{
  "id": 8691497,
  "name": "THE STATE vs. MINCHEE WHITFIELD",
  "name_abbreviation": "State v. Whitfield",
  "decision_date": "1848-06",
  "docket_number": "",
  "first_page": "315",
  "last_page": "318",
  "citations": [
    {
      "type": "nominative",
      "cite": "8 Ired. 315"
    },
    {
      "type": "official",
      "cite": "30 N.C. 315"
    }
  ],
  "court": {
    "name_abbreviation": "N.C.",
    "id": 9292,
    "name": "Supreme Court of North Carolina"
  },
  "jurisdiction": {
    "id": 5,
    "name_long": "North Carolina",
    "name": "N.C."
  },
  "cites_to": [
    {
      "cite": "5 Ired. 453",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "Ired.",
      "opinion_index": 0
    }
  ],
  "analysis": {
    "cardinality": 334,
    "char_count": 5013,
    "ocr_confidence": 0.453,
    "sha256": "944edf68c6cd4d12dc020120656ec0f6cf1c75fb664a7da76f6dab79ff2cfd07",
    "simhash": "1:deccd1ed156c5476",
    "word_count": 898
  },
  "last_updated": "2023-07-14T20:50:05.193463+00:00",
  "provenance": {
    "date_added": "2019-08-29",
    "source": "Harvard",
    "batch": "2018"
  },
  "casebody": {
    "judges": [],
    "parties": [
      "THE STATE vs. MINCHEE WHITFIELD."
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "Ruffin, C. J,\nThe reason for the motion in arrest of judgment is not stated in the record, and the Court does not perceive any.\nSince Bathurst\u2019s case, cited in Slorr\u2019s case, S Bur. 1698, and Wilson\u2019s case, 8 T. R. 357, it seems to have been considered settled, that for a violent entry into the possession of the house of another, laid to be done manu forti, an indictment will lie at common law. The latter was a solemn decision on demurrer. In this State the doctrine has been adopted. In the State v. Fort and Guuse, 4 Dev. and Bat. 192, it was, indeed, held, that the indictment was not good, which charged only that the defendants broke the window of the prosecutor\u2019s house, though laid manu foi'ti ; because the facts themselves only amounted to a civil trespass, and not to a breach of the peace, nor tended directly to it nor to the terror of the owner, as they might d.Q if the qwner were present. But it was distinctly laid down, that \u201c the violent taking or withholding of the possession of a man\u2019s house is a public offence,\u201d and that \u201c strong hand\u201d is technically appropriate to designate the degree of violence which renders it so. In the language of Lord Kenyon in Wilson\u2019s case, \u201c God forbid that such an act should not be an indictable offence. The peace of the whole country would be endangered, if it were not so.\u201d To the decision of this Court, just cited, are to be added the subsequent cases of Foll\u00f3le, 4 Ired.-303, and Tolever, 5 Ired. 453 ; which are in point.\nAfter those cases we cannot suppose the decision of the Superior Court was made upon the ground, that the act laid in the indictment is not an offence, if done by a stranger and mere wrong-doer. Indeed, the counsel here takes a different objection, and informs us, that upon that, the judgment was arrested by his Honor. It is, that it does not appear upon the indictment, that the defendants were strangers and wrong-doers; and therefore they may have been the owners of the house and had the right to enter as they did. The objection is founded on the passages in 1 Hawk. P. C. B. 1, c. 28, s. 1, and 4 Bl. Com. 148, that at common law one disseised has a right to enter into his lands by force, if he can do so without committing a battery on the person in possession. It is not necessary to say here, how that is, but we may leave it to be decided when the question shall arise, as was done in Rex v. Wilson. For, admitting that doctrine, the indictment is sufficient without a direct negative averment that the defendants had no title to the lands. In general, negative averments are not necessary in pleading, unless to meet some exception or proviso in a statute, 1 Chit. C.L. 283 ; and Wilson\u2019s case is a direct authority, that the indictment is good in this case without it. There the indictment charged that the defendants \u201c unlawfully aud injuriously, and with strong hand, entered into a certain mill and lands and houses, being in the possession of M. L. &c.\u201d without any other reference to the defendant\u2019s right \u2022, and the Court said, when speaking of the passage in Hawkins,\"that, it appearing by the indictment,that the defendants unlawfully entered, the Court could not intend, that they had any title. If they had, and that would prevent their entry upon the prosecutor\u2019s possession from being an offence, it was matter of defence upon evidence at the trial, and, as the case comes here, we must presume they showed no title ; otherwise they would have brought up the question in a different form. It was erroneous, therefore, to arrest the judgment; and this must be certified to the Superior Court, that sentence may be given on the verdict.\nPer Curiam. Ordered accordingly.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "Ruffin, C. J,"
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "'Attorney General, for the State.",
      "E. G. Reade, for the defendants."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "THE STATE vs. MINCHEE WHITFIELD.\nAn indictment for forcible entry is good at common law, when it charges \u201c that the defendant, unlawfully and with strong hand, did break and enter into a certain house of J. D., he the said J. D. being then and there in peaceable and quiet possession of the same.\u201d\nThe cases of State v. Pollok, 4 Ire. 303, and State v. Tolever, 5 Ire! 452, cited and approved. _\nAppeal from the Superior Court of Law of Person County, at the Spring Term, 1848, his Honor Judge Pearsoi\u00ed presiding.\nThe defendant was convicted upon an indicment, which charged, that he and another unlawfully, forcibly, injuriously, and with strong hand, did break and enter into a certain kitchen of J. D, he the said J. D. being then and there in peaceable and quiet possession of the same, and, having so as aforesaid broken and entered into the said kitchen, then and there being in the actual possession of the said J. D., unlawfully, forcihly, injuriously, and with strong hand, did then and there continue and remain for one day, the said J. D. being then and there actually present and forbidding them so to do. The indictment concluded at common law; and, on motion of the defendants counsel, the judgment was arrested and an appeal was taken for the State.\n'Attorney General, for the State.\nE. G. Reade, for the defendants."
  },
  "file_name": "0315-01",
  "first_page_order": 329,
  "last_page_order": 332
}