{ "id": 4749971, "name": "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. JOHN BERNARD HOWREN, JR.", "name_abbreviation": "State v. Howren", "decision_date": "1984-12-04", "docket_number": "No. 484PA84", "first_page": "454", "last_page": "460", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "312 N.C. 454" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C.", "id": 9292, "name": "Supreme Court of North Carolina" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "421 U.S. 684", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 541415 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/us/421/0684-01" ] }, { "cite": "432 U.S. 197", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6178111 ], "year": 1977, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "209-10" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/432/0197-01" ] }, { "cite": "323 S.E. 2d 339", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 3, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "312 N.C. 441", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4758398 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/312/0441-01" ] }, { "cite": "241 U.S. 79", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 8285585 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1916, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "86" }, { "page": "86" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/241/0079-01" ] }, { "cite": "203 S.E. 2d 849", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1974, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "852" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "285 N.C. 202", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8562902 ], "year": 1974, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "207" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/285/0202-01" ] }, { "cite": "384 U.S. 757", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 12047531 ], "year": 1966, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "761", "parenthetical": "driver arrested for drunk driving has no constitutional right to refuse a compulsory blood test on advice of counsel" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/384/0757-01" ] }, { "cite": "110 Ariz. 214", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ariz.", "case_ids": [ 617866 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1973, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "216-17" }, { "page": "1228-29" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ariz/110/0214-01" ] }, { "cite": "301 N.C. 102", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8563497, 8563530, 8563475, 8563571, 8563603 ], "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/301/0102-02", "/nc/301/0102-03", "/nc/301/0102-01", "/nc/301/0102-04", "/nc/301/0102-05" ] }, { "cite": "265 S.E. 2d 456", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "459" }, { "page": "459-60" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "46 N.C. App. 514", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8551691 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "519" }, { "page": "520" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/46/0514-01" ] }, { "cite": "259 S.E. 2d 544", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 3, "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "550-51" }, { "page": "550" }, { "page": "551" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "298 N.C. 453", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8572712 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "461-63" }, { "page": "462" }, { "page": "463" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/298/0453-01" ] }, { "cite": "409 P. 2d 867", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "year": 1966, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "67 Wash. 2d 733", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Wash. 2d", "case_ids": [ 1048295 ], "year": 1966, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/wash-2d/67/0733-01" ] }, { "cite": "178 S.E. 2d 462", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1971, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "277 N.C. 547", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8566758 ], "year": 1971, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/277/0547-01" ] }, { "cite": "421 U.S. 684", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 541415 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/421/0684-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 673, "char_count": 15254, "ocr_confidence": 0.809, "pagerank": { "raw": 3.432002124402306e-07, "percentile": 0.8791968180384262 }, "sha256": "359e6a7ece080609c5c9804ee5157283c7bf84ea42c0d5fe631a3dbc53d405f4", "simhash": "1:22c9d707753da352", "word_count": 2527 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T18:10:57.145273+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. JOHN BERNARD HOWREN, JR." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "COPELAND, Justice.\nI.