edOitfe-CarosiEsi\u00bb Ilf it be a right of sovereignty, it is bernis? Scdus popuB e ,i ct:pres7;a fee; \u2022rad can reriy be resorted to where the marine appl\u00a1\u00fc!~ \u2014 ia cares of < EiviYjfe\u00edy 3 rad whin an abstinence frotK tile irec. of ferrete property, wooM eadaeger the public safety. Unries svefe \u00ab1. annsiaoces, h is belter tlw.t orre shon\u00edd sra\u00ediFer thansSl he irtriv ri, rite here, the ifeiv\u00eddual who an\u00f1ero, so serve the pub\u00ed.r\u00e9 t, - . he eoropeiwied lor his Iocs, because is Is just shaft ask t..-srireeci doe ife benefit of al*, should be borne equally by \u2022 - Tiiiis compensation becomes a duty of the sovereign, w\u00ed\u00edLoua which he cannot rightfully practise the seisur\u00ae of private property s Cr- sw that he will do it without necessity Sr without compensation, w-.-julvj bo called tyranny in sis individual sovereign 1 end how la St the. less so where the same thing is doae by a collective body s' Certainly there is no difference as to the individual who suffer. V a Well iri I, C. SO, 244, decides that the right of eminent t!o= svife is in certain eases necessary for him who governs, sad \u00aboaur^ot-ady is a part of the empire or sovereign power i but when fed-? \\ iv-3 \u00bfa 3 cace of neef ssity o\u00ed the possession of 3 eommusliy o-; d\u2019rrsi.aXi, tas alienation will be v*15d lor the came reason 5 * w fe, demands that this cessna-jv cxy or Isis iadivkhml, Lo \u00ed.-iv'.oiapeassd en? ok\" the piuLk \u00edwct.ey ; \u00edm\u2019 i\u00ed tfo s\u00ab?y <\u25a0\u2022 \u00ed*l a!ik, yet t\u00fal the cit;R\u00ab:s t.x -ibiigc\u00f3 to co\u00bb smut'- t>.: n ;-fer \u2022\u00ab\u2018i; exj\u00bbac\u00abs of the sis\u00ed'* \u00a9eghs to be supported ftp ally < r in a j-itt proportion ; It is in this s\u00bb in the case o\u00ed tht owing of nur\u00ab icb'uniiz- overheard to rnvc the vessel. The assembly of Noah Csfohv.'i, circumscribed in its capacity by the. fundamental law -\u00a1fibs Constitution, cannot pretend to greater pmogstiivts ih-Si tee parliament of Gr^st-BCtak, wliov-\u2019 po^e?1 is \u00da us cLscribed' by the most leaturd Brush authors, t lil. C. 160 \u2014 The pow--\\r \u00bba\u00bf jurisdiction c: {uiliameat, ts .-.u transcendent find abso- '\u2022 ivt-r, chit it etBUJi be eoauacd cither for \u00abtures or perron-? - \\nihhi ary Lou \u25a0&. I it bath sovereign and focoviruvcrubk '\u2022 r.u'h.'.i-y, in ra.tfoug, *-or firming, 'tilttgmg, restraiulog, absc-g.uing, sepfeah/pt;, jwiewir.g \u00bfnd er-pouncing Jaws., concerning 6* m.\u00bbti.crs of al\u00ed poiLble do;'.0!E.in<\u00edT\u00a1aii3 \u2014 ecck-sTr ic&i or ie\u00fai-\u201cparal, cirtl, t\u00fcUWuy, nwiitiuie or criminal: This being the u ukoo where l .is absolute despotic power which must in al?, levcrnmciits reside somewhere, is entrusted by the ccastitu-1.0.1 o\u00ed these kingdoms, it tan in short, do every thing tk\u2019t L uot iuusm ly iiapo\u00ed'\u00edib\u2019e ; and therefore; seme have not scrupled to cal! its pcive\" by a figuse rat her too hold, the ota\u00bb ^ UTpotcace of piiilkiricM.\u201d Z.\u00dc yow;\u2018dliI however as it is, ?ik\u00ab \u2022-j Gods who, arc b\u00abt\u2019 :d \u00ed.v Lr; dec w; of fate, it bows _\u2022 ! aim c die sac red iiV> >g 1 cl Y\u2019ukh f am \u00abfang, ; ro vt. v<.rci:'.' r t holy \u00edl^hif c\u00bb' j '.\u2019ivi.c ; \u2022, h., 1 Lb Cora. SiT.. shews \u00a3 i-giid paso io rionot \u00abi5> cays ii.v, \u2018\u2018 'S c \u2022; ivgcrd of lite Lvv \u00ed-a p jtoj eriy, that k wit) not rvLan-!\u00aes the \u00a1east vfoLr.fou os its do, not cica ios- tie gcncial gou-i of the whole cuiiur.unity. if a s;ew toad, fc\u00bbr ircUst'r.e, weit-s to be mad-s throcyh \u00dc c ground of a {.-luarc -,/.rso.n, u might \u2022'\u25a0\u00ab'baps be u-ociaTy LsurdsdcL ?o: the j ub\u00edic ; Lo* \u00bfhe Iw \u2022\u2022\u2022 . \u2022-1.no raiz or set e>j r.< .n, to do this u Li ou\u00ed 0:; \u2022\u2022 oo\u00eds\u00edc; ol ih'j \u2019raid, fa vain may it be a-.g'iec, tl;K the \" y jo.\u2019 of the luditiduai 0!',t'v. to yield to that or >V. cummuttU *\u2022\u25a0 s,v j for it would he dangerous to allow f.ny \u00a1 \u2022 L \u2022! c sacs, oc t: ct'ca any public ttitsunai, to be judge of this conmsoir rood, ac\u00e1 c-decide whether It be t-xpcdlcnt or siou--Beai'!< s, ? \u25a0. fi'u\u2019L1: \u00ab good is it;, noshing more t..seut:aliy iati.rewc.1, th\u00ed\u00bb va the \u2022 f rotection of every individual\u2019s private rights, as model\u00eded by tr-r municpcl law. In this and similar cases, the legislators 5:,ua.; hare, and indeed frequently does into.foie, \u00bb>id compel lS the S\u00fcdiv\u00ed.Qual to asquicrce. \u2014 -But aov/ Gees it hiicritre sod compel\u00ed Not by absolutely stripping the subject of his pre- -* -pftiy la an arbitrary manner, bat Ly giving him a full kvlunni-\u00edi .atioa, and equiyaleiit for the injury thereby suslsintd. The c: isfflow considered as an m\u00e1mdua\u00ed, treating with ?n inc' \u00bfSJw.l \u00edw *a ezilianj*'. All tV bjiskt'Aie dots, is t* nM'igv t\u00fa* \u00a9waisr *0 *Kena\u00bbc bis pvsaeoc\u00edooa for n vcssssn&ki ** price 5 feud even t\u00ed\u00bb*\u00bb is su exertion of po \u00a3@r r/\u00edjs.vh t\u00edas k-g\u2019s-* \"6 te\u00edor\u00bb in^nlge\u00bb with caution, and which aoshky hiv: \u00bbh.