{ "id": 2400836, "name": "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. LESLY JEAN", "name_abbreviation": "State v. Jean", "decision_date": "1984-02-02", "docket_number": "No. 112A83", "first_page": "157", "last_page": "184", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "310 N.C. 157" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C.", "id": 9292, "name": "Supreme Court of North Carolina" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "311 S.E. 2d 266", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1983, "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "309 N.C. 224", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4768164 ], "year": 1983, "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/nc/309/0224-01" ] }, { "cite": "272 S.E. 2d 128", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "Exum, J., holding no error in admissibility of evidence regarding defendant's sexual relations with other women and other forms of misconduct brought out on cross-examination of defendant himself" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "301 N.C. 407", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8567847 ], "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "Exum, J., holding no error in admissibility of evidence regarding defendant's sexual relations with other women and other forms of misconduct brought out on cross-examination of defendant himself" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/301/0407-01" ] }, { "cite": "235 S.E. 2d 203", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1977, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "293 N.C. 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8561228 ], "year": 1977, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/293/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "295 S.E. 2d 413", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1982, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "306 N.C. 718", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8573622 ], "year": 1982, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/306/0718-01" ] }, { "cite": "287 S.E. 2d 827", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1982, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "305 N.C. 274", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8567535 ], "year": 1982, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/305/0274-01" ] }, { "cite": "196 S.E. 2d 725", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1973, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "Lake, J., holding defendant properly cross-examined about his possession of, familiarity with, and interest in pornographic magazines" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "283 N.C. 541", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8559349 ], "year": 1973, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "Lake, J., holding defendant properly cross-examined about his possession of, familiarity with, and interest in pornographic magazines" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/283/0541-01" ] }, { "cite": "221 S.E. 2d 268", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1976, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "Exum, J., holding that an accused person who testifies as a witness may be cross-examined regarding prior acts of misconduct, in this case circumstances of defendant's undesirable discharge from military service" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "289 N.C. 239", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8567764 ], "year": 1976, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "Exum, J., holding that an accused person who testifies as a witness may be cross-examined regarding prior acts of misconduct, in this case circumstances of defendant's undesirable discharge from military service" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/289/0239-01" ] }, { "cite": "296 S.E. 2d 451", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1982, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "307 N.C. 71", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8560647 ], "year": 1982, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/307/0071-01" ] }, { "cite": "50 L.Ed. 2d 278", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1976, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "429 U.S. 912", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6211, 7260, 7615 ], "year": 1976, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/429/0912-01", "/us/429/0912-03", "/us/429/0912-02" ] }, { "cite": "224 S.E. 2d 537", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1976, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "289 N.C. 668", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8572654 ], "year": 1976, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/289/0668-01" ] }, { "cite": "268 S.E. 2d 161", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "300 N.C. 534", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8562817 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/300/0534-01" ] }, { "cite": "302 S.E. 2d 438", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "441" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "308 N.C. 357", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4706680 ], "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/308/0357-01" ] }, { "cite": "235 S.E. 2d 828", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1977, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "293 N.C. 105", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8561617 ], "year": 1977, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/293/0105-01" ] }, { "cite": "301 S.E. 2d 71", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "308 N.C. 169", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4710824 ], "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/308/0169-01" ] }, { "cite": "196 S.E. 2d 725", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1973, "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "283 N.C. 541", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8559349 ], "year": 1973, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nc/283/0541-01" ] }, { "cite": "272 S.E. 2d 128", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 2 }, { "cite": "301 N.C. 407", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8567847 ], "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/nc/301/0407-01" ] }, { "cite": "84 N.C. 766", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8698755 ], "year": 1881, "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/nc/84/0766-01" ] }, { "cite": "83 S.E. 2d 543", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1954, "opinion_index": 2 }, { "cite": "240 N.C. 606", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8606359 ], "year": 1954, "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/nc/240/0606-01" ] }, { "cite": "N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 8-54", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "N.C. Gen. Stat.", "year": 1981, "opinion_index": 2 }, { "cite": "17 Wake Forest L. Rev. 561", "category": "journals:journal", "reporter": "Wake Forest L. Rev.", "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "591-95", "parenthetical": "hereinafter Impeaching the Testifying Defendant" } ], "opinion_index": 2 }, { "cite": "340 So. 2d 1379", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "So. 2d", "case_ids": [ 9692783 ], "year": 1976, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1381" } ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/so2d/340/1379-01" ] }, { "cite": "531 F. 2d 888", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 1074196 ], "year": 1976, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "891" } ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/531/0888-01" ] }, { "cite": "303 S.E. 2d 804", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "where the Court assumed that cross-examination of defendant about his prior employment at an adult bookstore was objectionable" } ], "opinion_index": 2 }, { "cite": "308 N.C. 736", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4710863 ], "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "where the Court assumed that cross-examination of defendant about his prior employment at an adult bookstore was objectionable" } ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/nc/308/0736-01" ] }, { "cite": "403 U.S. 15", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 12026621 ], "year": 1971, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "25" } ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/us/403/0015-01" ] }, { "cite": "245 S.E. 2d 397", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1978, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "398" } ], "opinion_index": 2 }, { "cite": "37 N.C. App. 53", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8550377 ], "year": 1978, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "55" } ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/37/0053-01" ] }, { "cite": "N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 14-190.1", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "N.C. Gen. Stat.", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "(a)" } ], "opinion_index": 2 }, { "cite": "197 S.E. 176", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "year": 1938, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "gambling" } ], "opinion_index": 2 }, { "cite": "213 N.C. 590", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8629537 ], "year": 1938, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "gambling" } ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/nc/213/0590-01" ] }, { "cite": "193 S.E. 2d 71", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1972, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "assault and sodomy" } ], "opinion_index": 2 }, { "cite": "282 N.C. 334", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8565099 ], "year": 1972, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "assault and sodomy" } ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/nc/282/0334-01" ] }, { "cite": "233 S.E. 2d 507", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1971, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "robberies" } ], "opinion_index": 