{ "id": 4708015, "name": "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. CHRIS LEE RICHARDSON", "name_abbreviation": "State v. Richardson", "decision_date": "1983-05-31", "docket_number": "No. 14A83", "first_page": "470", "last_page": "487", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "308 N.C. 470" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C.", "id": 9292, "name": "Supreme Court of North Carolina" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "243 S.E. 2d 771", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 3, "year": 1978, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "776" }, { "page": "776" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "295 N.C. 21", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8560930 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1978, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "28-29" }, { "page": "29" }, { "page": "28" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/295/0021-01" ] }, { "cite": "276 S.E. 2d 338", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 5, "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "342" }, { "page": "343" }, { "page": "343" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "302 N.C. 490", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8567551 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "496-97" }, { "page": "496" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/302/0490-01" ] }, { "cite": "237 S.E. 2d 843", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 8, "year": 1977, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "846", "parenthetical": "emphasis in original" }, { "page": "847" }, { "page": "845" }, { "page": "846" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "293 N.C. 315", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8563998 ], "year": 1977, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/293/0315-01" ] }, { "cite": "59 L.Ed. 2d 90", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1979, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "99 S.Ct. 1046", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "S. Ct.", "year": 1979, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "439 U.S. 1128", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11455776, 11455938, 11455814, 11455903, 11456009, 11455885, 11456046, 11455732, 11455862, 11456087, 11455967 ], "year": 1979, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/439/1128-02", "/us/439/1128-07", "/us/439/1128-03", "/us/439/1128-06", "/us/439/1128-09", "/us/439/1128-05", "/us/439/1128-10", "/us/439/1128-01", "/us/439/1128-04", "/us/439/1128-11", "/us/439/1128-08" ] }, { "cite": "245 S.E. 2d 727", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1978, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "735-36" }, { "page": "736" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "295 N.C. 265", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8562944 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1978, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "278-79" }, { "page": "279" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/295/0265-01" ] }, { "cite": "274 S.E. 2d 183", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "189-90" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "302 N.C. 28", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8563765 ], "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "36-37" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/302/0028-01" ] }, { "cite": "384 U.S. 333", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 12045236 ], "weight": 6, "year": 1966, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "363" }, { "page": "1522" }, { "page": "620" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/384/0333-01" ] }, { "cite": "229 S.E. 2d 914", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1976, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "917-18" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "291 N.C. 264", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8557891 ], "year": 1976, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "269" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/291/0264-01" ] }, { "cite": "62 L.Ed. 2d 102", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1979, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "100 S.Ct. 156", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "S. Ct.", "year": 1979, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "444 U.S. 874", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11370144, 11369992, 11370364, 11369514, 11370058, 11369710, 11369904, 11369777, 11370289, 11369845, 11369564, 11369631 ], "year": 1979, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/444/0874-10", "/us/444/0874-08", "/us/444/0874-12", "/us/444/0874-01", "/us/444/0874-09", "/us/444/0874-04", "/us/444/0874-07", "/us/444/0874-05", "/us/444/0874-11", "/us/444/0874-06", "/us/444/0874-02", "/us/444/0874-03" ] }, { "cite": "253 S.E. 2d 890", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "893" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "297 N.C. 100", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8566992 ], "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "105" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/297/0100-01" ] }, { "cite": "270 S.E. 2d 524", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "49 N.C. App. 103", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8519592 ], "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/49/0103-01" ] }, { "cite": "93 A.L.R. 3d 643", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "A.L.R. 3d", "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "643-53" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "50 N.C. 163", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 11276679 