\u00bb 2> \u00abfc\u00ab u fc\u00editre crus perforad* Tuq dsspotic kr-iahiisu: ;;f Gevus-Io ; \u00bb txia c\u00ed,aao\u2019i Intcracddle with the rights c\u00a3 pi ivas e propf-ny, bv: in cuses of urgent necessity, and not. without t\u00bb &it|gjyat c-sr*-perac;;\"\u00cdQ\u00a1n.-~=A\u00bbid chdil the assembly of North-C wiljas enervat'd aoon those lights, when not required by public necessity, sad vt Jioik m ihi.ig any voanp^rv: atioa as all l 1 would w >e hue v, in a ecracera c\u00a1\u00a1 each moment, whence is is that ihvy are Its:-; Lout. * 80 respect the rights of private property t!m the &g!ch rwr. - Jiaaaent s\u2019 nnJ upon ardas occasion it wst\u00ab, that tl e people cl or? - *- \u2022\u2022. shrill vh\u00faii a \u2018jNsredora uo fetal So their dearest iaferesw? 'ho \u00bbp\u00ab.i!\u00a3 in conuiendat\u00edcw of che ISvkrvh constitution, is HBp\u2019evsar\u00f3 to an American car, V'crrrvc of she idea whkh A \"\u25a0OB\u00fceeccdl wish che abaohifeffCEo of: b:, pcwrr. Whas theE are se to sat s when we lx- \u00bfX a serened, i!.at the \u2022\"\u00ab\u2022sabiy of liortb-Caw-ilua surpass tbeisi in uowe.,%. a\u00abd can do v, h*\\ they camtoU is ruiy be said shas the thread'!** *-e fibe only judy.-s of the existence of the neceser--/ whici-juaddea the assumption of p\u00bbiv?\u2019e ptr-puty fee public ucs*. It \u00fa\u00edh; be trae, then the prerequisite o\u00ed public necessity I; m resudetka of their power; for ia their judginenii it may exist, wo?.s ia on opinion of all others It does p.\u00ab? % sndi thus a wrong cotra\u00edt-.d agnb.-st the rights of an iu\u00e9ivi\u00f3e*?* wnaL-l be sinieiioced bj die wrong judgment of \u00edfie oppress* \u25a0Wherever respects die power of the legislature, saui.t fes j*.\u00a1dge\u00e1 ef by PK\u2019se rabo are to determine of the consornasiy of da sc.c., to dvj power\u00bb delegated by the people 5 and wisest it it grid tbav per he access!.y must precede their power to Al>.cil the rights of private propn-ty, va l that they have \u00e1oaeco tv. V xrxer--e Wf tdier it did exist of aot, sew?, Le detoTSMu.v.: v sore., other perros,:? than iJivEisdsTs, before \u00ed/v cri h Nov, vid by the intervention of a jury, \u00aeg is thv esse \u00ab1 \u00a1-ah\u00edle yendas, by aoroo other known mode recoguiset\u00ed fey the law\u00bb \u00abn4 ccs\u00edsu cation of this country 5 an\u00abl after is is dons, by foe opinion ol tht-fo judges who are appointeu to v,s\\'-h ovsr the corost\u00edtnt\u00edon, &r.\u00e9 are sworn to reject all ooeoiM'ittt\u00fcotd acts: \u2014 \u00bb\u2019* bun ca;\u00bbpo;.\u00fa\u00edg this to be the case of on mdivVu.*l\u00bb-&mr dc-*s It apf>fpsr that, the padjif; necessity slereasids that selrinr- o\u2018~ property v.hh.U tL.- ,.v\u00bf us question contempktm ? Sins net to H, fouatS, in the fucile: rraurde, nor in the public Itistore of tiie country f \u2014 tH\u00bb vc-\u00bb\u00bf\u00ed\u201ek *'S\u00ed4*b!lshe\u00bb it \u00a1\u00ab4\u00bbcr :s it *,ven mirdgvd ;n tho pt\u2019ccaiLIe o\u00ed she sci; but above ?d5, aot a worci c*f \u00bf \u00faT\u00edf\u2019zxvihj::. Is ray where sn-ju-ticned in it. It appears to be a s^isurt withost'. vec\u00edssi\u00edjvtii: \u25a0- i?u-. caai'e, sad wlditnif. coitipeoss\u00edid\u00bb, size is r,n jccdSad hj \u00a3l o s eminesii domain bcJosig\u2019rey 't* rwrr\u00edrir./\u00fay, Sv.r>\u201d'5 x vrs \u00ab^4. .-\u00abIwcrved the ncivlcsioa to whi*\u00b1 tl at right is svij- zaN\nIs k then justified by any thing wo find in the constitution r-i this state? And it s\u00e9tima to me th,.t there is no pari of the constitution of one state, which allows to the legislature a right u\u00bb divest the citizen, or any corporation or set of citizens., of the rights of private property. There in a clause in our constitution, part\u00bbculasly applicable to ches subject. \u2014 Bill of rights, sec. 2 % 44 No freeman ought to be taken, Imprisontd, or disnized of his freehold, liberties or privileges, or outlawed or exiled., or 44 in any manner deprived of his life, liberty or property, hut by the RvW of the lana.