2 }, { "cite": "292 N.C. 391", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8569830 ], "year": 1971, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "robberies" } ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/nc/292/0391-01" ] }, { "cite": "259 S.E. 2d 270", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "rape" } ], "opinion_index": 2 }, { "cite": "298 N.C. 441", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8572690 ], "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "rape" } ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/nc/298/0441-01" ] }, { "cite": "449 U.S. 960", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11803324, 11803268, 11803117, 11803598, 11803378, 11803827, 11803669, 11803157, 11803512, 11803196, 11803454 ], "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "killing" } ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/us/449/0960-05", "/us/449/0960-04", "/us/449/0960-01", "/us/449/0960-09", "/us/449/0960-06", "/us/449/0960-11", "/us/449/0960-10", "/us/449/0960-02", "/us/449/0960-08", "/us/449/0960-03", "/us/449/0960-07" ] }, { "cite": "266 S.E. 2d 631", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "killing" } ], "opinion_index": 2 }, { "cite": "300 N.C. 223", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8560989 ], "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "killing" } ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/nc/300/0223-01" ] }, { "cite": "185 S.E. 2d 174", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1971, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "181" } ], "opinion_index": 2 }, { "cite": "279 N.C. 663", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8571959 ], "year": 1971, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "675" } ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/nc/279/0663-01" ] }, { "cite": "226 S.E. 2d 652", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1976, "opinion_index": 2 }, { "cite": "290 N.C. 383", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8561569 ], "year": 1976, "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/nc/290/0383-01" ] }, { "cite": "233 S.E. 2d 905", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1977, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "913-14" }, { "page": "914" } ], "opinion_index": 2 }, { "cite": "292 N.C. 270", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8569542 ], "year": 1977, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "282" } ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/nc/292/0270-01" ] }, { "cite": "388 U.S. 218", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6168076 ], "year": 1967, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "228" } ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/us/388/0218-01" ] }, { "cite": "469 F. 2d 552", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 257481 ], "year": 1972, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "555-56" } ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/469/0552-01" ] }, { "cite": "502 F. 2d 273", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 99121 ], "year": 1974, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "274-75" } ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/502/0273-01" ] }, { "cite": "196 S.E. 2d 725", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 6, "year": 1973, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "729" }, { "page": "727" }, { "page": "728" }, { "page": "730" } ], "opinion_index": 2 }, { "cite": "283 N.C. 541", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8559349 ], "year": 1973, "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/nc/283/0541-01" ] }, { "cite": "221 S.E. 2d 268", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1976, "opinion_index": 2 }, { "cite": "289 N.C. 239", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8567764 ], "year": 1976, "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/nc/289/0239-01" ] }, { "cite": "296 S.E. 2d 451", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1982, "opinion_index": 2 }, { "cite": "307 N.C. 71", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8560647 ], "year": 1982, "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/nc/307/0071-01" ] }, { "cite": "268 S.E. 2d 161", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 2 }, { "cite": "300 N.C. 534", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8562817 ], "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/nc/300/0534-01" ] }, { "cite": "302 S.E. 2d 438", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 3, "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "441" }, { "page": "441" } ], "opinion_index": 2 }, { "cite": "308 N.C. 357", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4706680 ], "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/nc/308/0357-01" ] }, { "cite": "235 S.E. 2d 828", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1977, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "838-39" } ], "opinion_index": 2 }, { "cite": "293 N.C. 105", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8561617 ], "year": 1977, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "122-24" } ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/nc/293/0105-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 2010, "char_count": 64372, "ocr_confidence": 0.797, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.0703400545995646e-07, "percentile": 0.5596027027058335 }, "sha256": "ba335fd76f80b86c5eeacb16b337f678a862c84de104c286795a87e6a8e599d6", "simhash": "1:3b2ee5d7c46e485b", "word_count": 10492 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T22:57:26.657763+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Justice Frye joins in this dissenting opinion." ], "parties": [ "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. LESLY JEAN" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "MEYER, Justice.\nDefendant first contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress the identification testimony of Mrs. Wilson, arguing that the testimony was the product of a pretrial identification procedure which was so impermissibly suggestive that it created a substantial likelihood of irreparably mistaken identification.\nFollowing a voir dire hearing on defendant\u2019s motion to suppress, the trial court made the following findings of fact:\n2. That Alice Kathleen Wilson retired for bed at approximately one o\u2019clock A.M. on the 21st of July and before retiring for bed she left the lights on in her hallway, living room and kitchen.\n3. That the lights from the kitchen and living room shown in through her bedroom.\n5. That at 3:00 A.M. on July 21st, 1982, Mrs. Wilson awoke from her sleep and observed a black male standing over her. That this person grabbed Mrs. Wilson and forced her to submit to various acts of sexual and oral intercourse within her bedroom. That this intruder was in Mrs. Wilson\u2019s bedroom for an hour and 15 minutes and that during this time Mrs. Wilson was within a foot of him for an hour of that time.\n6. That these various acts of sexual intercourse and oral intercourse occurred in an area of Mrs. Wilson\u2019s bedroom where she could see very clearly who her intruder was because of the light emanating from the kitchen into her bedroom.\n8. That Mrs. Wilson described her assailant as being approximately 5 feet 8 inches tall, 160-165 pounds, wearing dark navy blue jogging shorts, dark teeshirt, white high-top Nike tennis shoes with a black swirl on the side of the tennis shoes, almond eyes, high cheek bones, fairly thick lips, and a freckle on the left side of her assailant\u2019s face.\n9. That her assailant left her house at approximately 4:15 A.M. and Mrs. Wilson thereafter reported the sexual assault to the police. That at this time the Jacksonville Police Department placed the description of Mrs. Wilson\u2019s assailant over the radio and this was disseminated to various police officers in Jacksonville.\n10. That at approximately 4:40 A.M. Officer Jim Shingle-ton of the Jacksonville Police Department stopped a person along LeJeune Blvd. in Jacksonville meeting the description of Mrs. Wilson\u2019s assailant. That Officer Shingleton frisked this person and was in this person\u2019s presence for a period of about 2 minutes. That thereafter this person ran from Officer Shingleton into the woods along Lejeune Blvd. and was not to be found on that particular morning.\n11. That on July 26th, 1982 Officer Shingleton saw the defendant at Dunkin\u2019 Donuts in Jacksonville located 2 houses away from 104 Sherwood Rd. and at that time seized the defendant and took him to the police station in Jacksonville. At that time the defendant granted permission to Detective Steve Smith of the Jacksonville Police Department to search his wall locker. That Officer Smith after executing said search returned Lesly Jean to the police department where Lesly Jean consented to the taking of his photograph. Lesly Jean was then released at 2:30 on the 27th of July, 1982.\n12. That on July 27th, 1982, Detective Smith made up a photographic lineup containing 6 black males including the defendant. That these photographs depicted persons in their early 20\u2019s from the waist up including their head. That these pictures were all similar in physical description.\n13. That these photographs were displayed to Alice Kathleen Wilson on July 27, 1982 at the Jacksonville Police Department. That these photographs were displayed in a folder. That these photographs were displayed in a non-suggestive manner. That Detective Smith never told Alice Kathleen Wilson which person or persons he suspected of this crime. That Alice Kathleen Wilson was unable at that time to select a photograph of her assailant.\n14. That on July 28th, 1982, Alice Kathleen Wilson asked to see the photographic lineup again. That at 6:30 on July 28, 1982, she viewed the same photographs displayed to her on the 27th of July, 1982. That again these photographs were displayed in a non-suggestive manner by Detective Steve Smith and he did not tell her at any time which of those photographs, if any, were suspects in the rape case. That after viewing this photographic lineup, Mrs. Wilson told Detective Smith that photograph number 5 appeared as if he was looking at her and stated \u2018That\u2019s the one who makes me feel sick.