\nBy driving a vehicle on a highway or public vehicular area a person consents to administration of a chemical analysis if he is charged with driving while impaired. N.C.G.S. \u00a7 20-16.2(a). A person required to submit to chemical analysis has the right to contact an attorney and select a witness to view the procedures, but the testing may not be delayed for these purposes more than thirty minutes. Id. A chemical analysis that reveals a blood alcohol level of 0.10 or more is sufficient under N.C.G.S. \u00a7 20-138.1(a)(2) to support a conviction of the criminal offense of driving while impaired. Because a person required to undergo chemical analysis must decide whether to take the test and risk conviction on the basis of the result or refuse and have his license revoked for twelve months pursuant to N.C.G.S. \u00a7 2046.2(a)(2), defendant argues that the chemical analysis is a critical stage of the prosecution requiring the police to advise him of his constitutional rights and entitling him to counsel. Based on his argument that a critical stage is involved, defendant contends that allowing him only thirty minutes to obtain counsel is unreasonable and violates his right to counsel guaranteed by the sixth and fourteenth amendments to the United States Constitution and article I \u00a7 23 of the North Carolina Constitution. We disagree.\nThe administration of a chemical analysis to determine if a driver is acting under the influence of an impairing substance is not a critical stage of the prosecution. The cases of State v. Hill, 277 N.C. 547, 178 S.E. 2d 462 (1971) and City of Tacoma v. Heater, 67 Wash. 2d 733, 409 P. 2d 867 (1966) cited by defendant stand only for the proposition that a critical stage of the prosecution has been reached only after a test for sobriety has been administered and the defendant has been charged with an offense. In Sedars v. Powell, 298 N.C. 453, 461-63, 259 S.E. 2d 544, 550-51 (1979) this Court reviewed N.C.G.S. \u00a7 2046.2(a) and concluded that there is no constitutional right to have counsel present prior to deciding whether or not to take a breathalyzer test. While the Sedars decision concerned a civil proceeding for the revocation of a driver\u2019s license for willful failure to submit to a breathalyzer test, the basic rationale of Sedars is applicable to a criminal charge of driving while impaired. See State v. Martin, 46 N.C. App. 514, 519, 265 S.E. 2d 456, 459, cert. den., 301 N.C. 102 (1980), and State v. Sanchez, 110 Ariz. 214, 216-17, 516 P. 2d 1226, 1228-29 (1973). Defendant has no constitutional right to refuse to submit to chemical analysis, Schmerber v. California, 384 U.S. 757, 761 (1966) (driver arrested for drunk driving has no constitutional right to refuse a compulsory blood test on advice of counsel), and anyone who accepts the privileges of driving on the highways of this State has consented to the use of chemical analysis. Sedars, 298 N.C. at 462, 259 S.E. 2d at 550. The fact that as a matter of grace the legislature has given defendant the right to refuse to submit to chemical analysis, and suffer the consequences for refusing, does not convert this step in the investigation into a critical stage in the prosecution entitling defendant to more than the 30 minutes provided in the statute to secure a lawyer. Otherwise, defendant would be able to delay the analysis until its results would be of doubtful value. For these reasons we reaffirm the holding of Sedars that there is no constitutional right to have an attorney present prior to submitting to chemical analysis.\nWe note that defendant has suggested that he was entitled under the rule of Miranda to be informed of his constitutional rights before undergoing a breathalyzer test. Based on the rule of Schmerber we have already held that admission of a breathalyzer test is not dependent on whether Miranda warnings have been given because the results of the test are not evidence of a testimonial or communicative nature. Sedars, 298 N.C. at 463, 259 S.E. 2d at 551. State v. Sykes, 285 N.C. 202, 207, 203 S.E. 2d 849, 852 (1974). Defendant had no constitutional right to counsel at this stage, and his assignment of error on this point is without merit.\nII.\nWe next consider defendant\u2019s claim that he was denied the equal protection of the laws in violation of the fourteenth amendment to the United States Constitution and article I \u00a7 19 of the North Carolina Constitution. Defendant bases his argument on the fact that after 1 January 1985 an individual charged with driving while impaired must be given two chemical breath analyses. N.C.G.S. \u00a7 20-139.1(b3). At present only one analysis is required, and defendant was only given one breathalyzer test. Defendant contends that this results in an arbitrary and capricious classification between similarly situated individuals because the classification between persons charged prior to 1 January 1985 and those charged afterward has no basis in fact. We do not believe that N.C.G.S. \u00a7 20-139.1(b3) creates an impermissible classification and hold that the Safe Roads Act does not deny defendant the equal protection of the laws.