\u201d I will presently proceed to rexw.rk upon all the material parts of this section; bet before doing go, Lt us \u25a0\u00ediet\u00edee die effects of a similar, but much ies3 explicit provisiou, in the constitution of a sister state. It is contained in the 1st, 3th & 11th articles of the declaration of rights of Pennsylvania, and in the 9th and 46th sections of the constitution of that slate. The legislature of Pennsylvania had passed an act to divest certain persons of titles acquired under the existing law, and to* place titles in others: and this brought o.n the question, whether the law was agreeable to the constitution \u2014 and if not, what was the consequence of its disagreement therewith. And after defining what'is a constitution, the learned Judge who presided, discussed the question now under our consideration. He defined a constitution thus; \u201cIt is tbs form of government delineated by the mighty head of the people, in which cut\u00e1is \u2018 fixed principles of fundamental hws are established. The \u2018constitution is certain and fixed: It contains the permanent \u2018 will of the people, and is the supreme lav? of the land ; A ix * paramount to ths power of the legislature, and can be revoked 4 or altered only by the authority that made it. What arc 4 legislatures! Creatures of the constitution s they owe their 4 existence to the constitution 3 they derive their power from 4 the constitution.- It is their cotnmisaon and therefore all 4 their acts must be conformable to if, or else they will be void, 4 The constitution is the work or will of the people themselves, 4 in their original, sovereign and unlimited capacity. Law is * the work or will of the legislature in their derivative or cub-4 ordinate capacity s the oas is ths work of the Creator, asid the 4 other of the creature. The constitution fees limits to the 4 exercise of the legislative authority, and prescribes the oibit 4 within which it must move. Whatever maybe the case in other 4 cr.nnirifc'\u2019, yet in this there can be no doubt that every act of 4 the Ivrj- hours, repugnant to ;the constitution, is absolutely. 4 void. The late constitution of Pennsylvania declares the 4 rights of conscience, and that elections be by ballot. Could 4 the legislature annul these articles respecting rein-ion, the f: rights of conscience, and eiectious hy ballot 3 Surely no. As <\u2019 - :l\\ese points, there, qrao no devolution of \u00a1power. The tag. 8 \u25a0>. 6 !\u2019, >3':-y EfibiL' /\u2019NT lb to'J ixcsrv: \u25a0i: s. 4 H; \u00c9cUwe 'iteM choT 6 ob'i:,yrw\u00a3y ? Hca \u2014 fe 4 died re or rorwtkiitio gchtwo LH or o cl r,n w i-J *.'i ' .dll !\"\u2022 i\".\u2019\u00bb\u2019}, Vr 1 ii'idd h-iVi \u2019 .11 Void ? \u25a0 i wcte/w id /. \u25a0 T; J Villf \u25a01 idv \" 1 r T J. : \u00a1rip! : t-i \u25a0' C'-O -i';.\u25a0 \u2019Vi <\"J -\u25a0 c:,t / :Lo ie.:Bv 4 by joey,, L- a ii-Eadfftevwd ivr, mac1. rnwb 4 and v.Miao\u00ed bo ifegbl .ted T7r-y. The corn 4 wtekd wa.i wer&te.raerw,, ro\u00ed lo be acted upen fe * He times, Eav to rise. rnd TU otiL few \u00a1L ,!s of eivn' w i Lob 4 be * dear poix<rlvr.7 r: :t i; a legislative r.r.t oppu.ync r am:- fe.u-8 sionrl pF\u00cdRC'ph'.. dv? formes? wtet give wry tod he ad rrteb -te 4 the score of repugna\u00bb**\u00ae. 2 held \u00ed\u00ed. be a poditioo eya-Tfe te V id it \u00bb*: 4 lev \u00edis fh a:, coir: \u00ab and tmiu\u00e1, that ia such a e?us, it wi\" be the * to adher\u00ed to the constitution, and 'to declara t:,e re: null unfe * void. The judiciary ot this country is ste a sube; \u00abUnate, i>\u00ab'. 4 a coordinate bmnch of tko government.* He dj?t> com's to die \u00a1saint more imsstedfetely the subject of riw yrewte cocci-\u2019 dteStion. \u2018\u2018Those passages/\u2019 nsyr. be, 'ted e?E!\u00ab;p tv tee b\u2018-4 ihre mentioned els uses cl'the constitution of renn:\u00a1/'A'r:\u2019:i, da 6 claws that the right of acquiring and pasee.--dag props* :y, rafe ft having it protected, is one of the osturs!, :ahcr.i'\\t me uucScb 4 able rights of man. Meo have a sewu ofpreperrrj y;;o<te\u00ab w 4 is necessary to their subsistences and co:.;:s'c?:dr:\u2018 ic .\u2019.\u2022. n\u00b0 ft psstursl v\u00edante snddi-\u00e1esj in security \\\u00abw car of thev-e ob-4 j rate which induced die* to unite m sodeiy. Ho m?.n vra fed 4 baeorae a member of a community ia which Le ecuLi riot ww 4 joy die fruits of his labor and industry. The preservation of 6 propel ty them is a prijmrry object of the social compact, and by 4 die fete constitution of Pennsylvania, was made a f\u00fandame \u00a1r 4 fc irate Every person ought to contribute his portion Hr pwbife; 6 purposes and public eripcncies j but a\u00a9 one c;.n be called ay ,\u00ab ft to surrender or sacrifice bis whole property, real cr ppisc:v.: -, \u2018-for the good of the whole community, without rcccHiagc. r- - f coEipcnc? sa value. This would be laying a bu\u00edden up-ju c: c c Lwliridsir.S, which ought to be saeSssaed by the aoci.wy ati'wgw \u2018'\u25a0The: lingdirh history \u00e1efis not farrhs'i owe iwwvwce of thw 8 L:c.i t. the pc.vliasneat,, wfeb all ire bo-acted oEiHpoteave, \u25a0\u25a0 ?\u2022 r \u2018 3 omwiKed jiwlt ra ontwye upon pcivwtc property ; -.nd If '.few; i aac, \u00c9l would have served only i:o ciisplay the \u00bflkc.w-oa - ; a - \u2022- of ualiroited \u00ediutbori\u00edy; \u2018t would Lave beca :.n c .a- \u25a0\u201c n s power aad not of right. Ouch an act would le .\u00bb wicii\u00e1tev :>a I-.