{ "id": 4725206, "name": "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. SHIRLEY JACK GOODWIN", "name_abbreviation": "State v. Goodwin", "decision_date": "1987-07-07", "docket_number": "No. 274A86", "first_page": "147", "last_page": "151", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "320 N.C. 147" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C.", "id": 9292, "name": "Supreme Court of North Carolina" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "346 S.E. 2d 463", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "464" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "317 N.C. 568", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4773847 ], "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "569" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/317/0568-01" ] }, { "cite": "428 U.S. 903", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6183298, 6181252, 6182756, 6183146, 6182571, 6181805, 6182223, 6181423, 6181585, 6182964, 6182388, 6181945, 6182076 ], "year": 1976, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/428/0903-13", "/us/428/0903-01", "/us/428/0903-10", "/us/428/0903-12", "/us/428/0903-09", "/us/428/0903-04", "/us/428/0903-07", "/us/428/0903-02", "/us/428/0903-03", "/us/428/0903-11", "/us/428/0903-08", "/us/428/0903-05", "/us/428/0903-06" ] }, { "cite": "215 S.E. 2d 540", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1976, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "548-49" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "287 N.C. 645", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8564430 ], "year": 1976, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "658" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/287/0645-01" ] }, { "cite": "322 S.E. 2d 370", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "376" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "312 N.C. 129", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4750010 ], "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "140" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/312/0129-01" ] }, { "cite": "26 B.C.L. Rev. 1143", "category": "journals:journal", "reporter": "B.C. L. Rev.", "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1200" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "42 A.L.R. 4th 879", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "A.L.R. 4th", "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "788 F. 2d 1443", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 1569395 ], "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1445", "parenthetical": "post traumatic stress disorder not generally recognized until publication of the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders by the American Psychiatric Association in 1980" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/788/1443-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 526, "char_count": 9118, "ocr_confidence": 0.824, "pagerank": { "raw": 2.434917323424471e-07, "percentile": 0.8024477488842013 }, "sha256": "3a740eeece21d3d2b9dd4761947d8dd4603b7c7a53ba3bb16edfec3fe9beba90", "simhash": "1:b31e611a361acc5c", "word_count": 1473 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T20:33:25.134905+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. SHIRLEY JACK GOODWIN" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "WHICHARD, Justice.\nThe sole issue we must decide is whether the trial court erred in allowing expert testimony that the alleged victim was suffering from post traumatic stress disorder. Because the foundation to qualify the witness to offer this testimony was insufficient, we hold that it was error to allow it and accordingly award a new trial.\nDefendant was tried and convicted of two counts of first degree sexual offense, two counts of taking indecent liberties, and attempted rape. He was sentenced to life imprisonment for the first degree sexual offenses, six years imprisonment on the indecent liberties convictions, and three years imprisonment on the attempted rape conviction. The court ordered all sentences served concurrently.\nEvidence at trial showed that defendant, a fifty-nine year old naval architect, invited his girlfriend and her two children to his cottage at Kill Devil Hills. The girlfriend\u2019s daughter asked another child to accompany them to the beach. According to the invited child (the victim here), while defendant\u2019s girlfriend was at the store, defendant took the two girls into a bedroom and showed them \u201cdirty magazines\u201d and two vibrators. He also had them touch his private parts. Later that evening defendant came into their bedroom with no clothes on and put his mouth on their private parts. He also placed a vibrator on the children\u2019s private parts, placed his penis on their private parts, and had both put their mouths on his privates. The pediatrician who examined the prosecutrix testified that he found no evidence of sexual abuse or physical trauma to her female organs.\nDefendant\u2019s evidence, presented through the girlfriend and her two children, tended to show that the two girls went with the girlfriend to the store that day rather than remaining at the cottage, and that both girls slept on the couch that night, rather than in a bedroom, because it was near the air conditioner. The girlfriend\u2019s son testified that the two girls were on the couch when he returned to the cottage around 3:00 a.m. According to the girlfriend and her daughter, defendant never abused or molested either of the two children. A physical examination of the girlfriend\u2019s daughter also revealed no evidence of physical trauma to her female organs.\nThe State sought to present expert testimony by a licensed clinical social worker that the daughter\u2019s friend suffered from post traumatic stress disorder. The witness was qualified as an expert in the field of clinical social work based on the following testimony:\nQ. What is your occupation?\nA. I am a licensed clinical social worker.\nQ. And licensed by whom?\nA. By the Commonwealth of Virginia.\nQ. And that gives you authority to do what?\nA. Basically, to practice in mental health and psychotherapeutic counselling with people for emotional and psychological reasons.\nQ. In the course of that work ... do you diagnose disorders that people may have?\nA. Yes, emotional disorders.\nQ. Would you give the jury a little bit of your background please, in the field in which you work?