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1857, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "167", "parenthetical": "emphasis added" }, { "page": "169" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/50/0163-01" ] }, { "cite": "150 S.E. 2d 194", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1966, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "198" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "268 N.C. 167", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8560774 ], "year": 1966, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "169" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/268/0167-01" ] }, { "cite": "178 S.E. 2d 476", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1971, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "480" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "277 N.C. 680", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8567347 ], "year": 1971, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "687" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/277/0680-01" ] }, { "cite": "265 S.E. 2d 164", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "169" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "300 N.C. 71", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8559773 ], "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "78-79" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/300/0071-01" ] }, { "cite": "261 S.E. 2d 114", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 3, "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "117" }, { "page": "119" }, { "page": "119" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "299 N.C. 95", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8573434 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "98" }, { "page": "102" }, { "page": "102" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/299/0095-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1324, "char_count": 37880, "ocr_confidence": 0.816, "pagerank": { "raw": 4.420253782743732e-07, "percentile": 0.9204862908995852 }, "sha256": "93baa0223004d7289163c7fa5265b1501a756299bca6e1c6882816c61eb98717", "simhash": "1:0f2ad97a563f94f4", "word_count": 6373 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T18:17:55.702489+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. CHRIS LEE RICHARDSON" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "FRYE, Justice.\nThe primary issue here \u2014the same issue over which the three reviewing judges of the Court of Appeals could not agree \u2014 is whether the trial court erred in denying defendant\u2019s motion to dismiss the charge of robbery with a dangerous weapon at the close of the State\u2019s evidence. We agree with defendant, for the reasons discussed below, that the evidence was not sufficient as a matter of law to support defendant\u2019s conviction of robbery with a dangerous weapon. In addition, we address four other issues defendant raises: 1) whether the trial court erred in denying defendant\u2019s motion for a change of venue; 2) whether the trial court erred in arraigning defendant when defendant\u2019s name did not appear on the arraignment calendar; 3) whether the trial court erred in failing to extensively admonish the jurors at every recess not to discuss the case until they were to begin deliberating; and 4) whether the trial court erred in admitting a statement the victim made shortly before he died. We find no prejudicial error with respect to the trial court\u2019s rulings on each of these four issues.\nI.\nIn the early afternoon of 12 April 1981 defendant, together with his wife Wendy Richardson, Guy Charles Osbahr, and Kathy Reddish (now Kathy Osbahr), went to the Little River in Durham County for an outing. After drinking some beer and playing in the water, defendant and Osbahr went into the woods. While they were there they saw Jerry Michael Penny. Penny testified that defendant threatened him and then hit him with a stick. Defendant stated that he had not provoked the fight, that he had hit Penny only after Penny had struck him.\nAfter the altercation with Penny, defendant and Osbahr saw Mark Demarias. Demarias testified that defendant threatened him as well and also struck him with a stick. At one point, Demarias stated that he threw his green duffel bag at defendant in self defense. Upon returning to retrieve it, defendant threatened him again, so Demarias left without picking up his bag. Demarias testified that when he came back two days later, some personal items from his duffel bag were missing, including $17 from his wallet and the duffel bag itself. The evidence tended to show that defendant had taken the $17 from Demarias\u2019 wallet.\nAfter this second altercation, defendant, Osbahr and several others went over to the area where Ronald Antonevitch was seated. The State\u2019s evidence tended to show that defendant struck Antonevitch over the head and in the side with a stick while Antonevitch was sitting on a rock reading a book. Antonevitch later died from the blow to his head. Defendant testified that he struck Antonevitch in self defense because he thought Antonevitch was reaching for a gun.\nThe evidence also tended to show that defendant engaged in these altercations because he was upset that some of the male sunbathers at the Little River were nude and apparently thought some were homosexuals. The evidence showed, however, that all of the victims of these attacks were wearing clothing and that none were engaged in homosexual acts.\nA jury found defendant guilty of the second-degree murder of Antonevitch; the armed robbery of Demarias; and assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury on Penny. The Court of Appeals affirmed defendant\u2019s convictions. Defendant now appeals to this Court as a matter of right because Judge Hedrick dissented in part to the Court of Appeals\u2019 decision.\nII.