\u2019 That photograph number 5 is the defendant Lesly Jean.\n15. That on August 3rd, 1982, Detective Steve Smith asked Lesly Jean if he would consent to reading various sentences into a tape recorder for the purpose of recording his voice. That Lesly Jean consented to doing this and did so. That Detective Smith also asked 4 other persons to do the same thing. That the voices were recorded onto a tape recording. That the voices are all fairly similar in sound.\n16. That on August 4th, 1982, this tape recording was played for Mrs. Wilson and she selected voice number 3, that of Lesly Jean, as her assailant by stating the words \u2018Number 3 sounds like the one that was in my bedroom the other night.\u2019 That this voice identification procedure was conducted in a non-suggestive manner. That Detective Smith never told Mrs. Wilson which of the voices if any were suspected of being her assailant.\n17. That the investigation of this case continued until the 17th of September, 1982, whereupon Lesly Jean came to the police department of his own volition. That at this time Lesly Jean was not under arrest and was appearing at the police station voluntarily, of his own will and accord. That Lesly Jean agreed to participate in a live lineup which occurred at the police station. That this lineup consisted of, in addition to Lesly Jean, two other black males who were similar in physical size and description to Lesly Jean. That Lesly Jean was given a chance to select which position of the lineup he would stand and he selected to stand in between the two other black males. That Mrs. Wilson viewed these persons from behind a glass window wherein she only saw the person from the waist up including their head. That these persons had their shirts off at this time and Mrs. Wilson could see the bare chest of each person and his face. That these lineup procedures were conducted in a totally non-suggestive manner and Mrs. Wilson was never told by anyone who, if any, of the persons were suspected of being her assailant. That after viewing these persons for a few moments Mrs. Wilson selected person number 2, that of Lesly Jean, as being her assailant. That the defendant, before participating in the lineup, was told that he had a right to counsel and he voluntarily waived a right to counsel before participating in the lineup. That at this time Mrs. Wilson indicated that she was positive that Lesly Jean was in fact her assailant. That at the time of this viewing Mrs. Wilson noted a freckle on the left cheek of the defendant, the same freckle she recalled seeing the morning of her assault. At the time of this lineup procedure, no adversary judicial criminal proceedings had been initiated against the defendant.\n18. That after Mrs. Wilson was attacked her description to the Jacksonville Police Department included her assailant\u2019s height, weight, complexion, distinguishing facial features, build, and voice. That this description was extremely detailed and more than ordinarily thorough. That she expressed no doubt what-so-ever that the defendant was the person who raped her.\n19. That Mrs. Wilson\u2019s identification of the defendant in the courtroom is based on her observation of him in her house on the morning of July 21, 1982 and is not tainted by any pretrial identification procedures.\n20. That the Court has had an opportunity [to] observe Mrs. Wilson\u2019s testimony in court during the Voir Dire and notes that the witness had over one hour and 15 minutes in the presence of the defendant. That during this time she was within extremely close proximity of the defendant for an hour out of this hour and 15 minutes. That during this time her degree of attention was directed towards the defendant at all times. That the accuracy of Mrs. Wilson\u2019s prior description of her assailant conforms with the way the defendant appears in court toiday and Mrs. Wilson is absolutely positive that the defendant is her assailant.\nBased on the above findings of fact, the trial court concluded:\n1. That the photographic lineup procedure was not impermissibly suggestive and was proper in all respects.\n2. That the totality of the circumstances does not reveal a pretrial procedure so unnecessarily suggestive and conducive to irreparable mistaken identification as to offend fundamental standards of decency, fairness and justice.\n3. That the photographic lineup procedure does not give rise to any likelihood of irreparable misidentification.\n4. That the voice identification procedures were not impermissibly or unduly suggestive and were proper in all respects.\n5. That the totality of the circumstances does not reveal a pretrial procedure so unnecessarily suggestive and conducive to irreparable misidentification as to offend fundamental standards of decency, fairness and justice.\n6. That the voice identification procedure does not give rise to any likelihood of irreparable misidentification.\n7. That the live lineup which occurred on September 17, 1982 was not impermissibly or unduly suggestive and was perfectly proper in all respects.\n8. That the defendant did not have a constitutional right to the presence [of] counsel at the live lineup because no adversary judicial criminal proceeding had been initiated against the defendant prior to this confrontation.\n9. That this identification procedure did not give rise to any likelihood of irreparable misidentification and was not so suggestive as to deprive the defendant of due process of law.\nSometime after viewing the photographic lineup, in late July or early August, Mrs. Wilson was hypnotized for purposes of determining further details concerning her description of the defendant. Mrs. Wilson stated that nothing new developed as a result of the hypnosis.\nIn support of his contention that the pretrial identification procedure was impermissibly suggestive, defendant points to the following:\n(1) Defendant was the only person who appeared in both photographic and live lineups, therefore a possibility exists that Mrs. Wilson may have identified the defendant in the live lineup because he was the only man she had seen in the two previous photographic arrays. The record suggests otherwise.\nAfter viewing the first photographic array, the victim could make no positive identification. She testified that she became physically ill that evening after viewing the photographs because one of them bothered her. She asked to view the same lineup the next day at which time she stated that the photograph of the defendant was the one that made her feel sick. At this point, then, the victim had made a tentative identification of the defendant as her assailant. She testified that her reluctance to make a more positive identification at that time was due to the fact that she realized the seriousness of the offenses charged and that there were certain identifying features not visible in the photograph. It was, nevertheless, a tentative identification which a live lineup merely served to reinforce once the victim was afforded an opportunity to observe certain details of her assailant\u2019s appearance not observable in the photograph. As she viewed the live lineup, the victim asked to view defendant\u2019s profile. She then became emotionally upset and identified the defendant as her assailant. She testified that she based her identification of the defendant at the live lineup on the fact that she saw freckles on the defendant\u2019s face which she observed on her assailant. She did not see the freckles on the front view photograph of the defendant which appeared in the photographic lineup. She also recognized certain distinctive features of the defendant\u2019s profile.\n(2) Mrs. Wilson was hypnotized prior to viewing the live lineup in order to see if she could recall why defendant\u2019s photograph had bothered her. This fact, according to defendant, \u201cgreatly enhanced the possibility of an unconscious transference causing her to mistakenly relate to her recollection of defendant\u2019s photograph rather than to the features of the assailant she actually observed on the night of the crime.\u201d We reject defendant\u2019s argument based on two significant facts which emerge from this record. First, the victim, immediately after the assault, had provided law enforcement authorities with a complete, detailed, and, under the circumstances of the trauma she experienced, a reasonably accurate description of her assailant. Second, the victim testified that no new information developed as a result of the hypnotic session.\nWe conclude that because the victim\u2019s initial description of her assailant was sufficiently detailed to result in a composite drawing upon which defendant\u2019s subsequent apprehension was based, and because the articulated basis for the victim\u2019s positive identification was independent of any possible suggestiveness in the procedure, the pretrial identification procedure cannot be said to be so impermissibly suggestive as to create a substantial likelihood of irreparable mistaken identification. The trial court\u2019s findings of fact support its conclusions of law and defendant\u2019s motion to suppress the identification testimony was properly denied. See State v. Chatman, 308 N.C. 169, 301 S.E. 2d 71 (1983).\nDefendant next contends that he was denied due process when the trial judge refused to permit defense counsel to view the victim\u2019s statement prior to cross-examining her during the voir dire hearing on the motion to suppress her identification testimony. Defendant argues that because the trial court denied his request without conducting an in camera hearing to determine whether the statement contained inconsistencies useful for impeachment purposes, reversible error was thereby committed. He cites to State v. Hardy, 293 N.C. 105, 235 S.E. 2d 828 (1977), which held that G.S. \u00a7 15A-904(a) does not bar discovery of prosecution witnesses\u2019 statements at trial and that the appropriate procedure for disclosure once a request has been made is for the trial judge to order an in camera inspection of the statement to determine its relevance for, as an example, impeachment purposes. In the instant case the voir dire hearing took place after the jury had been selected. Thus, argues defendant, although defense counsel requested the statement for purposes of cross-examination at the voir dire hearing on the motion as opposed to cross-examination before the jury, the voir dire hearing took place at trial Therefore the trial judge was required to follow the in camera procedure outlined in Hardy once defense counsel requested the statement.