-gi'.la&esT, rwd would shoclt s!l maKnd. -be w ' \u00edUc\u00ed'.Jbr\u00edj bad go audioivy to make ua act dfewwing e-i,^ . 8 i-ai cl fss hot, obi voci vei-iw;;\" it ia v/ithom. \u2022 . 8 j-.wec.'.Uon. it it iriwor.'jite'ini i>*ith the principles of.i .w t c ' i..;oc end morel wi:;:;odc| it is iucompat\u00edb\u00ede with '\u00abL. \u2022 .: - ,v.d bv-y'vow (if raov\u2019d'4 ; it :c corstevv - * prlr*c?p\u00a1*3 o? social alisare \u00a1o every free gov.r\u00edssicnt; an\u00eds * \u00edasJ)', seis scsKTArjr \u00ab\u2022\u00a9 the tener and fjpsn; o\u00ed \u00faie renstim\u00face.\" * \u2014T short, ;,r. is wh rs every ene think aarcs-.soseble and A arjmt in his own aae*\n4 Tiis next step ;r?> the line of progression is, whether the '\u2022 Legfr'ctsirs had authority to make ga act \u00bf\u00a1Lusting one citizen --\u00a1\u00cd \u00bb;\u00ab freshcH and vesting it in \u00bbno\u201eher, even with compensad\u00bb * on ? That the Legislature, in certain, emergencies, bad sutho-r-t'ay to exercise this power, has been urged from the natme of * the social compact, and from she words of the constitution ; * \u00abvhich says, that the Louse o\u00ed represe uta lives shall have ail o-4 thcr powers necessary for tbs' Legislature of a free state . \u25a0' or cotvisvs'jnvrealth ; but they shall Ja^tve no power to add to, 4 .titer, \u00abooiish or infringe any part of this constitution. Tha 4 course o\u00ed reasoning on the part of the defendant, may be com-1 prised in very few words. The despotic power, as i.t is aptly 4 called by some writers, of taking private prope; ty, when state \u00a3 necessty requires, exists in every government; she existence e of power is n ecessary ; government could not subsist 1 -without u; and if this be the case it cannot be lodged imy 4 .vh-re with so much safety as with the Legislature. The pre- \u00bb r-.iwpcion is that they will not call it into exercise except in ur-4 gent cases, or cases of the first necessity. There is \u00a1force irs 4 shir\u00bb taasouing. It is, however, difficult to form a case, in 4 winch the necessity of state can be of such a nature, as to eutlicrbe cr excuse the seizing of landed propesiy belonging 4 to one citizen and giving it P< a'untfeer citizen, At is -iromate-4 rial io the state in which of its wti_\u00bbns the land io vested ; but It jg of primary importance, that when vested it should be se-f-cured, avid the ptoprietor protected in the enjoyment of it. 4 The cor.-.i ;>.!ho.: encircles and renders it an holy thing. The 1 present e..v a rise of landed property vested by law in oas ' set of ci;. zt:~, and attempted to be divested for the purpose 1 of vesting the isme property in another set of citizens. St cau- ' not be cf.\u00f1miin&d io the case of personal property taken and 4 used in tiros o\u00ed , cr famine, or other extreme nectca\u2019ty j it 4 cannot be nsslssaiLteJ to the tetriporsry possession of land itself, '\u25a0.ia a pressiny public, eiv.ei'gf'^-'y on the spur of the occasion. * In the tat\u00edev c\u00a1s3e, t\u00ed era is v.o change of property, sa dives- \u2022 - naent of right; t\u00edre tit\u00edr remains, and the proprietor, \u00ab.hough cue 4 of pom \u2022 '-non fry * v;l \u201e!e, w still proprietor and lord of die soil. >. The grew oi.t of the occasion and ceases with it. \u00ab Thfe\u00bb tl.e rif-zt \u00ab\u2022\u00bb rsnenrty is satisfied and at at\u00bb end ; it does <\u25a0 >v \u00bbt effect the tide, is temporary in its nature, and cannot csr- \u2018 1st forever. The coasdxjU.ion expressly declares that the right 4 o? acquiring pe'swn\u00bb\u00bb aed of protecting property, in natuvaE, t;\u00bbVttn% anc \u2019\u00abp..i.:,rlah!r. It is a ri\u00a7,iit, not ex gratia fresa tLo ' iARiabtore, tin ex debits ivev:> shr rota\u00edhsj\u00edAn, It Is sac:-?-\u2019\u2019,, * tor it is further t\u00edeclsrs\u00f3 ih&s the.LcgLksir * shall leave w.* y v* a er to \"her, abolish o\u00ed iu.a is>g'i aw yn :\u00fa ;Lc ventAiH A \u2014- \u00ab The constitution is the o\u00a1r\u00cdg*u *nc\u00ab measure o\u00ed sir L^-ialcaw \u00ab authority. \u00a3t eayc to the Legislature* thus far ek.1 \\ u. pr\u201e 8 f;nd ms Afber 5 iqo\u00a3 a p\u00e1rtiuc of it iAE be nAAt, s.c-i ? ; A-*bk shall be mnove\u00a9. Inncratict* are \u00bfssiguoaej oar crw s CTO\u00f3\u2019.chEitiJ\u00ed\u2019, loads to another 5 precedent give!\u00bb ittrth aw pte\u00ae \u2022 6 dent; wfoafc Isas Ae\u00bb done Essay be done sgA;; tAs ,:AcA * pricei^ lea are jrotiCiaMy brokcu in upon, inti the coni/d\u00edv\u00edS\u00ed.'* c destroy ed. Where is the security ? Where btlu hjvioV.'ilfcy c,-' 1 property, if the Legislature by a positive a<.i, e&ectis,- p.stt-..w.* <\u2022 kr prisons cnlv, ca-a take land \u00edrcia one \u00ab. sjen, v,!>o $.\u00ab i t .\u00ab 8 s\u00a3 kga\u2019.iy, \u00abA vest it in auo\u00edKut \\ '1 be rights ok pA.-w. y:>, - po\u00bbt./ are svgulsriy projected and governed In gerr&A, *.;\u00bb{*,-i a aad este!AiA<A lews $ and decided uper. by genres* !::\u25a0 .