\nDefendant contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion to dismiss the charge of robbery with a dangerous weapon at the close of the State\u2019s evidence. We agree.\nUpon defendant\u2019s motion to dismiss, the trial court is to determine whether there is substantial evidence: 1) of each essential element of the offense charged or of the lesser offense included therein, and 2) of defendant\u2019s being the perpetrator of the offense. If each of these requirements are satisfied, the motion is properly denied. State v. Powell, 299 N.C. 95, 98, 261 S.E. 2d 114, 117 (1980).\nSubstantial evidence is \u201csuch relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.\u201d State v. Smith, 300 N.C. 71, 78-79, 265 S.E. 2d 164, 169 (1980). To withstand defendant\u2019s motion to dismiss the armed robbery charge, the State was required to show substantial evidence of each of the essential elements of armed robbery. Under N.C.G.S. \u00a7 14-87(a), robbery with a dangerous weapon is defined as \u201cthe taking of the personal property of another in his presence or from his person without his consent by endangering or threatening his life with a firearm or other deadly weapon with the taker knowing that he is not entitled to the property and the taker intending to permanently deprive the owner of the property.\u201d State v. Powell, 299 N.C. at 102, 261 S.E. 2d at 119. In the case at bar, the evidence at trial tended to show that after his altercation with Penny, defendant threatened Demarias and struck him with a stick. In self defense, Demarias threw his duffel bag at defendant. Upon returning to the scene to retrieve the bag, Demarias was threatened again by the defendant.\nIt is well settled law that the defendant must have intended to permanently deprive the owner of his property at the time the taking occurred to be guilty of the offense of robbery. State v. McWilliams, 277 N.C. 680, 687, 178 S.E. 2d 476, 480 (1971); State v. Smith, 268 N.C. 167, 169, 150 S.E. 2d 194, 198 (1966). When Demarias threw his duffel bag at defendant, the uncontroverted evidence indicates that he did so to protect himself. He stated he hoped this would slow down defendant and Osbahr so that he could escape without being harmed. At no point did defendant ask for or demand the property. On cross-examination Demarias testified as follows:\nQ: In the process of hitting you, did he ask you for any money?\nA: No.\nQ: Did he ask you for that duffle bag?\nA: Unh huh.\nQ: How did that duffle bag get to him?\nA: I threw it when I was protecting myself from that club.\nQ: Then you weren\u2019t throwing it at him as a result of any request for money?\nA: No, just self-protection.\nQ: Just self-protection and you didn\u2019t throw it at him because you thought maybe he wanted the duffle bag?\nA: No, no.\nQ: That thought never crossed your mind?\nA: Unh huh.\nQ: So, therefore, I take it that when you parted with that duffle bag, you did not consider yourself being robbed?\nMr. EWARDS: Objection.\nCOURT: Overruled.\nQ: Sir?\nA: Repeat the question.\nQ: When you parted with it, when you threw the duffle bag, you didn\u2019t consider yourself being robbed, you were throwing that duffle bag for self-protection, weren\u2019t you?\nA: When I parted with that duffle bag, it was in protection, maybe to slow them down so I could get out of there without being harmed. They were both \u2014 they wanted to put our lights out. There was no doubt about it. I was scared for my life.\nQ: You were concerned that they were going to assault you, isn\u2019t that correct? They did assault you, and you were concerned that they were going to assault you further?\nA: Correct.\nQ: You were not concerned about whether or not anybody was trying to rob you?\nA: Not at that point, no.\nQ: When you threw the duffle bag?\nA: When I threw the duffle bag.\nQ: Is it safe to say you threw that duffle bag freely and voluntarily?\nA: No.\nQ: Except to the extent that you were protecting yourself?\nA: Protecting myself. (Nods affirmatively.)\nQ: Did anybody ever ask you what was in that duffle bag, sir, prior to the time you threw it, of course?\nA: No.\nThus, when Demarias parted with his property, defendant had not committed armed robbery \u2014the necessary element of intent to deprive the owner permanently of his property was not present.\nThe State argues that defendant committed the offense of armed robbery when he retained possession of Demarias\u2019 property while threatening Demarias with the stick when he tried to retrieve his duffel bag. We disagree. Although many jurisdictions hold that evidence of a defendant\u2019s retention of property through the use of force or intimidation will support an armed robbery conviction, it appears that the majority of jurisdictions hold otherwise. 67 Am. Jur. 2d Robbery \u00a7 26, at 45-46 (1973).\nIndeed, this Court decided over 125 years ago that the offense of robbery has not been committed unless the essential element of force or intimidation precedes or is concomitant with the taking. State v. John, 50 N.C. 163 (1857). Under an analogous circumstance \u2014 the use of force to escape with another\u2019s personal property after the property had been seized by stealth \u2014the Court held that the offense of highway robbery was not committed. In John, the evidence tended to show that the defendant had his hand in the victim\u2019s pocket on his pocketbook, that the victim immediately seized the defendant\u2019s arm, and that a scuffle ensued in which the victim was thrown out of a wagon while the defendant escaped with the victim\u2019s property. The court held that this was not sufficient evidence of highway robbery because there was \u201cno violence \u2014no circumstance of terror resorted to for the purpose of inducing the prosecutor to part with his property for the sake of his person.