\nWe addressed this issue in State v. Williams, 308 N.C. 357, 302 S.E. 2d 438 (1983). In Williams the defendant, too, argued that the victim\u2019s statements were critical to defense counsel\u2019s cross-examination of the prosecuting witness at a voir dire hearing on a motion to suppress identification testimony. The jury had, however, not yet been empaneled in Williams. There we declined to extend the rule enunicated in Hardy to permit discovery of a prosecuting witness\u2019s statements for the purpose of cross-examination at the voir dire. We adhere to our holding in Williams and reject defendant\u2019s argument that the technical distinction of whether a jury has or has not been empaneled is of some consequence in determining whether the statements may be discoverable at trial Rather, the issue is whether the statements are made available to the defendant during trial before a jury after direct examination of the witness. As we stated in Williams, \u201c[wjhatever impeachment value there [is] in the victim\u2019s statements [goes] to the weight of the victim\u2019s identification of the defendant rather than to its admissibility.\u201d Id. at 361, 302 S.E. 2d at 441.\nIn the case sub judice defendant was provided with the victim\u2019s statement prior to cross-examination before the jury. At that time the alleged \u201cinconsistency\u201d between the statement and her trial testimony was fully explored by defense counsel. That is, she testified that although she had not mentioned, as part of her initial description of her assailant, that he had a freckle or mole on the side of his face, she did tell the officer who compiled the composite drawing about the freckle. This fact was corroborated by the officer who prepared the composite. The assignment of error is without merit.\nDefendant\u2019s third assignment of error concerns a matter brought out on cross-examination of the defendant which he contends was error because it was irrelevant to the issue being tried in the case, \u201chighly inflammatory\u201d and \u201cextremely prejudicial.\u201d\nAt trial the defendant took the stand and testified on his own behalf. He testified on direct examination that on the night of 26 July he had been at the Deluxe Hotel with a \u201cyoung lady\u201d and from there went to Dunkin\u2019 Donuts where he was first apprehended. On cross-examination he was questioned further concerning what transpired at the Deluxe Hotel prior to his arrest. He admitted that he and the unidentified young woman were in the hotel room viewing pornographic movies depicting acts of sexually deviant behavior. The acts depicted were the same type of sexual acts that had been forced upon the victim five days earlier. Defendant argues that the conduct in question was not necessarily wrongful and therefore not admissible as a specific act of degrading conduct. The defendant further argues that even if this evidence is relevant, it should be excluded because its probative force is comparatively weak and the likelihood of its playing upon the passions and prejudices of the jury is great.\nThe State contends that this conduct related to defendant\u2019s character, or lack thereof, and was a proper subject for cross-examination. 1 Brandis on North Carolina Evidence \u00a7 43 (1982). State v. Lynch, 300 N.C. 534, 268 S.E. 2d 161 (1980). The State argues that this evidence of prior disparaging conduct by a defendant is properly admissible upon cross-examination of that defendant, not as substantive evidence of guilt, but rather for purposes of character impeachment. State v. McKenna, 289 N.C. 668, 224 S.E. 2d 537, death penalty vacated, 429 U.S. 912, 50 L.Ed. 2d 278 (1976); 1 Brandis on North Carolina Evidence \u00a7 80.\nThe cases and authorities which tend to support the State\u2019s position are: State v. Sparks, 307 N.C. 71, 296 S.E. 2d 451 (1982) (Exum, J., citing the general rule that a criminal defendant who testifies may be cross-examined for purposes of impeachment concerning any prior specific acts of criminal and degrading conduct, but error here where prosecutor\u2019s query, in a first degree sexual offense case, concerning sexual improprieties failed to identify a specific act of misconduct); State v. Small, 301 N.C. 407, 272 S.E. 2d 128 (1980) (Exum, J., holding no error in admissibility of evidence regarding defendant\u2019s sexual relations with other women and other forms of misconduct brought out on cross-examination of defendant himself); State v. Lynch, 300 N.C. 534, 268 S.E. 2d 161 (Copeland, J., holding that district attorney could properly ask defendant on cross-examination if he had called the district attorney a \u201cpunk\u201d and had mouthed the word \u201cmother\u201d to him); State v. Lester, 289 N.C. 239, 221 S.E. 2d 268 (1976) (Exum, J., holding that an accused person who testifies as a witness may be cross-examined regarding prior acts of misconduct, in this case circumstances of defendant\u2019s undesirable discharge from military service); State v. Gurley, 283 N.C. 541, 196 S.E. 2d 725 (1973) (Lake, J., holding defendant properly cross-examined about his possession of, familiarity with, and interest in pornographic magazines); and 1 Brandis on North Carolina Evidence \u00a7 111 and cases cited thereunder.\nWe find it unnecessary to address the question of the admissibility of this evidence on cross-examination concerning defendant\u2019s conduct in watching these movies in the motel room with the young woman to show prior disparaging conduct. Assuming arguendo that it should not have been admitted, we find the error harmless. Taken in the context of all the evidence and in view of the substantial evidence of defendant\u2019s guilt, it is completely unreasonable to assume that this item of evidence was, in the minds of the jurors, a determining factor in assessing defendant\u2019s guilt. Immediately following the assault, the victim gave a description of her assailant from which a composite drawing was made. Defendant was recognized by a police officer and arrested based on this composite drawing. The victim made a positive voice identification, and an unequivocal in-court identification, based solely on her observations at the time of the crime. Results of blood tests pointed to the defendant as the perpetrator of the crime. Clothes matching those worn by the assailant were discovered in defendant\u2019s locker. There is no reasonable possibility that had the evidence been excluded, a different result would have been reached at trial. G.S. \u00a7 15A-1443(a); State v. Jordan, 305 N.C. 274, 287 S.E. 2d 827 (1982). We find no prejudicial error in the admission of this testimony.\n[5J Finally, defendant contends that the trial court erred in failing to dismiss the charges against him because of insufficient evidence that defendant either employed a deadly weapon or inflicted serious personal injury on the victim. He argues that although the vise grips employed by defendant in this case could possibly be considered a deadly weapon, because he employed them to feign the presence of a gun and \u201cneither by words nor by gestures indicated that the Vice Grips (sic) would be used as a club,\u201d the evidence was insufficient to support a finding that defendant employed a deadly weapon. As we understand defendant\u2019s reasoning, he argues that because he threatened to shoot the victim with the vise grips, her fear that he was going to crush her skull with them was inconsistent with the manner in which the weapon was employed or displayed. The argument is specious. Irrespective of the impossibility of defendant\u2019s intent to shoot the victim with a pair of vise grips, the victim had every reason to fear that the vise grips could and would be used to harm her. The jury was instructed to consider \u201cthe nature of the Vice Grips (sic), the manner in which it is used and the size and strength of Lesly Jean as compared to Kathy Wilson.\u201d The evidence was sufficient for the jury to find that defendant employed or displayed a deadly weapon. See State v. Powell, 306 N.C. 718, 295 S.E. 2d 413 (1982).\nWe, likewise, reject defendant\u2019s contention that there was insufficient evidence that he inflicted serious personal injury on the victim. Mrs. Wilson suffered a bruised and swollen cheek, a cut lip, and two broken teeth. The evidence was sufficient to support a finding of serious personal injury. See State v. Roberts, 293 N.C. 1, 235 S.E. 2d 203 (1977).\nThe defendant in this case appears to have been ably represented both at trial and on his appeal. In light of the severity of his sentence, we have reviewed his assignments of error with care and find none sufficiently prejudicial to warrant a new trial.\nDefendant received a fair trial free of prejudicial error.\nNo error.\n. In his brief defendant argues that the original description given by Mrs. Wilson did not include the fact that the assailant\u2019s white shoes were tied with black shoelaces or that his jogging shorts had white stripes as did the shorts seized from defendant, hence the description \u201cfailed to include anything which would set the man apart from hundreds of joggers.\" The argument is specious.