\u00a1r.s L u\u00bbd eeisbliohed tribunals Laws Had AA\u00edA \u00fcc eo\u00ed a>, L iT:d nested \u00abi-'s sx\\ Itsstsnt exigency, or as ESgea\u00bb .\u25a0t:sNj[;',i>ey to 8 i.xve a \u00a1\u2022vee-i.t or the instant of dials-. ir. s '\u00bfheir opere\u00bb 8 ilonc, r.rd rriAe\u00fcce are ?'\u25a0 d aa\u00ab? kidversA \u2014 -T'.ity pit ss tqa.iV 4 k ok ;-i\u00edU Aeuere, se-,uit\u201ey red Absre \u00a1.\u00a1re.cpAky &sd pear: . *\u25a0 cree atrffi h ECS ah \u00ab:d of asiotlxYj asid. eo rerei Arre vi \u00bfA I \u2022' Alaftmre\n*u It is \u00edi\u2019\u00fci\u00faiclf vAre arsd safer to Aeye sore,. tosh\u00e1e reA 5 chiefs, than to teat ki lie Leg\u00edstatnre so u-j;&eces\u00ed;\u00ab5'y, de'v..n\"=. \u00ab c\u00bb>iS sad eMoriiiiCLti a \u00a1.'\u00a1ewer as that wh\u00abe.h has beers <ti,' \u2019arel 4 03 the present oceatlcu 5 * pom s* trass aeeurdrg to the v.:- * ?*at of \u00a1\u00bfe argument* is Loiit\u00bbdln,o onti cmaipoteat; lor \u00fam ),\u00bb ' glslatere ttoigi-d of the necessity of the c.aae, sad also of the \u00bbsure and v.das of the c^uivsWnt\u00bb Such s c*ne of necessity, 0 raid \u00bf\"\u00bfdying toe of dr: corapensa\u00faiiQ, can never c.esEr 2,3 ng-l-aasiou\u00bb LN'ryh-r inaee.J, z.,\u00bf iia;ows;v! nauss be she sU?e c 4 sitiogs that vjofhd inf/Et-s the Lagishttue, s^eppaaing they h-, 4 Itrs pot/cr to divetE one ir.dhvidaai of f,;s landed estate, rsjever; 4 her the pwnoae o\u00ed vgziin- i; in paothtr, tveE up on foil iade-th 6 s;j\u00a3c fi-r.-D* ijt'iecs that iaderEnifcadtE he \u00bfer\u00bfs:v-j^s\u00bf in the, * ETd'o \u25a0 .\u25a0 : : \u2018\u2018v \u2019\u2019 ;jri.;shoa SiereiiVcr,\n6 Sue r \".Eit'h''? that the Legitiniase ett 'jJ\u201es : th { * of A i'tsd giet\" \u00fa sp rj on njahing; coTpeu^ytif. 1 . \u25a0- teics-ay.fc. s and reasoning' upon it go so fhrthcr tk. ;:! so .3;,; \u201era L^girt a la\u00eduse ;,:s tise &o!e and er-x\u00edusiiw judges of tho a'\u25a0\u25a0,\u25a0\u2022 ..tfav of hr * case In which chic power should fcs \u25a0 \u00abhce. *v toA * It. cannot* on the principie\u00bb o\u00ed >he sonialaiEan&e <., et A<t \u2022\u2022 -;.. 8 futiot!, be (\u201cZieuded Lsyoad the power oiyjtdgii ;- t t'.n r \u25a0 t.; j c;i- * iotin.er case ct necessity\u00bb The J.egibk\u00bb.: \u2022\u2022*' '.c. arcs sac euatfa 4 t;v\u00bbs tE'h ;.'3\u00ed vita pisLii-c exigencits or n:;t:-:\u00abrdr- j 51 f*u\u00fc.Q*isi :.,Vcu sv take tile'and ciAr.tc. ^vt; it \u25a0/. .1, fih-e 4 dictates of reason nn\u00e1 the eternal principles of justice mw3 as 4 the sacred principles of dw social co\u00abEr?.ct and the coustitudun, * direct, and they aetmsd\u00edoi/iy fiedsro and ordain, that A s'nsdi \u00ab\u25a0 receive compensate\u00bb Soe the land. But here the \u00a1Legislature \u00abr,',u:-t '\u00a1top \u00a1 they have vm the itul length of their authority end \u00ab w,n go no further. They > \u25a0\u2022ut constif utionally d&termiiae up\u00abon t,he amwunt of the coicnenaatlou c\u00bb\u2019 value o\u00ed the laud; pub\u00bb < lie < x'yendes do not require, rcct&siiy tiota not acnmad9 t\u00bf.-.. ; * the Legisbn uro should 0.1 tlicmoAvec, without the participation 11 of the p-vj,. or '-)v.;.'Uon cd a jury, Lzstss ike- value of 4 the thing, or abcs-rUiu due amount o\u00ed the compensation to L-s \u00bb paid ibr it.\u2019\n.c\u00edcre I will stop, though the Judge rontltiutn tc jnake many ether remarks of great importance. \u00a1Le\u00ed as puse now a lii\u00faf\u00ed and ca the sftuuuierAS L-ve cklsvei.-d. They art the genuine effusions o\u00ed a mind d \u00bfvoted to liberty, end arcLniJy r;,r.\u00bb i<nis to proclaim its true pd.uiples to ,l:c uoiirb It seeks to recommend inoro by .shewing these print wit3 in d-Lr mn \u00a1ve sim-pUciiy ; and are they not worthy in the mn\u00bb t\u00edo i\u00bbc\u00bf tVgtee of tha sil mi rati on of every cidsen l Would &\u2022 Goes I could exhibit ihem m tlndr most engaging foja\u00bb! Jtiow s.\u201ej,r rhotiid i succeed in tvpe iling the atte-sopto tlmt are made to totv\u00ed thus\u00bb in i,i scorey 1 Now soon would they be ecshmu.-'. in w.\u00ab. temple of b-r.-'cs and guarded by the \u00a1.Lectio\"^ of the- \u00a1.ni.pl; \u00ed\u00ab^\u00a1rn tr. ;-y ch'n-x.T l\nido freeman ongti lo os deprived of lit* property lui l y the ver-\u25a0i:ci of a jury or ike hr. > of the hr.if is a jy-it <A cV,; clsnEe Us be remarked \u00abns, it irmncJducH re.-.pctvs the pKv:,io r o\u00ed ir.a> \u2022\u2022;/(..'js. Other pine o\u00ed ir, \u00cd\u00cd shah i'ttscswrf -\u00a1eir, ttvyectu she -i'osmy of coronations ;\u25a0\u00ab w.!! as t':.t perao:,;d \u00cdd-c-i\u00edy or the ci-ad;,'.,!, There h- no doubt Lu\u00ed the ce;r,\u2019.: ,'tioa in\u00edwuAd this ciscos iciioA up.>n suias o\u00bb the i.-iof the government,, r. L i a might otherwise wo? the nove; s V.'.r\u00f1.Nu And what; hi o.\"\u2018chc qoroJ nnn\u2019rit v:..; so rom >; to i e \u00edT.r.ckd as ih< Le\u00bb y.s; atore? 