\u201d Id. at 167 (emphasis added). Instead, the court viewed the struggle between the defendant and the victim as \u201cfairly imputable to an effort on the part of the prisoner to get loose from [the victim\u2019s] grasp and make his escape.\u201d Id. at 169. The holding in John indicates that in this State, the defendant\u2019s use of force or intimidation must necessarily precede or be concomitant with the taking before the defendant can properly be found guilty of armed robbery. That is, the use of force or violence must be such as to induce the victim to part with his or her property. This rule appears to be in accord with the majority of jurisdictions. 67 Am. Jur. 2d Robbery \u00a7 26, at 45-46. See Annot., 93 A.L.R. 3d 643, 643-53 (1979); See also State v. Chapman, 49 N.C. App. 103, 270 S.E. 2d 524 (1980), citing State v. John, 50 N.C. 163 (1857). Although the evidence tended to show defendant took Demarias\u2019 money, it is not sufficient as a matter of law to support the armed robbery conviction: there is no evidence that defendant\u2019s threats or use of violence preceded or were concomitant with the taking of the victim\u2019s property. As noted above, defendant\u2019s initial threats were not made to induce Demarias to part with his property. Thus, the trial court\u2019s denial of defendant\u2019s motion to dismiss the charge of armed robbery was in error. We hold, therefore, that defendant\u2019s conviction and sentence for robbery with a dangerous weapon must be vacated. State v. Powell, 299 N.C. at 102, 261 S.E. 2d at 119.\nIII.\nDefendant contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion for a change of venue. Specifically, defendant argues that his constitutional right to due process was violated because of the existence of prejudicial pretrial publicity which prevented him from receiving a fair trial.\nWe note first that a motion for a change of venue as \u201caddressed to the discretion of the trial judge and his ruling thereon will not be disturbed on appeal unless a manifest abuse of discretion is shown.\u201d State v. Faircloth, 297 N.C. 100, 105, 253 S.E. 2d 890, 893, cert. denied, 444 U.S. 874, 100 S.Ct. 156, 62 L.Ed. 2d 102 (1979). The burden of showing \u201cso great a prejudice against the defendant that he cannot obtain a fair and impartial trial\u201d falls on the defendant. State v. Boykin, 291 N.C. 264, 269, 229 S.E. 2d 914, 917-18 (1976), quoting N.C.G.S. \u00a7 15A-957. Further, in Sheppard v. Maxwell, 384 U.S. 333, 86 S.Ct. 1507, 16 L.Ed. 2d 600 (1966), the United States Supreme Court held that \u201cwhere there is a reasonable likelihood that prejudicial news prior to trial will prevent a fair trial, the judge should continue the case until the threat abates, or transfer it to another county not so permeated with publicity.\u201d Id. at 363, 86 S.Ct. at 1522, 16 L.Ed. 2d at 620. In determining whether the defendant in Sheppard received a fair trial, the United States Supreme Court examined a number of circumstances surrounding the defendant\u2019s trial. The Court looked not only at the nature and extent of the media coverage of the defendant\u2019s case but also at the court\u2019s control, or lack of it, over the trial itself.\nWith respect to the case at bar, we have examined the assorted newspaper clippings, televison news tapes, a public opinion poll and almost 250 pages of transcript dealing with the extensive voir dire conducted to select the members of the jury who eventually heard defendant\u2019s case. We are convinced after having viewed all of these materials that a change of venue was not required under the circumstances of this case.\nThe vast majority of these newspaper articles, and radio and television news broadcasts were factual, noninflammatory news accounts of the events that transpired. This Court has consistently held that where defendant shows only that the publicity surrounding his case consists of such factual, noninflammatory news stories, a trial court\u2019s denial of a change of venue is proper. E.g., State v. Oliver, 302 N.C. 28, 36-37, 274 S.E. 2d 183, 189-90 (1981); State v. Matthews, 295 N.C. 265, 278-79, 245 S.E. 2d 727, 735-36 (1978), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 1128, 99 S.Ct. 1046-47, 59 L.Ed. 2d 90 (1979).\nDefendant further argues, however, that two editorials which appeared in the Durham newspapers were extremely inflammatory. We note that the first editorial reflected on the brutality of the attack and stated that the perpetrators of the crime should receive the harshest punishment the law allows. The second editorial mentioned the Little River incident in discussing generally the prevalence of senseless violence in society. Neither editorial mentioned defendant\u2019s name. We hold that these articles do not amount to inflammatory pretrial publicity sufficient to demand the granting of a motion for a change of venue.\nDefendant also argues that he did not receive a fair trial because of the media\u2019s reports on three meetings held by homosexuals and their supporters to protest the Little River attacks. Various accounts of the incident suggested that the perpetrators of the attacks had committed the assaults because of their disapproval of a group of people they thought were homosexuals who were swimming and sunning along the Little River. About 125 to 200 people participated in the first rally at the Durham County Judicial Building. The meeting was held two days after defendant was arrested but more than five months before he was tried. A second meeting, a march through downtown Durham, was held on 27 June 1981 in which about 260 people participated. Although a newspaper account of the march stated that references were made during the march to the Little River incident, the theme of the march was a commemoration of the 12th anniversary of the gay rights movement. The marchers chanted, \u201cOut of the closet and into the streets,\u201d while holding a banner which read, \u201cOur Day Out, Durham, N.C.