\n. The Legislature has spoken to this issue by amending G.S. \u00a7 15A-903, effective for trials held after 14 July 1983. That section now reads: \u201c(f) Statements of State\u2019s Witnesses. (1) In any criminal prosecution brought by the State, no statement or report in the possession of the State that was made by a State witness or prospective State witness, other than the defendant, shall be the subject of subpoena, discovery, or inspection until that witness has testified on direct examination in the trial of the case. (2) After a witness called by the State has testified on direct examination, the court shall, on motion of the defendant, order the State to produce any statement of the witness in the possession of the State that relates to the subject matter as to which the witness has testified. If the entire contents of that statement relate to the subject matter of the testimony of the witness, the court shall order it to be delivered directly to the defendant for his examination and use. (3) If the State claims that any statement ordered to be produced under this section contains matter that does not relate to the subject matter of the testimony of the witness, the court shall order the State to deliver that statement for the inspection of the court in camera. Upon delivery the court shall excise the portions of the statement that do not relate to the subject matter of the testimony of the witness. With that material excised, the court shall then direct delivery of the statement to the defendant for his use. If, pursuant to this procedure, any portion of the statement is withheld from the defendant and the defendant objects to the withholding, and if the trial results in the conviction of the defendant, the entire text of the statement shall be preserved by the State and, in the event the defendant appeals, shall be made available to the appellate court for the purpose of determining the correctness of the ruling of the trial judge. Whenever any statement is delivered to a defendant pursuant to this subsection, the court, upon application of the defendant, may recess proceedings in the trial for a period of time that it determines is reasonably required for the examination of the statement by the defendant and his preparation for its use in the trial. (4) If the State elects not to comply with an order of the court under subdivision (2) or (3) to deliver a statement to the defendant, the court shall strike from the record the testimony of the witness, and direct the jury to disregard the testimony, and the trial shall proceed unless the court determines that the interests of justice require that a mistrial be declared. (5) The term \u2018statement\u2019, as used in subdivision (2), (3), and (4) in relation to any witness called by the State means a. a written statement made by the witness and signed or otherwise adopted or approved by him; b. a stenographic, mechanical, electrical, or other recording or a transcription thereof, that is a substantially verbatim recital or an oral statement made by the witness and recorded contemporaneously with the making of the oral statements.\u201d 1983 N.C. Sess. Laws, chapter 759.", "type": "majority", "author": "MEYER, Justice." }, { "text": "Justice MARTIN\nconcurring.\nI concur in the majority opinion. However, with respect to the impeachment issue, I find that the cross-examination of defendant was competent and admissible for the purpose of impeaching defendant\u2019s credibility. State v. Gurley, 283 N.C. 541, 196 S.E. 2d 725 (1973), controls this issue. In Gurley, evidence of defendant\u2019s possession of, familiarity with, and interest in pornographic magazines and photographs of nude women (defendant made one of the photographs) was held competent for the purpose of impeachment. Gurley has been cited as authority to impeach a defendant by questions on cross-examination about his possession of, familiarity with, and interest in pornographic magazines in 4 Strong\u2019s N.C. Index 3d Criminal Law \u00a7 86.5 (1976) and 1 Brandis on North Carolina Evidence \u00a7 111 (1982). The bench and bar rely upon these texts. No other citations of Gurley have been discovered in my research. I see no distinction between pornographic magazines and pornographic movies that would take this case outside the holding in Gurley.\nIf the Court were writing upon a clean slate, the wisdom of adopting the reasoning in Gurley would be the subject of vigorous debate. Whenever a court leaves the well-defined path of determining legal questions and undertakes to define moral issues, it embarks upon a journey through a Serbonian bog.\nThis Court has not overruled Gurley. So long as Gurley stands, we are bound thereby.\nChief Justice Branch joins in this concurring opinion.", "type": "concurrence", "author": "Justice MARTIN" }, { "text": "Justice EXUM\ndissenting.\nThe majority holds it was not reversible error to permit a testifying defendant in a sex offense case to be cross-examined about watching a sexually explicit movie that depicted the same kind of acts with which defendant was charged. Defendant, willingly accompanied by someone of the opposite sex, viewed this movie in the privacy of his motel room five days after commission of the crimes with which he was charged. Believing that this cross-examination should not have been permitted, was highly inflammatory, and contributed to the verdict against defendant, I respectfully dissent.\nI.\nUnlike the majority, I believe the issue of defendant\u2019s guilt is close. This view colors my assessment of the impact of the challenged evidence.\nThe majority places great weight upon the victim\u2019s \u201cunequivocal identification\u201d of defendant in court, but attempts, I fear, to \u201cpaper over\u201d equivocal identification efforts of the victim in pretrial identification sessions during which she saw defendant\u2019s photograph. During the first photographic array, which included defendant\u2019s picture, the victim made no identification. Less than twenty-four hours later, she saw the photographs again and could say only that defendant\u2019s picture made her feel sick. She did not identify him, tentatively or otherwise, as her assailant. At a live line-up almost a month later, the victim identified defendant.\nIn determining what effect the challenged cross-examination had on the trial\u2019s outcome, we should view the victim\u2019s identification as a process \u2014from her initial description through the pretrial identification proceedings to the testimony in the courtroom. Although her in-court identification was unequivocal, and I think admissible, despite a reasonably strong argument that it was irreparably tainted by unduly suggestive pretrial procedures, the victim\u2019s equivocal performance at these other procedures must detract from the strength of her in-court identification.\nEven so-called \u201cunequivocal\u201d eyewitness identification especially when it functions as the nearly exclusive evidence of guilt, must be viewed carefully. United States v. Holley, 502 F. 2d 273, 274-75 (4th Cir. 1974); United States v. Telfaire, 469 F. 2d 552, 555-56 (D.C. Cir. 1972). Often recollections by victims are wrought with uncertainty and susceptible to suggestion. Identifications, especially by victims suffering from the shock and horror of their experiences, deserve particular scrutiny. Errors may all too readily plague their memories. See generally 3 Wigmore on Evidence \u00a7 786(a) (Chadbourn rev. 1970). \u201cThe vagaries of eyewitness identification are well-known; the annals of criminal law are rife with instances of mistaken identification.\u201d United States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218, 228 (1967).\nThe upshot is that I cannot subscribe to the majority\u2019s heavy reliance on the victim\u2019s identification as supportive of a conclusion that the evidence against defendant was overwhelming.\nThe majority next refers to the \u201cresults of blood tests [which] pointed to defendant as the perpetrator of the crime.\u201d Suffice it to say simply that these results mean only that defendant, along with a large portion of the population, could have committed the crime. A number of states do not permit such evidence because they conclude it has little, if any, probative value. State v. Gray, 292 N.C. 270, 282, 233 S.E. 2d 905, 913-14 (1977). We do admit it, but we have also recognized that its probative value is slight. Id. at 283, 233 S.E. 2d at 914.\nThe majority finally notes that \u201cclothes matching those worn by the assailant were discovered in defendant\u2019s locker.\u201d This statement obscures the fact that the items seized did not match precisely those attributed to the assailant. He allegedly wore navy blue jogging shorts and Nike tennis shoes. While two similar items were found in defendant\u2019s locker, they are hardly unique items of clothing. Furthermore, defendant\u2019s shorts had white stripes and his Nike shoes were laced with black shoestrings, the latter being a relatively unusual fact which was never mentioned in the victim\u2019s description, although she did notice and mention a \u201cblack swirl on the side of the tennis shoes.\u201d\nFinally, on the closeness of the case question, I note the majority simply ignores defendant\u2019s considerable evidence supporting an alibi. Defendant was a lance corporal in the United States Marine Corps. He testified that at 11 p.m. on the evening during which the crime occurred he was in his \u201crack.\u201d Since he was scheduled for \u201cmess duty\u201d the next morning, he was due to be awakened at 2:45 a.m. Actually he was awakened sometime after 3 a.m., but he could not recall the exact time, or who woke him. He was at \u201cchow hall\u201d for roll call at 4 a.m., the time he was scheduled to be on duty.\nThis testimony gains crucial significance due to the victim\u2019s explicit testimony that the perpetrator was in her apartment from 3 a.m. until 4:15 a.m. by the clock. Defendant could not, of course, have been in both places simultaneously.\nConsiderable credible testimony supported defendant\u2019s contentions. First Lieutenant Peter D. Lloyd, commander of defendant\u2019s platoon, confirmed that defendant was assigned \u201cmess duty\u201d for the morning in question and that defendant should have been awakened at 3 a.m. to be at \u201cchow hall\u201d at 4 a.m. He testified further that, had defendant not been at \u201cchow hall\u201d at that time, he would have been \u201cwritten up\u201d for an unauthorized absence. Lieutenant Lloyd confirmed that defendant had not been cited for an unauthorized absence on that day. Corporal Reubin Pitts, the non-commissioned officer in charge of defendant\u2019s squad, testified that he was awakened at 3:30 a.m. on the day in question and he woke defendant at 3:30 a.m. He actually touched defendant in waking him. Defendant was wearing white trousers and a T-shirt. He was certain also that defendant came to \u201cchow hall\u201d at 4 a.m. Private Brett James Crawford, who admitted having had \u201ca difference\u201d with defendant, and who, like defendant, had mess duty on 21 July, testified that he \u201cpulled the covers off\u2019 defendant to try to wake him sometime between 3:30 and 4 a.m. on that day. He recalled seeing defendant at the mess hall shortly after he, the witness, left the barracks at 3:50 a.m. and working with him in the mess hall that morning. Finally, Lance Corporal William L. Tally, a chaplain\u2019s assistant, testified that he saw defendant in a recreation room in the upstairs of the barracks around 11 p.m. the night of the crime. He also saw defendant in his \u201crack\u201d at 3:30 a.m. and on his way to \u201cchow hall\u201d at 3:50 a.m. on the morning of the attack.