'The ausLcrUy o\u2019\u2019 dm t-v. wire is too confined to ..Jn-'e A \u2022: CT\\ O.iV ; Sor \u2019.p] v.rctj, ; -.ut! \u00a1 thy of the Jud-i<, Itere \u00ed.'ist \"red, m t sill p; ...:t rt-y p.rive. in a. ;t,ciiii';nedc? \u00ed bed. The ii.ingt, Iwc prohibited \u00edm-.jGu be ut/im Lu\u00ed in \u25a0 . \u2022\u2022'o-.i:;, y\u00a1 ytdarly coi'Mituted, and proceeding ate, orbk.'g . .. ij'own and steady rnot'e-i of tr\u00eda!, ui-ed a:.ii pr .t.trc^d iu u -.-\u00e1es. I have \u00ednv.rJ is argued, that ;:a the LegLtr.it.re can it, ;s.e the law o\u00ed th.. land i-y passing an r.e. for that p'jij'0\u00bbo, that * -%.?rcf..r-- dots clause of the bill of rifbti, if taken as restricli7\u00bb , 1 ti\u2019dr pew; r, is o\u00ed Utile or no iLecs. Ask! cm tSs.-re be u -.\u25a0'irtinijcr argurnein. to ptove tha\u00ed. drr te.jn law of \u00bfhe Lind, \u00a1.as \u2022\u2022 . -ei..>irg? Would thr Conven!ion, tba\u00bf wire Li.J.y . > v, \u2022 ; y. j drt l\u00e1O\u00bb\u00ed \u00ediXpO'i\u2019\u00ed&Eit \u00edna'1\u2019B.i k.\u00bbA t'/sr iii'.-N\u00ed\u201d -'b\u00ed1 consideration of a de\u00edib<-s clivc &od.yv h?.ve intended f:a rtfMi \u2022'\u2022 m the future Lep/rilatute ;*i >\u2022;?\u00bb',f-rs o\u00ed \u00abiie moct i;\u2019.c->5r\u00a1*i\u00bb\u00ab' concern, by a ptovinioti v/tikh *h<y \u00edvsls.-h\u00ed n-rider \u00a1iu.'P\u2019io\u00edy ?t pioesure? Is it in any vj\u00a1'\"/ consistent with the dignity ch that body \u00abni' that noble love of Sib?5 ij wisicSieliatacctr-i\u00absd ibt.trt, to suri but:: s\u00a1v K language as \u2018.Lis ? 'I bese are powers too dm,* erotic to be entrusted \u25a0with the Xifej^isb*'>\u00bf\u00ab and they shall net cx-rrhe iVm, but -il they pvss an act lor the porp-jse, they may case them ? \u2018J he word:; bra of the land, therefuic. mean something other than an act o\u00ed the .Legislature. If w\u00ae resort fos its meaning to she history of the times in which it WAvf \u00bbt. nr:vt used in national instruments, we shall discover its gen/a-kie signification. It wa? ikst used in the 39th atiicVe of me meg-m charts of England, extorted by force from tbA/ King, asd explicitly declaring the rights of the people in Instances in which he had formerly violated them. It declared not that these lights conk! not be forfeited at all, but that they could not be forfeited a; the will and pleasure of the executive, nor in other manner than by a fair trial in a court of justice by jury, where the facts were disputed, or where the facts were not disputed by such Giber modes as vrere agreeable to the law of the land, or recog-nised by it. In either of which cases, the judgrm nt of the re-*y:!ar tribunals of the country roust be pronounced before the party could lose his rights. This was what was then and is now meant by the term law of the land. Sir Edward Cuke, in his 2d Institute, page SO, expounds this sentence to mean due proceso tf law. In Shower\u2019s Parliament Cases, and Hargrave\u2019s preface te C. Littleton, it is expounded to refer to such cas^s as are ncs (triable by the judgment of one\u2019s peers : And Sullivan, page 49 i and page 493, explains it to mean inodes of proceeding to judg* meat in a court of justice legally constituted j which modes are preaevibed by law, and take place in cases tvhere the trial by jury cannot be used; for instance, if the party plead guilty, or v.\u00a1 ;l \u00bbot appear, or suffer judgment by default, or if there be a demurrer upon the pleadings o\u00ed the parties where all matters of fact: are trulv stated and admitted by both parties, or where the court passes judgment km a contempt committed in the face of the court. In page Sis, Mr. Sullivan says, no freeholder shall be disseised of his freehold but by the verdict of a jury or the law \u00bbf the land, os upon default, not pleading, or being outlawed. The meaning then of the teim we are considering, was, that a man should not be deprived of his freehold, &c. but by the judgment of a cturt of justice, regularly constituted and authorised to decide what the law is, and Co pronounce it in cases coming before them: which court shall ascertain facts by the verdict of a jury, where proper j or where that would be improper, by such other\u2019 means as the law has appointed. How different fe this fro5(i the: jd2a \u00abmkb \u00absskciJ emy net of the Lrqp&lature a law of the land, -->nd vests in then; the \u00ab.ihitraty r\u00bfa cc- pode power of prostrating sil those rights so dear to mankind tvbent ver they pitase i 5 be term, of the land, had r. precise 1\u00ab \"a! meaning when used by \u2022the Convention, and signified lite lawLul proceedings o\u00ed \u00edhtepro* fer \u00edrihunah o\u00ed the country. Htnv much more for the advantage cl she citiEcti is it that this should be tin* meaning oi the constitution than the other before adverted to ? If a court of justice injures an individua! from unju .tifiadle motives, the Judge wb\u00bb injures him may be impeached and removed from ( Sice ; or be \u2018iv-y carry \u00ediis case bul\u00f3te a superior tribunal; but who slid pro-cvXc him redress against, the Legislature ? The experience of ages'?