\u201d. Clearly, the Little River incident was not the focus of this march. A third rally, in which about 150 people participated, was held in Chapel Hill to protest the Little River attacks. Significantly, the protest was not held in Durham. We hold, therefore, that these meetings do not demonstrate that the Durham community as a whole held a pervasive prejudice against defendant.\nDefendant next urges that a public opinion survey which he submitted in support of his motion for a change of venue demonstrated that the pretrial publicity surrounding defendant\u2019s case created such prejudice against defendant that he could not receive a fair trial. Dr. James Luginbuhl, an Associate Professor of Psychology at North Carolina State University, conducted a survey which indicated that of the 121 people included in the survey, 87 percent indicated that they remembered that a man had been attacked at the Little River and died. Various statistics were produced showing, among other things, the percentage of people who correctly remembered the cause of death and whether someone had been arrested in the case. Defendant further supports his assertion that he has demonstrated extensive prejudicial pretrial publicity because 48 percent of the survey sample responded that they thought the perpetrator of the attack was \u201cprobably guilty,\u201d when asked: \u201cFrom what you know right now do you think a person or persons who were arrested are probably guilty or probably not guilty?\u201d We do not agree that defendant has demonstrated prejudicial pretrial publicity. We believe that the statistics that 87 percent of those surveyed were aware of the Little River incident shows only that many people were aware of the attack. The existence of publicity alone does not constitute sufficient grounds for a change of venue; the publicity must be prejudicial E.g., State v. Matthews, 295 N.C. at 279, 245 S.E. 2d at 736. Further, as the District Attorney pointed out on the cross-examination of Dr. Luginbuhl, the survey did not attempt to determine the respondents\u2019 attitudes to the presumption of innocence until guilt is proven beyond a reasonable doubt or whether, as jurors, they could confine their determinations of guilt or innocence to the evidence presented in court. We think this is particularly significant given the fact that the survey participants were asked whether they thought the perpetrators of the attack were \u201cprobably guilty\u201d on the basis of \u201cwhat you know right now.\u201d\nPerhaps the most persuasive evidence that the pretrial publicity was not prejudicial or inflammatory are the potential jurors\u2019 responses to questions asked at the voir dire hearing conducted to select the jury. At the voir dire hearing, in which each potential juror was questioned about his or her knowledge of the case out of the presence of the others, almost all admitted to having read about the case in the newspaper or having heard about it on television. However, their recollections of those media accounts could only be described as vague. Indeed, when pressed for more details about the incident, several potential jurors apologized for not having remembered more about the Little River stories. More importantly, however, each juror selected to hear defendant\u2019s case unequivocally answered in the affirmative when asked if they could set aside what they had previously heard about defendant\u2019s case and determine defendant\u2019s guilt or innocence based solely on the evidence introduced at trial. In sum, therefore, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying defendant\u2019s motion for a change of venue.\nIV.\nDefendant also contends that the trial court erred in arraigning defendant when his name failed to appear on the arraignment calendar. We agree that this was error but hold that it was not prejudicial to defendant.\nWe note that defendant\u2019s trial was calendared for the week of 21 September 1981. Defendant appeared in court on 21 September with his counsel, stated that he had not yet been arraigned, and then objected. to being arraigned on that day because his name had not appeared on the arraignment calendar. The trial court agreed that defendant\u2019s name was not on the arraignment calendar. However, in proceeding to arraign defendant on that day the trial court further found that defendant\u2019s case had been on previous Motion, Arraignment and Probation Calendars for hearings on various pretrial motions. The trial court further found that at the last pretrial hearing the District Attorney and defendant, through counsel, advised the trial court that they would all be ready for trial on 21 September 1981. In arraigning defendant on 21 September 1981, the.trial court, nevertheless, continued defendant\u2019s case for one week.\nN.C.G.S. \u00a7 15A-943 (1978), the statute governing arraignment procedures in Superior Court, provides as follows:\n\u00a7 15A-943. Arraignment in superior court \u2014 required calendaring.-\n(a) In counties in which there are regularly scheduled 20 or more weeks of trial sessions of superior court at which criminal cases are heard, and in other counties the Chief Justice designates, the prosecutor must calendar arraignments in the superior court on at least the first day of every other week in which criminal cases are heard. No cases in which the presence of a jury is required may be calendared for the day or portion of a day during which arraignments are calendared.\n(b) When a defendant pleads not guilty at an arraignment required by subsection (a), he may not be tried without his consent in the week in which he is arraigned.\n(c) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (a) of this section, in any county where as many as three simultaneous sessions of superior court, whether criminal, civil, or mixed, are regularly scheduled, the prosecutor may calendar arraignments in any of the criminal or mixed sessions, at least every other week, upon any day or days of a session, and jury cases may be calendared for trial in any other court at which criminal cases may be heard, upon such days.