\nA statute is not subject to the equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment of the United States Constitution or article I \u00a7 19 of the North Carolina Constitution unless it creates a classification between different groups of people. In this case no classification between different groups has been created. All individuals charged with driving while impaired before 1 January 1985 will be treated in exactly the same way as will all individuals charged after 1 January 1985. The statute merely treats the same group of people in different ways at different times. It is applied uniformly to all members of the public and does not discriminate against any group. If defendant\u2019s argument were accepted the State would never be able to create new safeguards against error in criminal prosecutions without invalidating prosecutions conducted under prior less protective laws. Article I \u00a7 19 and the equal protection clause do not require such an absurd result. This assignment of error is overruled.\nIII.\nDefendant contends that N.C.G.S. \u00a7 20-138.1(a)(2) offends due process by creating a conclusive presumption that a person found to have an alcohol concentration of 0.10 or more at any relevant time after driving has committed the offense of impaired driving. More specifically, defendant argues that the legislature has impermissibly declared individuals with an alcohol concentration of 0.10 or more to be presumptively guilty of crime and that N.C.G.S. \u00a7 20-138.1(a)(2) is unconstitutionally vague.\nIt is well established law that a legislature may not declare an individual guilty or presumptively guilty of crime. McFarland v. American Sugar Refining Company, 241 U.S. 79, 86 (1916). Contrary to defendant\u2019s belief N.C.G.S. \u00a7 20-138.1(a)(2) does not run afoul of that prohibition. By stating that anyone who drives a vehicle upon a highway, street, or public vehicular area after having consumed such an amount of alcohol that he has a blood-alcohol concentration of 0.10 or more at any relevant time after the driving has committed the offense of driving while impaired, the legislature has merely stated the elements of the offense, proof of which constitutes guilt. Defendant\u2019s complaint amounts to nothing more than that the statute requires him to be adjudged guilty if it is found that he has committed the act that the statute forbids. The legislature may constitutionally make it a crime for persons to have an alcohol concentration of 0.10 or more at any relevant time after driving on the highways and public vehicular areas of this State and that is all N.C.G.S. \u00a7 20-138.1(a)(2) does. See State v. Rose, 312 N.C. 441, 323 S.E. 2d 339 (12/4/84). Defendant\u2019s reliance on McFarland is misplaced. In that case the Supreme Court overturned a Louisiana statute that created a presumption that a company was a party to a monopoly or a conspiracy in restraint of trade on proof of facts that bore no rational relation to those offenses. 241 U.S. at 86. This is clearly a different situation from the case at bar. N.C.G.S. \u00a7 20-138.1(a)(2) does not create a presumption but defines an offense. If this statute is unconstitutional then so is any statute that makes the doing of a particular act illegal. Defendant\u2019s characterization of N.C.G.S. \u00a7 20-138.1(a)(2) is unfounded, and we hold that it does not deprive him of due process of law.\nDefendant also argues that N.C.G.S. \u00a7 20438.1(a)(2) is void for vagueness and thus deprives him of due process of law because a potential violator has no means of measuring the level of alcohol in his system and therefore, does not have fair warning when he has crossed the threshold of 0.10 alcohol concentration. This issue has already been decided against defendant, and we need not consider it further. State v. Rose, 312 N.C. 441, 323 S.E. 2d 339 (12/4/84).\nIV.\nN.C.G.S. \u00a7 20-139.1(b2) provides that the results of a breath analysis are inadmissible if the defendant objects to their introduction into evidence and demonstrates that the instrument used to conduct the analysis had not been maintained according to the regulations of the Commission for Health Services. The analysis will also be excluded if the defendant shows that it was not performed within the time limits prescribed by those regulations. Id. Because driving with a blood alcohol concentration of 0.10 constitutes the offense defendant argues that requiring him to demonstrate that the breathalyzer was not properly maintained places on him the burden of proof as to an essential element of the offense. Mullaney v. Wilbur, 421 U.S. 684 (1975). After a careful review of the law we find defendant\u2019s argument to be without merit.\nThe State may permissibly put the burden of establishing affirmative defenses on the defendant. Patterson v. New York, 432 U.S. 197, 209-10 (1977). The possibility that the breathalyzer may not have been properly maintained is an affirmative defense to be established by defendant. The maintenance record of the breathalyzer goes only to the weight to be given an essential element of the offense, the blood alcohol concentration as shown by chemical analysis, and is not itself an element of the offense. The State is not required by the statute to prove that preventive maintenance was performed on the breathalyzer, and it is under no duty to do so. Martin, 46 N.C. App. at 520, 265 S.E. 2d at 459-60. Putting the burden on defendant to object and show that preventive maintenance was not performed on the breathalyzer does not violate the rule of Mullaney v. Wilbur. Defendant\u2019s assignment of error on this point is overruled.