\nAs this brief review indicates, considerable evidence supported defendant\u2019s alibi. The majority curiously and inexplicably ignores it. The quantity and quality of this evidence makes defendant\u2019s case on its face at least as strong as that of the state. This alone makes the question of defendant\u2019s presence at the scene and therefore his guilt close indeed. I find the majority\u2019s contrary position to be unsupported by the record.\nII.\nThe challenged cross-examination was admitted for the purpose of impeaching defendant\u2019s credibility as a witness. For this evidence to be admissible it must first be relevant to the issue of defendant\u2019s credibility; second, even if relevant, its prejudicial effect must not outweigh its probative value. The evidence meets neither standard.\nThe basic test of relevance is that the evidence have a logical tendency to prove a fact in issue. See State v. Swift, 290 N.C. 383, 226 S.E. 2d 652 (1976). See generally Fed. R. Evid. 401. If the proffered evidence does not make a fact in issue more or less probable, it is not relevant.\nThe fact in issue for which the evidence below was offered was defendant\u2019s credibility. As the majority notes, the prosecution used the evidence only to impeach defendant. To be permissible, an attempt to impeach a witness\u2019s credibility should test his propensity for telling the truth. That a person may watch a sexually explicit movie in the privacy of a motel room with someone of the opposite sex has no bearing, ie., is not relevant, on the question of that person\u2019s propensity to tell the truth. That such conduct may be morally offensive to some (although certainly not all) people, does not imbue it with a logical tendency to prove or disprove a propensity for truthfulness. Support for this conclusion may be found in the federal rule which permits the impeachment of a witness\u2019s credibility by evidence referring \u201conly to character for truthfulness or untruthfulness,\u201d Fed. R. Evid. 608(a), a rule which our legislature has adopted, effective 1 July 1984. An Act to Simplify and Codify the Rules of Evidence, Chap. 701, 1983 Sess. Laws, Rule 608(a).\nOur case law retains the notion that a witness, even the defendant in a criminal case, may be impeached \u201cby asking disparaging questions concerning collateral matters relating to his criminal and degrading conduct.\u201d State v. Williams, 279 N.C. 663, 675, 185 S.E. 2d 174, 181 (1971). Nevertheless, we have never said precisely what sort of conduct rises to the level of \u201ccriminal and degrading.\u201d In the vast majority of cases, the conduct consisted of an illegal, ie., criminal act. See, e.g., State v. Leonard, 300 N.C. 223, 266 S.E. 2d 631, cert. denied, 449 U.S. 960 (1980) (killing); State v. Herbin, 298 N.C. 441, 259 S.E. 2d 270 (1979) (rape); State v. Williams, 292 N.C. 391, 233 S.E. 2d 507 (1971) (robberies); State v. Mack, 282 N.C. 334, 193 S.E. 2d 71 (1972) (assault and sodomy); State v. Sims, 213 N.C. 590, 197 S.E. 176 (1938) (gambling). I am confident that the phrase \u201ccriminal and degrading conduct,\u201d as used in Williams, means that the conduct must amount either to a violation of the criminal law or to acts involving deceit, fraud, or trickery. While the conduct herein may be tasteless and morally wrong to many of us, it is neither a crime nor an act bearing on defendant\u2019s truthfulness. Its use, therefore, for impeachment purposes constitutes error.\nThe majority refers to a number of cases for the proposition that \u201cdisparaging conduct\u201d may be used to impeach a witness. I concede there is loose language in some of the cases which tends to support the \u201cdisparaging conduct\u201d rationale for admissibility, but there are no holdings which support the rationale. I think it is time, therefore, for this Court to reject \u201cdisparaging conduct,\u201d whatever it may encompass, as a test for admissibility of impeaching acts.\nFirst, State v. Gurley, 283 N.C. 541, 196 S.E. 2d 725 (1973), from which Justice Martin and Chief Justice Branch get comfort, does not control the issue. Although the Court there did permit a testifying defendant to be cross-examined by questions regarding \u201chis possession of, familiarity with and interest in [pornographic magazines] for the purpose of impeachment,\u201d the Court never characterized this conduct as \u201cdisparaging\u201d or as \u201cmisconduct\u201d and never stated that it tended to impeach defendant by way of showing his bad character. Id. at 547, 196 S.E. 2d at 729. The Court did not cite or otherwise rely on any of our cases establishing the rule that a testifying defendant may be cross-examined about specific acts of misconduct to show his bad character on the question of his overall credibility as a witness. Indeed, the Court in Gurley cited no cases for its conclusion and treated the question quite perfunctorily. Yet in the next succeeding paragraph the Court dealt at some length with the propriety of cross-examining defendant about his prior criminal activities, citing several cases for the proposition that a defendant \u201cmay be questioned as to particular acts impeaching his character.\u201d Id.\nTo understand why the Court so perfunctorily treated the pornographic magazine cross-examination in Gurley, one need only examine the facts in that case. This examination makes clear that the Court did not allow the cross-examination for the purpose of impeaching defendant by way of showing his bad character. Rather, it allowed the cross-examination on the substantive issue of Gurley\u2019s identity as the assailant for the purpose of impeaching Gurley\u2019s testimony that he had never seen the victim and had not raped or kidnapped her.\nThe record in Gurley reveals that the victim testified that her assailant \u201cshowed me a few magazines of his that were full of nude girls and stuff. Magazines with nude girls ... a pile of them ... on his nightstand. He showed me a couple of them.\u201d She said her assailant told her that she \u201cbelonged in them, in reference to a statement concerning my body.\u201d She said her assailant exhibited these magazines and made this statement during the two-to three-hour period in which he detained and repeatedly raped her. She identified five magazines marked state\u2019s Exhibit 11 as \u201csimilar to\u201d the ones defendant showed her. Gurley, testifying in his own behalf, stated that he had never seen the victim and denied any involvement in her rape or kidnapping.\nThus the reason for the propriety of the pornographic magazine cross-examination in Gurley becomes obvious. Defendant\u2019s possession of, familiarity with and interest in pornographic magazines was one of the facts which tended to identify him as the victim\u2019s assailant. The Court in Gurley noted in its statement of facts that after the victim was released by her assailant she reported the matter immediately to the police \u201cincluding a full description of her assailant, of the cloth used as a blindfold, of guns, of bed covers and of pornographic magazines observed by her in the apartment to which she was taken . . . .\u201d Id. at 544, 196 S.E. 2d at 727. Thereafter, a deputy sheriff went to the apartment described by the victim, found the defendant there together with a number of articles the victim had described, including the pornographic magazines. All of these articles, with the exception of the pornographic magazines, were admitted and exhibited to the jury. The Court further noted in its recitation of the facts in Gurley that defendant on cross-examination \u201cacknowledged that the pornographic magazines had been in his apartment and that he was familiar with them. He described their contents in some detail.\u201d Id. at 544, 196 S.E. 2d at 728. For some reason, not apparent in the record, the trial court sustained defendant\u2019s objection to the introduction only of the magazines.\nThus, the pornographic magazine cross-examination in Gurley tended to identify Gurley as the victim\u2019s assailant. It did indeed tend to impeach his denial of his guilt, not by way of showing his bad character, but by way of showing that he, like the victim\u2019s assailant, possessed and had an interest in pornographic magazines.\nI note, too, that at trial Gurley, for obvious reasons, raised no objections to the pornographic magazine cross-examination as he had not objected to the victim\u2019s description of her assailant as one who possessed and was interested in such literature.\nMoreover, Gurley, unlike the case at bar, was not a close case on its facts. The Court in Gurley noted:\nIn view of the overwhelming evidence presented by the state of unquestioned competence, any error in the admission of the evidence of which [defendant] now complains, assuming timely objection had been made, would clearly have been harmless error.\nId. at 548, 196 S.E. 2d at 730.\nFinally, if Gurley, so long as it stands, should be thought to control, then, believing that Gurley is not sound law on this point, I would urge the Court to overrule this aspect of it.\nThe majority refers to State v. Lynch, 300 N.C. 534, 268 S.E. 2d 161 (1980), as being supportive of admissibility. The conduct at issue in Lynch was the defendant\u2019s having called the district attorney a \u201cpunk\u201d and mouthed the word \u201cmother\u201d as defendant passed counsel\u2019s table during trial. This kind of conduct demonstrated defendant\u2019s contempt for the process of the trial itself and an officer of the court charged with conducting that process. Arguably, therefore, it bears on the issue of defendant\u2019s credibility as a witness in that process.