\nWe note subsection (a) governs the procedures certain county prosecutors are required to follow in calendaring arraignments in Superior Court. In State v. Shook, 293 N.C. 315, 237 S.E. 2d 843 (1977), this Court held that subsection (a) places a statutory duty upon designated prosecutors to calendar every arraignment. Id. at 319, 237 S.E. 2d at 846 (emphasis in original). In Shook, the Court also interpreted subsection (b) as providing a defendant with the statutory right not to be tried without his consent in the week in which he was arraigned. Id. This Court further held that a violation of subsection (b), that is where defendant is tried without his consent in the week in which he was arraigned, is reversible error even though defendant does not show prejudice. Id., 237 S.E. 2d at 847. The Court grounded its conclusion on the determination that subsection (b) vests defendant with a right to at least a week\u2019s interim between his arraignment and trial in order to prepare his case. The Court in Shook expressly left open the question with which we are presented here: Whether a violation of subsection (a) standing alone \u2014 that is, a failure to calendar a defendant\u2019s arraignment \u2014 constitutes reversible error when defendant nevertheless is given a week\u2019s interval between his arraignment and trial.\nIn Shook, we noted the official commentary to General Statutes, Chapter 15A, Article 51, Arraignment, which declares:\nIt is the purpose of this Article not only to define arraignment in any court but also to provide for a separate time of arraignment in superior court. Time for jurors and witnesses will be saved if matters not requiring their presence can be disposed of before they are brought in. The Commission feels that it is important to our system of justice that unnecessary impositions on the time of citizens be avoided. Thus, in the more populous counties here defined as those having as much as 20 weeks of criminal court (and others which the Chief Justice may designate), a separate time for arraignment will be required. In other counties it is authorized on an optional basis.\nId. at 317-18, 237 S.E. 2d at 845. In so doing, the Court wrote that: \u201cObviously the financial interest of the state as well as the private interests of the individual jurors and witnesses are served by requiring arraignments to be calendared on days when jurors and witnesses are not called.\u201d Id. at 318, 237 S.E. 2d at 846. This Court then distinguished the societal interest in the efficient use of court time from the interest that is furthered under subsection (b), a defendant\u2019s right to a week\u2019s interval between his arraignment and trial. Id. Thus, it appears that the thrust of subsection (a), unlike subsection (b), is the promotion of the efficient use of time by the courts. Defendant has no direct interest in this underlying value. Rather, his only interest is in his vested right to a week\u2019s interval between his arraignment and trial which is provided under subsection (b).\nWe agree that it was error for the trial court to arraign defendant without his consent when the prosecutor failed to carry out his statutory duty to place defendant\u2019s name on the arraignment calendar. Indeed, to hold that it was not error would fail to recognize the prosecutor\u2019s statutory duty to calendar all arraignments. However, we do not find that in this case the error was prejudicial to defendant. Defendant was given notice that he would be tried on 21 September 1981. His counsel even stated that they would be prepared for trial at that time. Instead of going to trial, however, defendant was arraigned on 21 September and given an additional week to prepare his case.\nV.\nThe thrust of defendant\u2019s next contention is that the trial court erred in failing to properly admonish the jury that, among other things, they were not to form any opinions about the case or discuss the case with anyone during court recesses, as required by N.C.G.S. \u00a7 15A-1236(a) (Cum. Supp. 1981). That statute provides:\n(a) The judge at appropriate times must admonish the jurors that it is their duty:\n(1) Not to talk among themselves about the case except in the jury room after their deliberations have begun;\n(2) Not to talk to anyone else, or to allow anyone else to talk with them or in their presence about the case and that they must report to the judge immediately the attempt of anyone to communicate with them about the case;\n(3) Not to form an opinion about the guilt or innocence of the defendant, or express any opinion about the case until they begin their deliberations;\n(4) To avoid reading, watching, or listening to accounts of the trial; and\n(5) Not to talk during trial to parties, witnesses, or counsel.\nThe judge may also admonish them with respect to other matters which he considers appropriate.\nDefendant contends that the trial court erred in giving only partial instructions. Defendant is apparently contending that at each recess the trial court must recite each provision of N.C.G.S. \u00a7 15A-1236(a). We do not agree. The trial court admonished the jury about its duties many, many times throughout this trial which lasted several days. Those admonitions to the jurors ranged from an extensive enumeration of the juror\u2019s duties to a brief reminder to be aware of the instructions the court had given them previously. For example, at one point the trial court stated:\nMembers of the jury, it is time, now, for the evening recess. Please be back in your seats tomorrow morning at nine o\u2019clock. We will resume the trial at that time. I caution you not to have any contact with the witnesses, attorneys or parties in this case, not to read anything in the newspaper, hear any radio or television production about the trial. Do not talk with your family at home about the case or with anyone else. Don\u2019t talk about it among yourselves. Don\u2019t form any impressions or opinions until you have heard all of the evidence, the arguments and instructions of the Court and have retired to deliberate.