\"' luces this truth, that the judiciary generally acts with coolness and toaron ; but it is known to all persons of political experience, that tut* best and most enlightened men, when placed in large assembles, will so far partake of the heats of the moment as frequently to concur m measures which in their c\u00bblm and retired moments they \u00a3 id much cause to tvgret. Kad the Assembly the powers which are expressly denied them'by this clause of the Constitution; there is rea: on to fear that many would be the victims of the exercise of them 5 whose property would be \u00a1itu'e, ot hose life, if an Assembly m\u00eduCtUed by the opposition of parly, a 1 rn the times of Caesar and Potnpvy, or inflamed by art\u00edul accuiu-t\u00edoRS, or otherwise roused to ?\\ct against Individuals obnoxious to the public, could deprive the rat of either without further ccrernonv than that of passing an act icr the purpose, and whhout more respon.'-ibilitv than tu the tribursa! of their ou n cup/iutenccs. Cuch times c.f trouble may \u00abtorne upo a uc as tu^y hate come upon other nations, and it is. the kite;, cat as w.'h duty \u20184 c\\,.:y good man to chut up zt far as pucsiol.: ivory \u2018\u00ab.venue to cruelty, \u00ab\u00a1justice and persecution, for we know uot upon whom the t\\ il i: to ihli. In such asU've or things, wit\u2019ll no bridle upon the malignant passions, how oficia should we see the mash of p\u00abisi iotism assumed as the ptekid-e \u2022to sacrifices how often should we see oui best ciihcers eiphiog \u25a0under the vtig of unprincipled peise.cui.ior- i Who L there ia the least acquainted with the excesses into which numerous bodies aie apt 10 tun, that would be willing to see the dangerous power I ara contending against, vested in the Legislature May I never see it yielded to them ; for then will my conn try be covered with \u00edhe mande of mourning, and the spirit of con-bisection, Lite that which appeared to Brutus, will follow on the footsteps of her patriots ! Thank God, no man in North-Carolina ea\u00ab be deprived of his life or propet ty but by the regular judgment of a lawful court, who cannot oppress because they cannot iriginyfe any law of themselves, but act upon those made by \u2022&i\u00bb\u00ab 1: i* sometime* erguid that the Constitution did ao\u00bf tturaa to hmfiev the L^ishitari*, but ail oilier pet con\u00bb spti hodkss \u00abf meo from m.-dtilihg *s7t\u00ab,h the individual rights cyec\u2019fed ir. tfeia IG.h article, hut that unlimited powers taw bs s-.>ie:y s:\\trtac* rd with tiro X. gisiatute,. r'.nswer. The Cocvepticsi fterir'ir $honf/t cdiurt'i ice; for the \u00a3 ith. section o\u00ed the B\u00abH I \u00edigh!,'* prohibits the pw.ing of t,ny ex pe*\u00bb jacto law, r.tu\u00ed uhy? doobr-Sk\u00ab tv\u00edsm m \u00ab\u2019'\u2022\u2022ifheus.\u00faci, Uju ii not prohibited lo liri'jlsn peeb. a it w.mb\u00ed be ured to the injury. of indm.feik, It ira\u00bb <tq ut.Oy t'.ec\u00fcscary Sk et-semia) to liberty, that the propel v: o\u00ed indivi* dua s rtiji \u00ab\u00bfieir personal liberty \u00a1>houl\u00bf be gaardvd against .he es>\u00bb \u00abr. m .binea\u00ed-j of the Lcgi'*;!,?. ture, Thk 10th section \u00a3ui ui&ho-. \u00a1isas gu\u00bfrd, or it is not furnished stall ; 'and this is a coroides atiera waidi gives additional au-engih to die argurarn; ch ra chi'? nods *e :foa acts as a Sireiitadost upon she powers oi the Legist'ture\u00bb A-: to private propeu? therefore I mnay venture to aiihnr h :a beyond the r-tach of the Assembly, and cannot he ijitaicoca lli\u00ab owner by any set they can pass for the purpose.\nNeither can they take Away the property of a. ryporafr-n* 5\u00bb 5s i era \u00a1u \u00a1cable that in the 10th section of the LiU oi ri\u2019.ghis, the vr m( liberty tvtke occurs, c-.\u00abes in the pH\u00bb .4 and again in the \u00ab\u00a1(\u00bfguiar; nofreem-vi outfit io> be dh;seized cf id., liberties, &?&, \u00bbr cby-ijs l f h's \u00fac\u00bfr:y bit by \u00edkt verd'et cj a jury \u00a7r ike ivw of iks kind, ' A disseisin of libe.fes h ,s a It-gal and technic/- \u00aby/inlng-, well known to lawyers to be allege* ther distinct fstru the rfcpifvHtion of personal. freedom or the poire S' of g- S\u2018jg '\u2019ievri' v/e \u00a1d: k regw.ir pi ,,p and it* possessor, vsh\u00dce \u00bbhe other phrase, deprived of rth liberty, st-\u00a3\u00bbrds feic ire-.-tiorn froit. unjust co.i\u00edksMc\u00edH \u00a1 disae\u00ed\u00e1ht o\u00ed !\u00a1b< roes, l\u00edius\u00ed in the opi<;.\u00ab a \u25a0 -f ;.hc convencos\u00ed, mean somk thing differentirons, \u00e9frkii\u2019M-j.'\u00ed, of liberty Othewisc it would not have beets \u00absed ia (the s.aas,'\u2019 eWivr ; 5-: Is a t\u2018:rna which pitcRb.-ly 3h.-3iii.-s thoscs prsvlteg-s -\u2022\u00ab<! j\u2019Oa.'