\nOther cases referred to by the majority as supportive of admissibility are readily distinguishable. Sparks, 307 N.C. 71, 296 S.E. 2d 451, relied on the prosecutor\u2019s failure to address his cross-examination to a specific act of misconduct; it did not alter the definition of \u201ccriminal and degrading conduct.\u201d Because the question was framed improperly, the Court had no occasion to face the issue of whether defendant\u2019s conduct itself could be used for impeachment purposes. Likewise, Small, 301 N.C. 407, 272 S.E. 2d 128, involved a defendant\u2019s being cross-examined about sexual acts with women other than defendant\u2019s wife. Adultery is a form of deceit. Arguably, one who commits it is not as prone to be truthful as one who remains faithful to his or her spouse. But the critical fact in Small was the state\u2019s initial introduction, without objection, of that same evidence in its case in chief for substantive purposes to show defendant\u2019s motive for killing the victim who was his wife. Finally, Lester, 289 N.C. 239, 221 S.E. 2d 268, involved inquiry into defendant\u2019s dishonorable discharge. But the record reveals that defendant voluntarily indicated that he was discharged because he had been \u201cbusted for drugs.\u201d Thus, Lester stands for nothing more than the acceptability of impeachment by cross-examination on prior criminal acts.\nWhen we permit impeachment by acts which we consider merely \u201cdisparaging,\u201d we risk encompassing conduct which some might simply consider immoral, or in bad taste, or merely \u201cbad manners.\u201d The legislature has not prohibited watching even obscene movies; it proscribes only their dissemination. N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 14-190.1(a). Our Court of Appeals has concluded that one cannot be constitutionally prosecuted for occupying a motel room for \u201cimmoral purposes\u201d for the very reason that a court cannot properly determine what is and is not \u201cimmoral.\u201d\nG.S. 14-186 fails to define with sufficient precision exactly what the term \u2018any immoral purpose\u2019 may encompass. The word immoral is not equivalent to the word illegal, hence, enforcement of G.S. 14-186 may involve legal acts which, nevertheless, are immoral in the view of many citizens. One must necessarily speculate, therefore, as to what acts are immoral.\nState v. Sanders, 37 N.C. App. 53, 55, 245 S.E. 2d 397, 398 (1978). To some people being in a motel room with someone of the opposite sex to whom you are not married or watching a sexually explicit movie with or without that person may be \u201cdisparaging conduct.\u201d To others not. Truly, as the Supreme Court itself has noted, \u201cone man\u2019s vulgarity is another\u2019s lyric.\u201d Cohen v. California, 403 U.S. 15, 25 (1971). To read and see such critically acclaimed books and movies as, for example, Lady Chatterly\u2019s Lover, Tropic of Cancer, \u201cMidnight Express\u201d (depicting masturbation, homosexuality, and sadism), and \u201cLast Tango in Paris\u201d (depicting sodomy per anus) might be considered \u201cdisparaging conduct\u201d to some. Yet this Court would not, nor should it, conclude that reading or seeing these works is \u201cdisparaging conduct\u201d by which a witness\u2019s credibility can be impeached. Defendant\u2019s conduct at issue here seems no worse than this.\nThis, then, is the kind of quagmire into which we plunge when we refuse to reject acts which we consider merely \u201cdisparaging\u201d as material for impeachment. A better rule which I wish this Court would adopt in this case is that a specific act used to impeach a witness must be either illegal, deceitful, or show contempt for the very process by which the defendant is being tried. See State v. Black, 308 N.C. 736, 303 S.E. 2d 804 (1983) (where the Court assumed that cross-examination of defendant about his prior employment at an adult bookstore was objectionable). Defendant\u2019s conduct, however offensive it might be to some, is neither legally wrong nor dishonest, nor does it demonstrate contempt for the legal process; it should not, therefore, be available for impeachment purposes. Simply stated, it bears no relevance to that issue.\nIII.\nEven if this evidence passes the test of relevancy, I find its probative force to be greatly outweighed by its potential for inflaming the jury against defendant accused of sex offenses.\nThe majority acknowledges that the sexual acts depicted in the movie \u201cwere the same type of sexual acts that had been forced upon the victim five days earlier.\u201d This renders the evidence inflammatory and inclines the jury to decide the case on an improper basis. The evidence\u2019s effect is all too clear. The jury hears that defendant was in a motel room, five days after the crime in issue, viewing with a girl friend a movie which depicts sexual acts similar to those with which defendant is charged. The jury improperly concludes not only that defendant has similar sexual desires but that he is disposed forcefully to satisfy them upon an unwilling victim. It is then a short step to the next conclusion that defendant is in fact the perpetrator of the crimes charged.\nMore generally, evidence of a defendant\u2019s bad acts always tends to draw a jury\u2019s attention from the real issues. United States v. Bledsoe, 531 F. 2d 888, 891 (8th Cir. 1976). The damaging force of such evidence is that it inclines the jury to convict simply because it disapproves of a defendant as a person. See State v. Ervin, 340 So. 2d 1379, 1381 (La. 1976).\nThe majority asserts that the introduction of this evidence, even if error, created no reasonable possibility that had it been excluded a different result would have been reached at trial. For the reasons set out in part I of this dissent, I strongly disagree.\nThe majority fails to note defendant\u2019s considerable evidence of an alibi. Contrary to the impression created by the majority, this case, as I have already shown, was close on the question of defendant\u2019s presence at the scene and consequently his guilt of the crime. The likelihood of prejudice, therefore, flowing from the admission of the challenged cross-examination is so enhanced that a reasonable possibility does exist that a different result would have obtained had the evidence been excluded.\nIV.\nWhen such prejudicial evidence is admitted, defendant\u2019s right to a fair trial, etched in any notion of basic due process and fundamental fairness, is jeopardized. See Comment, Impeachment of the Criminal Defendant by Prior Acquittals \u2014 Beyond the Bounds of Reason, 17 Wake Forest L. Rev. 561, 591-95 (1981) (hereinafter Impeaching the Testifying Defendant). Based upon its overwhelmingly prejudicial effect alone, the evidence should have been excluded.\nI am concerned by an inescapable effect transcending this case of the admission of this kind of evidence. It involves a defendant\u2019s decision whether to testify. When allowing impeachment of a testifying defendant, we must recognize that he possesses a statutory, if not a constitutional, right to testify. N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 8-54 (1981); Impeaching the Testifying Defendant, supra, at 587-89; Bradley, Havens, Jenkins and Salvucci, and the Defendant\u2019s Right to Testify, 18 Am. Cr. L. Rev. 419, 420-23 (1981). Courts must zealously guard important rights, like the right to testify in defense of oneself. If we continue to refuse to reject irrelevant and unduly prejudicial evidence to be introduced on cross-examination under the guise of \u201ccharacter impeachment\u201d, defendants who might otherwise truthfully testify in their own defense will be improperly discouraged from exercising their right to do so. We should reject unjustified interpretations of evidentiary principles which impinge on this important right.\nV.\nI further dissent from the majority\u2019s conclusion that defendant was not entitled to the victim\u2019s prior statement when she testified on voir dire during the trial. I recognize that our recent decision in State v. Williams suggests the route taken by the majority. 308 N.C. 357, 302 S.E. 2d 438 (1983). It does not, however, compel this result; and I do not think it should be so extended.\nWe have held that prior statements of prosecution witnesses are not discoverable before trial. State v. Hardy, 293 N.C. 105, 122-24, 235 S.E. 2d 828, 838-39 (1977). That holding did not indicate that it should extend to pretrial hearings. In Williams, however, we extended the Hardy rule to pretrial hearings. 308 N.C. at 361, 302 S.E. 2d at 441. In retrospect, I am now troubled by our conclusion in Williams.\nOur rationale for protecting prior statements of prosecution witnesses from pretrial discovery by the defense hinges on the need not to disclose their identity unnecessarily. We recognized the legislature\u2019s concern with this problem and the protection it accorded the identity of the state\u2019s witnesses in Hardy, 293 N.C. at 124, 235 S.E. 2d at 839 (noting legislative commentary to the criminal discovery statutes). Obviously, this justification fails to support nondisclosure of witnesses\u2019 statements once they testify at a voir dire hearing, either before or during trial. We did not analyze the issue carefully in Williams, as we noted only that any impeachment value of a former statement went to the weight rather than the admissibility of the witness\u2019s identification. 308 N.C. at 361, 302 S.E. 2d at 441. Impeachment value of a former statement, however, is nearly as important during a voir dire before the judge as it is during trial before the jury. The judge must assess the credibility of witnesses in rendering his judgment as to the admissibility of the evidence which is the subject of the voir dire. There is, therefore, no reason not to provide defendant with prior statements of witnesses who testify during voir dire and there are good reasons for providing them. A voir dire, no less than the trial itself, is a search for the truth. Insofar as prior statements shed light on this search, they should be available in both proceedings.