\nAfter a careful consideration of the law we find the challenged portions of the Safe Roads Act to be constitutional and affirm the order of the Superior Court reinstating the charges against defendant.\nAffirmed.", "type": "majority", "author": "COPELAND, Justice." } ], "attorneys": [ "Rufus L. Edmisten, Attorney General, by W. Dale Talbert, Assistant Attorney General, for the State.", "Harris, Bumgardner and Carpenter by James R. Carpenter and R. Dennis Lorance, for the defendant." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. JOHN BERNARD HOWREN, JR.\nNo. 484PA84\n(Filed 4 December 1984)\n1. Automobiles and Other Vehicles \u00a7 126.3; Constitutional Law \u00a7 43 \u2014 breathalyzer test \u2014 statute allowing 30 minutes to obtain counsel \u2014 constitutionality\nThe administration of a chemical analysis to determine if a driver is acting under the influence of an impairing substance is not a critical stage of the prosecution entitling defendant to the presence of counsel; therefore, the statute allowing a defendant only 30 minutes to obtain counsel before undergoing a chemical analysis, G.S. 20-16.2(a), does not violate defendant\u2019s right to counsel guaranteed by the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the U. S. Constitution and Art. I, \u00a7 23 of the N. C. Constitution.\n2. Automobiles and Other Vehicles \u00a7 126.4\u2014 breathalyzer test \u2014 no right to constitutional warnings\nDefendant was not entitled to be informed of his constitutional rights before undergoing a breathalyzer test since the results of the test are not evidence of a testimonial or communicative nature.\n3. Automobiles and Other Vehicles \u00a7 126.2\u2014 driving while impaired \u2014 requirement of two breathalyzer tests after 1 January 1985 \u2014 equal protection\nA defendant charged with driving while impaired prior to 1 January 1985 was not denied equal protection of the laws because only one chemical breath analysis was required whereas a person charged with driving while impaired after 1 January 1985 must be given two chemical breath tests, since G.S. 20-139.1(b3) merely treats the same group of people in different ways at different times. Fourteenth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution; Art. I, \u00a7 19 of the N. C. Constitution.\n4. Automobiles and Other Vehicles \u00a7 120\u2014 driving while impaired \u2014 alcohol concentration of 0.10 or more \u2014 validity of statute\nThe statute making it a crime for persons to have an alcohol concentration of 0.10 or more at any relevant time after driving on the highways or public vehicular areas of this State, G.S. 20-138.1(a)(2), merely sets forth the elements of the offense and does not impermissibly declare individuals with an alcohol concentration of 0.10 or more to be presumptively guilty of a crime.\n5. Automobiles and Other Vehicles \u00a7 120\u2014 driving while impaired \u2014 statute not void for vagueness\nG.S. 20-138.1(a)(2) is not void for vagueness because a potential violator has no means of measuring the level of alcohol in his system and does not have a fair warning of when he has crossed the 0.10 level of alcohol concentration.\n6. Automobiles' and Other Vehicles \u00a7 126.3\u2014 breathalyzer test \u2014 improper maintenance of machine \u2014 burden of proof on defendant \u2014 constitutionality\nThe statute putting the burden on defendant to object and show that a breathalyzer machine had not been maintained in accordance with regulations of the Commission for Health Services, G.S. 20-139.1(b2), does not violate the rule of Mullaney v. Wilbur, 421 U.S. 684, since the absence of proper maintenance is not an essential element of the offense of driving while impaired but is an affirmative defense, and the State may permissibly put the burden of establishing affirmative defenses on defendant.\nOn discretionary review by the Court\u2019s own motion, pursuant to N.C.G.S. \u00a7 7A-31(a), of an order entered by Friday, J., at the 21 November 1983 Criminal Session of GASTON County Superior Court. Heard in the Supreme Court 9 November 1984.\nDefendant was arrested on 21 October 1983 and charged with driving while impaired after being stopped by a Gastonia City Patrolman. He was taken to the Gaston County Jail and given a breathalyzer test which indicated that he had an alcohol concentration of 0.11. Defendant\u2019s license was then revoked for ten days pursuant to N.C.G.S. \u00a7 20-16.5(b)(4). At trial in the District Court the charges against defendant were dismissed on the grounds that various sections of the Safe Roads Act were unconstitutional. The Superior Court, upon appeal by the State pursuant to N.C. G.S. \u00a7 15A-1432, ruled that the challenged sections of the Safe Roads Act were constitutional and reinstated the charges. Defendant appealed.\nRufus L. Edmisten, Attorney General, by W. Dale Talbert, Assistant Attorney General, for the State.\nHarris, Bumgardner and Carpenter by James R. Carpenter and R. Dennis Lorance, for the defendant." }, "file_name": "0454-01", "first_page_order": 484, "last_page_order": 490 }