.ef \"io.\u2018\u00bf<\u00a1 which eorporaiiors hnve L\\ viruse end 5\u00bbt co \u00ab.secpcniot td-fbu 'nistvunst'jTts which socorponifr thim. It is d.fi'itcl m S A, C..nu ST, a-.vd. Sullivau, page SIC, commcn* tary urm\u00a1 th\u201c. v'crtS Iba ids ir,r;l in the 2'\u00bf?h \u00a1\u2018rtick oi the a beg\u00bb m Cu\u00abrU\u00bb (mm vohence it boa aetr. tiauslsted into \u00ab.ur B'l. of R? ;tmr, yarh it Re ; : I t\u2019.iegfs which sc-y e \u00ab>!\u2019 the uab= Ejects, w.irther siai\u2019le j; n *\u25a0 <?::\u2022 or L*o\u00ed1sc\u00fc i orporr-tt \u201e !'\u201eve abor# 44 others by the lawb I graaru cf die King, eo the chattel,5 of R-So.n* or i'iid.\u00fas.-, Girl dm iai.ih a j \u2022 m jvii gus o\u00ed co: pf\u2019r::dcns.9S Ift, E\u2019cssss th\u00ab rrloiw, \u00edn oui Coe s\u2018i \u00ab'\u00a1.ii-.jj th\u00ab-possess,en\u00bb endprinile^ ge\u00bb of corporations, ond ;n ccjs<jia\u00bbcuoi> wiih the \u00ab'.her words oi urAr aj\u00edieR, ainooir. to d.f that t \\ cs\u00edcskIOr.e, o\u00ed a coiroration, Eke ihooe of an indivicc.*\u00bb!, \u00abIsr-\u00edi m\u00ed be token away hoi by the verdict of m jury or the 'y dgrtH-ot of r. cour*. oi justice. Ifthen th* Tni^\u00ed\u00edcs, of ike U'fivci-tl'y <>; 'e.'f'Rdfi-ec. in ihe Sight of indsvi*\u00bb *4\u00a1kr or of a comssa.n\u00abi Lrr.oc\\m7\u00a1, 'A: ps<.\\;s:\\.'7 uhich they acquired wb] not he. affected by any act o\u00ed the LrylcLture ; rare cock\u2019 It betaken from them, but by the judgment cf Burnt proper court, having sufficient jurisdiction, ami pronceding^accordi. ing to the known and established law of the land.\nAnd if so, I would ask, is the University distinguished to its disadvantage from other corporations ? Oris there any circum-\u2022lance which renders its property less sacred than that of an individual or common coi poivtion ? It 5m certainly a co> reel idea, that where the Assembly ara dut-cd-.d by the people in their constitution, to do any special act, and they do it accordingly, the Assembly arc to be considered, in relation to that act, as the at-tornies of the people, appointed to do it, and consequently, that the act itsell is to he cousideied as the act of the pet/pie : I11 lib\u00ae manner as a deed executed by my atrornej in my name, is my act and detd, and not Ids. Tims if a Judge or Attorney General is tobe appointed, the Legislating, aa the anomies or agents of the people, elect him ; Lut v hen he is elected, hs is the officer of the people, not of the Assembly, and cannot be turned out of office by them. How Is the cace of die linivesaity different in principle iroso the case here put ? 'The 40th section of the Constitution, directs that 46 A school or schools shall be estab- \u201c lished by the Legislature, for the convenient instruction of \u201cyouth, with such salaries to the masteis, to be paid by the \u201c public, as may enable theta to instruct at low prices ; and all \u201c useful learning shall be promoted in one or more Universi- \u201c ties.\u2019* Now., when the Legislature have, pursuant to this direction, erected and established an Uuiversisy, have they any more power over it than they have over the Judges 1 Is it net as much the work of the people as if they had established it themselves by the Constitution, without the agency or Intervention of the Assembly ? Surely it stands upon' the same basis as the Legislature itself does. It is as much the will of the people, that there should be an University, and that it, should continue, as it is that there should be a Legislature. When i *\u2022- Legislature endowed it, they did so as the organs of the pecp-.c.^ and they cannot avoid the gift, before they have received an authority from the people, as express for its dissolution as they had for its establishment. It may be said, the Assembly are direct? ed to establish schools, and one pr more Universities, but, not-to endow them ; and that therefore they alone and not the people have given the escheated and confiscated lands to the Uni-versiiy. I ar rwer, whenever a principal thing is directed to be dour, all the necessary means of doing it are given to the agent, An Unlvercii-y cannot be established without funds, and therefore it ic necessarily implied they are to provide funds for it. as well as pass. a law for bringing it i\u00bb>a existence. \"When tbes A.ssf.^r.l'iy scco.\u2019dir:;?'\"'pc\u2019sted otp. the escheated, and cpnfseatr$ fropoity for this purpose, if- from that moment became a gift of the people, ratified through the medium of, their \u00a1prgen, the Legislature ; which non?; bus the* people*, assembled in convention, can resume; It has been said, this is a public institution\u00bb for public purposes, and therefore is subject to the power of the Legislature, which is intrusted with the superiutendaoce cf all ci-ther public concerns within this state:"
  },
  "file_name": "0310-01",
  "first_page_order": 314,
  "last_page_order": 330
}