\nA. Yes, I have approximately fifteen years of mental health experience. I worked for a long period of time in San Antonio, Texas, and then in the last seven and V2 years I have worked at Portsmouth Psychiatric Hospital on a children\u2019s inpatient unit which treated exclusively children with emotional problems, and children who have experienced trauma. I am currently in private practice.\nFollowing the court\u2019s ruling qualifying this witness to testify as an expert in the field of licensed clinical social work, the prosecutor asked: \u201cCan you tell the jury in your capacity as an expert what post-traumatic stress syndrome is?\u201d (Emphasis added.) Over objection the witness was allowed to describe this disorder and to testify that in his opinion the daughter\u2019s friend was suffering from post traumatic stress syndrome as a result of sexual abuse. Defendant assigns error to the admission of this testimony.\nPost traumatic stress syndrome is a relatively newly recognized medical disorder. See Funchess v. Wainwright, 788 F. 2d 1443, 1445 (1986) (post traumatic stress disorder not generally recognized until publication of the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders by the American Psychiatric Association in 1980). Its essential feature is the development of characteristic symptoms following a psychologically traumatic event generally outside the range of normal human experience. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, (DSM-III) (3d ed. 1980), 236. While the admissibility of testimony concerning this disorder and its analogue, rape trauma syndrome, has recently been debated in a number of jurisdictions, see, e.g., 42 A.L.R. 4th 879 (1985), in those jurisdictions that allow such testimony courts have examined not only the academic degrees held by the witness, but practical experience as well, in determining whether the witness qualified as an expert in this area. See, e.g., McCord, The Admissibility of Expert Testimony Regarding Rape Trauma Syndrome in Rape Prosecutions, 26 B.C.L. Rev. 1143, 1200 (1985).\nWhether a witness has the requisite skill to qualify as an expert in a given area is chiefly a question of fact, the determination of which is ordinarily within the exclusive province of the trial court. State v. Bullard, 312 N.C. 129, 140, 322 S.E. 2d 370, 376 (1984), quoting State v. King, 287 N.C. 645, 658, 215 S.E. 2d 540, 548-49, death sentence vacated, 428 U.S. 903 (1976). Under N.C.G.S. \u00a7 8C-1, Rule 702 a witness may be qualified as an expert if the trial court finds that through \u201cknowledge, skill, experience, training, or education\u201d the witness has acquired such skill that he or she is better qualified than the jury to form an opinion on the particular subject.\nHere the questions posed and answers given in qualifying the witness as an expert in the field of clinical social work failed to establish that the witness had any particularized training or experience relating to post traumatic stress disorder. Such training or experience is not inherent in the designation \u201clicensed clinical social worker.\u201d It is unclear when the witness received his graduate degrees, but the transcript suggests that it may have been as much as ten years prior to medical recognition of this disorder. Given the relative newness of recognition of this disorder, the court could not assume that the witness received training in it during his graduate studies. The prosecutor also failed to inquire as to whether the witness had received any postgraduate education on the disorder or had actual experience in identifying and counselling regarding it. Without a foundation showing the witness to have sufficient skill, knowledge, or experience in or related to the syndrome, it was impossible to determine whether his opinion would aid the trier of fact in the search for truth. McCormick on Evidence Sec. 13 (3d ed. 1984).\nAs in State v. Stafford, \u201c[w]e neither reach nor decide the question of whether in a proper case expert testimony concerning [post traumatic stress syndrome] will be admitted in the trial courts of this state.\u201d State v. Stafford, 317 N.C. 568, 569, 346 S.E. 2d 463, 464 (1986). We hold only that the testimony was improperly admitted here because the State failed to lay a sufficient foundation to establish that the witness was qualified to offer it. We thus award a new trial, obviating the need to address defendant\u2019s remaining assignments of error.\nNew trial.", "type": "majority", "author": "WHICHARD, Justice." } ], "attorneys": [ "Lacy H. Thornburg, Attorney General, by Sylvia Thibaut, Assistant Attorney General, for the State.", "Russell E. Twiford; Cheshire, Parker & Hughes, by Joseph B. Cheshire V, and Gordon Widenhouse, for defendant-appellant." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. SHIRLEY JACK GOODWIN\nNo. 274A86\n(Filed 7 July 1987)\nCriminal Law 8 53; Rape and Allied Offenses 8 4\u2014 post traumatic stress disorder \u2014witness improperly qualified as expert\nThe trial court erred in a prosecution for first degree sexual offense, indecent liberties, and attempted rape by admitting expert testimony that the alleged victim was suffering from post traumatic stress disorder where the questions posed and the answers given in qualifying the witness as an expert in the field of clinical social work failed to establish that the witness had any particularized training or experience relating to post traumatic stress disorder; the witness may have received his graduate degrees as much as ten years prior to medical recognition of this disorder and, given the relative newness of recognition of this disorder, the court could not assume that the witness received training in it during his graduate studies; and the prosecutor failed to inquire as to whether the witness had received any postgraduate education on the disorder or had actual experience in identifying and counselling regarding it. N.C.G.S. \u00a7 8C-1, Rule 702.\nAPPEAL by defendant pursuant to N.C.G.S. \u00a7 7A-27(a) from a judgment imposing a life sentence entered by Tillery, J., at the 20 January 1986 Mixed Session of Superior Court, DARE County. Heard in the Supreme Court 13 May 1987.\nLacy H. Thornburg, Attorney General, by Sylvia Thibaut, Assistant Attorney General, for the State.\nRussell E. Twiford; Cheshire, Parker & Hughes, by Joseph B. Cheshire V, and Gordon Widenhouse, for defendant-appellant." }, "file_name": "0147-01", "first_page_order": 179, "last_page_order": 183 }