\nIt is true, as the majority notes, that the legislature did prevent discovery of pretrial statements of a witness \u201cuntil that witness has testified on direct examination in the trial of the case,\u201d N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 15A-903(2). The legislature did not, as the majority states, refer to the trial \u201cbefore a jury.\u201d I believe the construction of the statute which best accords with the legislative intent is that testifying \u201cin the trial of the case\u201d means testimony during any public judicial proceeding, whether before a judge on voir dire or a jury on the question of guilt, where the witness testifies concerning matters on which he or she has made a prior statement.\nHere, of course, the voir dire took place during the trial, although out of the jury\u2019s presence. Assuming Williams was correctly decided on its facts, I would not extend Williams to voir dires conducted during the trial of a case, ie., after the jury has been empaneled.\nGiven the content of the witness\u2019s prior statement, I do not believe it would have aided defendant in any way during the voir dire. Since the nondisclosure was not prejudicial in this case, it would not, standing alone, entitle defendant to a new trial.\nOnly because of the improper \u201cimpeachment\u201d of defendant on cross-examination do I vote for a new trial.\nJustice Frye joins in this dissenting opinion.\n. Between the times she viewed the photographs and the live line-up, the victim underwent hypnosis in an effort to see if she could recall why defendant\u2019s photograph bothered her. Although defendant assigns no error dealing specifically with this hypnotic session, it underscores the dramatic change in the victim's ability to identify defendant as her assailant between the two photographic procedures and the line-up, not to mention the in-court identification. The victim\u2019s assertion at trial that no new information developed from the hypnotic session hardly assuages any lingering doubts as to the positiveness of her identification.\n. Three of the four witnesses who corroborated defendant\u2019s account described themselves as merely acquaintances, not close Mends, of defendant.\n. Our new evidence code, 1983 N.C. Adv. Legis. Serv. c. 701, adopts the federal standard for relevancy which includes \u201cevidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.\u201d Fed. R. Evid. 401.\n. As I point out in Section III, infra, the essence of impeachment is to probe the witness\u2019s credibility by testing his propensity for truth and veracity. See Fed. R. Evid. 608. Thus, even acts not necessarily criminal which reflect on a witness\u2019s tendency toward untruthfulness, e.g., lying, fraud, or trickery, would be admissible for impeachment purposes. The acts involved in this case, however, have no relation to defendant\u2019s propensity for truth and veracity.\n. Our common law evidence rule requiring this balancing has never been clearly articulated. See State v. Stone, 240 N.C. 606, 83 S.E. 2d 543 (1954); State v. Brantley, 84 N.C. 766 (1881). See also, 1 Brandis on N.C. Evidence \u00a7 80, pp. 295-96 (1982). In its adoption of an evidence code, effective 1 July 1984, the legislature followed precisely the applicable federal rule. Our new code provides that evidence, although relevant, \u201cmay be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice ... or misleading the jury . . . .\u201d Compare N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 8C-1, Rule 403, with Fed. R. Evid. 403. The federal rule requires exclusion if the evidence creates \u201can undue tendency to suggest decision on an improper basis.\u201d M. Graham, Handbook of Federal Evidence \u00a7 403.1 (1981). The evidence admitted below suggests just the sort of improper basis contemplated by this rule.", "type": "dissent", "author": "Justice EXUM" } ], "attorneys": [ "Rufus L. Edmisten, Attorney General, by Special Deputy Attorney General Ann Reed, for the State.", "Marc D. Towler, Assistant Appellate Defender, for defendant-appellant." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. LESLY JEAN\nNo. 112A83\n(Filed 2 February 1984)\n1. Criminal Law \u00a7 66.4\u2014 photographic and lineup identifications \u2014 defendant only person in both \u2014 no impermissible suggestiveness\nPretrial photographic and live lineup identification procedures were not impermissibly suggestive because defendant was the only person who appeared in both photograph and live lineups where a rape victim could make no positive identification at the first photographic procedure but made a tentative identification of defendant as her assailant upon viewing the photographs a second time; the victim testified that her reluctance to make a more positive identification at that time was due to the fact that she realized the seriousness of the offenses charged and that there were certain identifying features not visible in the photograph; and the victim testified that she based her identification of defendant at the live lineup on the fact that she saw freckles on defendant\u2019s face which did not appear on the photograph and that she also recognized certain distinctive features of defendant\u2019s profile.\n2. Criminal Law 8 66.4\u2014 photographic and lineup identification procedures \u2014 hypnosis prior to live lineup \u2014 procedures not impermissibly suggestive\nPretrial photographic and live lineup identification procedures were not impermissibly suggestive because the victim was hypnotized prior to the live lineup to see if she could recall why defendant\u2019s photograph had bothered her where the victim, immediately after the assault, had provided law enforcement authorities with a complete, detailed, and reasonably accurate description of her assailant, and where the victim testified that no new information developed as a result of the hypnotic session.\n3. Constitutional Law 8 30; Bills of Discovery 8 6\u2014 statements of witness \u2014 no discovery for voir dire hearing\nDefendant was not entitled to discovery of the victim\u2019s statement for the purpose of cross-examination at a voir dire hearing on a motion to suppress her identification testimony even though the voir dire hearing took place at trial after the jury had been selected. Rather, defendant\u2019s rights were protected when defendant was provided with the victim\u2019s statement prior to her cross-examination before the jury.\n4. Criminal Law 8 86.5\u2014 cross-examination of defendant \u2014 viewing of pornographic movie\nIn a prosecution for first degree rape and first degree sexual offenses, even if it was error for the trial court to permit, for the purpose of showing prior disparaging conduct, cross-examination of defendant about his viewing a pornographic movie in a motel room with a female companion five days after the crimes charged which depicted the same kind of sex acts with which defendant was charged, such error was harmless when viewed in the context of all the evidence and in light of the substantial evidence of defendant\u2019s guilt.\n5. Rape and Allied Offenses 8 5\u2014 first degree rape and sexual offenses \u2014 use of deadly weapon \u2014 infliction of serious injury \u2014 sufficiency of evidence\nThe evidence in a prosecution for first degree rape and first degree sexual offenses was sufficient for the jury to find that defendant employed or displayed a deadly weapon where it tended to show that the victim was threatened with a pair of vise grips, notwithstanding defendant used the grips to feign the presence of a gun, since the victim had every reason to fear that the vise grips could and would be used to harm her. Furthermore, the evidence was sufficient for the jury to find that defendant inflicted serious personal injury on the victim where it tended to show that the victim suffered a bruised and swollen cheek, a cut lip, and two broken teeth.\nJustice Martin concurring.\nChief Justice Branch joins in this concurring opinion.\nJustice Exum dissenting.\nJustice Frye joins in this dissenting opinion.\nBEFORE Phillips, J, at the 29 November 1982 Criminal Session of Superior Court, ONSLOW County, defendant was convicted of three counts of first degree sexual offense and one count of first degree rape. He appeals from the imposition of two consecutive life sentences. Heard in the Supreme Court 3 October 1983.\nAs a basis for his appeal, defendant assigns as error the denial of his motion to suppress the victim\u2019s identification testimony; the trial court\u2019s refusal to permit defense counsel to view the victim\u2019s statements prior to cross-examining her during the voir dire hearing on the motion to suppress; the trial court\u2019s permitting the prosecutor to cross-examine the defendant concerning certain acts of misconduct; and the trial court\u2019s failure to dismiss the charges where there was insufficient evidence that defendant either employed a deadly weapon or inflicted personal injury on the victim. We find no error.\nThe facts, briefly stated, are as follows: On 21 July 1982, Mrs. Alice Kathleen Wilson awoke at approximately 3:00 a.m. to find a man standing at the foot of her bed. Over the course of the next hour and fifteen minutes, she endured a nightmare of the most degrading perversion. She was subjected to unnatural sexual acts; she was threatened with a pair of vise grips; she was beaten and she was raped. Mrs. Wilson was twenty-seven years old at the time. She was married, and the mother of three young children, the youngest of whom remained asleep in the bedroom where the assaults took place. Her husband was at work. We deem it unnecessary to further stain the pages of our reports with the sordid details of this victim\u2019s ordeal. State v. Warren, 309 N.C. 224, 311 S.E. 2d 266 (1983). Suffice it to say that as a result of the victim\u2019s detailed description of her assailant, the defendant was subsequently arrested, charged, and convicted of these crimes. Additional facts necessary to a determination of the issues will be discussed in the opinion.\nRufus L. Edmisten, Attorney General, by Special Deputy Attorney General Ann Reed, for the State.\nMarc D. Towler, Assistant Appellate Defender, for defendant-appellant." }, "file_name": "0157-01", "first_page_order": 193, "last_page_order": 220 }