\nThis particular instruction is a model of clarity. Indeed, we fail to see why defendant contends that this particular instruction was erroneous because it contains every caution set out in N.C.G.S. \u00a7 15A-1236(a). At other points throughout the trial the instructions were less extensive. For example, the trial court instructed the jury before another recess as follows:\nRemember during the luncheon recess not to discuss the case with anyone or allow anyone to discuss it with you. Do not discuss it among yourselves. Don\u2019t form any opinions or conclusions about the case until you have heard all the evidence and arguments of counsel and the charge of the Court.\nIn perhaps one of his briefest instructions the trial court stated before one evening recess:\nMembers of the jury, please observe carefully the cautions that I haven (sic) you at the other recesses. I know you don\u2019t want me to repeat them and every one (sic), but I am required by law to remind you of them at every recess, and I would appreciate your observing them.\nWe hold that these instructions, when examined in the context in which they were given \u2014 that is, instructions made repeatedly not to discuss the case or form an opinion about it which were delivered to a group of adult men and women \u2014were perfectly adequate. We are confident that the members of the jury who sat on defendant\u2019s case were well aware of their statutory duties as jurors.\nVI.\nDefendant finally contends that the trial court erred in admitting into evidence statements that were made by the deceased, Ronald Antonevitch, a short time before Antonevitch lost consciousness and died. Specifically he contends the trial court erred in not explicitly finding as a fact that Antonevitch believed he had \u201cno hope of recovery\u201d when he made his dying declarations.\nIn State v. Hamlette, 302 N.C. 490, 276 S.E. 2d 338 (1981), this Court restated the requirements which must be met before a dying declaration will be admitted into evidence. The Court wrote:\nDying declarations by the person whose death is at issue have long been admissible in North Carolina provided: (1) at the time they were made the declarant was in actual danger of death; (2) he had full apprehension of the danger; (3) death did in fact ensue; and (4) declarant, if living, would be a competent witness to testify to the matter.\nId. at 495-96, 276 S.E. 2d at 342.\nThe Court then noted that the \u201cGeneral Assembly codified the essentials of these requirements in G.S. 8-51.1.\u201d Id. That statute reads:\nThe dying declarations of a deceased person regarding the cause or circumstances of his death shall be admissible in evidence in all civil and criminal trials and other proceedings before courts, administrative agencies and other tribunals to the same extent and for the same purposes that they might have been admissible had the deceased survived and been sworn as a witness in the proceedings, subject to proof that:\n(1) At the time of the making of such declaration the deceased was conscious of approaching death and believed there was no hope of recovery;\n(2) Such declaration was voluntarily made.\n\u201cThe admissibility of these declarations is a decision for the trial judge, and appellate review is limited to the narrow question of whether there is any evidence tending to show the prerequisites of admissibility.\u201d State v. Hamlette, 302 N.C. at 496-97, 276 S.E. 2d at 343, citing State v. Stevens, 295 N.C. 21, 28-29, 243 S.E. 2d 771, 776 (1978).\nIn the case at bar, two police officers testified on voir dire that they interviewed Antonevitch at the hospital to investigate the assault made on him earlier in the day at the Little River. They testified that throughout the interview, in which Antonevitch recounted the attack made on him, he repeatedly stated to them: \u201cOh God, I am dying; somebody please help me.\u201d They testified that these statements were made about 5 p.m. and 7 p.m., a short time before Antonevitch lost consciousness about 8 or 8:30 p.m. and died from the blow to his head. Although one of the doctors at the hospital testified that Antonevitch never made any such statements while he was present and that in his opinion Antonevitch was not aware of his approaching death, the trial court found as a fact that Antonevitch did make these statements to the officers which indicated he was aware he was dying. This finding was amply supported by the two officers\u2019 testimony. Defendant contends, however, that the trial court erred in not finding explicitly that Antonevitch believed he had \u201cno hope of recovery\u201d when he made these statements. In State v. Hamlette, 302 N.C. at 496, 276 S.E. 2d at 343, this Court stated that, \u201cit is not necessary that declarant personally express his belief that he has no chance of recovery. This may be shown by the circumstances.\u201d When the trial court found that Antonevitch did in fact make statements to the effect that he knew he was dying, the finding was the same as an explicit statement that the court had found Antonevitch believed he had \u201cno hope of recovery\u201d when he made the statements at issue. As Chief Justice Sharp stated for the Court in State v. Stevens, 295 N.C. at 29, 243 S.E. 2d at 776: \u201cObviously, if one believes he is going to die he believes there is \u2018no hope of recovery.\u2019 \u201d We hold, therefore, that the trial court properly admitted Antonevitch\u2019s dying declarations.\nVII.\nFor the reasons discussed above, we must reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals affirming defendant\u2019s conviction and sentence on the charge of robbery with a dangerous weapon and remand the case to the Court of Appeals with directions to remand to the Superior Court, Durham County, for proceedings consistent with this opinion.\nCase No. 81CRS10449 reversed and remanded.\nWe affirm the Court of Appeals\u2019 decision to the extent it held that defendant\u2019s convictions for murder in the second degree and assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury were free from prejudicial error.\nCase No. 81CRS9076 and No. 81CRS10740 affirmed.\n. Although the term \u201cdefendant\u201d appeared here in Hamlette, the correct term, \u201cdeclarant,\u201d is found in State v. Stevens, 295 N.C. 21, 28, 243 S.E. 2d 771, 776 (1978), one of the cases upon which the Court relied in Hamlette in restating the requirements a dying declaration must satisfy before it will be admitted into evidence.", "type": "majority", "author": "FRYE, Justice." } ], "attorneys": [ "Rufus L. Edmisten, Attorney General, by Henry T. Rosser, Assistant Attorney General, for the State.", "Samuel Roberti, Attorney for defendant-appellant." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. CHRIS LEE RICHARDSON\nNo. 14A83\n(Filed 31 May 1983)\n1. Robbery \u00a7 4.7\u2014 armed robbery \u2014 insufficiency of evidence\nThe State\u2019s evidence was insufficient to support conviction of defendant for armed robbery where it tended to show that defendant threatened the victim and struck him with a stick; the victim threw his duffel bag at defendant in self-defense; upon returning to the scene to retrieve his duffel bag, the victim was again threatened by defendant and left without picking up his bag; when the victim came back two days later, some personal items from his duffel bag were missing, including $17.00 from his wallet; and defendant was the person who took the $17.00 from the victim\u2019s wallet, since there was no evidence that defendant\u2019s threats or use of violence preceded or were concomitant with the taking of the victim\u2019s property and that defendant\u2019s threats induced the victim to part with his property.\n2. Criminal Law \u00a7 15.1\u2014 motion for change of venue \u2014 pretrial publicity \u2014 inability to receive fair trial in county\nIn a prosecution for second degree murder, armed robbery and assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury in which various accounts of the incident in question suggested that it resulted from the perpetrator\u2019s disapproval of a group of people he thought were homosexuals who were swimming and sunning along a river, the trial court did not err in the denial of defendant\u2019s motion for a change of venue because of pretrial publicity where the vast majority of newspaper articles and radio and television news accounts of the incident were factual and noninflammatory. Nor did two newspaper editorials about the incident, the media\u2019s reports on meetings held by homosexuals and their supporters to protest the incident, or a public opinion survey showing that 87% of those surveyed were aware of the incident show that defendant could not receive a fair trial in the county so as to require a change of venue.\n3. Criminal Law \u00a7 22\u2014 arraignment \u2014 name not on arraignment calendar-harmless error\nWhile the trial court erred in arraigning defendant without his consent when his name failed to appear on the arraignment calendar in violation of subsection (a) of G.S. 15A-943, such error was not prejudicial where defendant was nevertheless given a week\u2019s interval between his arraignment and trial pursuant to subsection (b) of that statute, and where defense counsel had previously advised the trial court that they would be ready for trial on the date of the arraignment.\n4. Criminal Law \u00a7 101\u2014 failure to admonish jury fully before each recess\nThe trial court did not err in failing to give the jury the full admonishments set forth in G.S. 15A-1236(a) prior to each recess where admonishments given to the jury prior to the recesses ranged from extensive instructions containing every caution set forth in G.S. 15A-1236(a) to a brief reminder to be aware of the instructions previously given by the court.\n5. Homicide \u00a7 16\u2014 competency of statements as dying declarations\nStatements made by deceased were properly admitted as dying declarations pursuant to G.S. 8-51.1 where the trial court determined upon supporting evidence that deceased did in fact make statements to the effect that he knew he was dying. It was unnecessary for the court to find further that deceased believed there was no hope of recovery since deceased obviously had such a belief if he believed he was going to die.\nDEFENDANT was tried during the 28 September 1981 Session of Superior Court, DURHAM County, before the Honorable John C. Martin. A jury found defendant guilty of murder in the second degree, robbery with a dangerous weapon, and assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury. Defendant was sentenced to 25 years to life for the second-degree murder conviction, a concurrent term of seven years for the armed robbery conviction, and a concurrent five-year term for the assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury conviction. The Court of Appeals, in an opinion written by Judge Hill and with which Judge Webb separately concurred, found no prejudicial error in defendant\u2019s trial. Because Judge Hedrick dissented in part to the Court of Appeals\u2019 decision, defendant appeals to this Court as a matter of right under N.C.G.S. \u00a7 7A-30(2) (1981).\nRufus L. Edmisten, Attorney General, by Henry T. Rosser, Assistant Attorney General, for the State.\nSamuel Roberti, Attorney for defendant-appellant." }, "file_name": "0470-01", "first_page_order": 506, "last_page_order": 523 }