{ "id": 2571827, "name": "CAROLINA TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH COMPANY v. ROSA D. McLEOD", "name_abbreviation": "Carolina Telephone & Telegraph Co. v. McLeod", "decision_date": "1988-02-03", "docket_number": "No. 310PA87", "first_page": "426", "last_page": "435", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "321 N.C. 426" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C.", "id": 9292, "name": "Supreme Court of North Carolina" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "355 S.E. 2d 858", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1987, "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "85 N.C. App. 538", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "year": 1987, "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "680 S.W. 2d 883", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 9955337 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "885" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/sw2d/680/0883-01" ] }, { "cite": "77 S.E. 598", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "year": 1913, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "605" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "114 Va. 537", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Va.", "case_ids": [ 463476 ], "year": 1913, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "546" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/va/114/0537-01" ] }, { "cite": "146 S.E. 2d 169", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1966, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "172" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "206 Va. 711", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Va.", "case_ids": [ 4199242 ], "year": 1966, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/va/206/0711-01" ] }, { "cite": "63 S.E. 880", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "year": 1909, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "883" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "109 Va. 137", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Va.", "case_ids": [ 1989018 ], "year": 1909, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "143" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/va/109/0137-01" ] }, { "cite": "173 S.E. 2d 909", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 4, "year": 1970, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "914" }, { "page": "914" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "276 N.C. 556", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8562575 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1970, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "562-63" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/276/0556-01" ] }, { "cite": "156 S.E. 2d 248", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 5, "year": 1967, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "260" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "271 N.C. 227", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8563411 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1967, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "243" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/271/0227-01" ] }, { "cite": "40 S.E. 2d 600", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 5, "year": 1946, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "605" }, { "page": "604", "parenthetical": "quoting 18 Am. Jur. Eminent Domain \u00a7 38 (1938)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "226 N.C. 750", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8625343 ], "weight": 5, "year": 1946, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "756" }, { "page": "755", "parenthetical": "quoting 18 Am. Jur. Eminent Domain \u00a7 38 (1938)" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/226/0750-01" ] }, { "cite": "144 S.E. 2d 126", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 4, "year": 1965, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "265 N.C. 346", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8575349 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1965, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/265/0346-01" ] }, { "cite": "251 S.E. 2d 457", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1979, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "296 N.C. 503", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8567817 ], "year": 1979, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/296/0503-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 815, "char_count": 21790, "ocr_confidence": 0.832, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.6956258555920665e-07, "percentile": 0.6999828947556402 }, "sha256": "0fe6876d41565e625ea70d08ef9fd8d7598211beac0bb58ce796950d5a65c304", "simhash": "1:420dfd7255cc3b4a", "word_count": 3597 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T17:04:28.747837+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "CAROLINA TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH COMPANY v. ROSA D. McLEOD" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "MEYER, Justice.\nThis is an action instituted by plaintiff pursuant to N.C.G.S. \u00a7 40A-19, our statutory provision for private condemnation of privately owned real property. Specifically, plaintiff seeks by its action an easement over defendant\u2019s land to enable it to provide telephone service to Mr. Dennis P. Turlington, one of its customers. The issue presented on this appeal is whether the trial court erred in granting defendant\u2019s motion, and in denying plaintiffs motion, for summary judgment on the grounds that the desired condemnation was not for \u201cthe public use or benefit\u201d as required by N.C.G.S. \u00a7 40A-3. In an unpublished opinion, the Court of Appeals held that the trial court did not err and affirmed its orders accordingly. We reverse. We hold that the provision of telephone service, irrespective of the number of customers affected, is an action for \u201cthe public use or benefit\u201d and that the trial court\u2019s orders granting summary judgment for defendant and denying summary judgment for plaintiff were therefore improper.\nThe forecast of evidence in this case tends to show the following facts and circumstances. Plaintiff is a North Carolina corporation and a public utility providing telephone services to the citizens of central North Carolina. Defendant is a private citizen who owns approximately twenty-five acres of land adjacent to North Carolina State Road 2009 in Harnett County, North Carolina. Dennis P. Turlington, one of plaintiffs customers, owns roughly twenty-one acres of land lying to the south and west of defendant\u2019s land. Defendant\u2019s land lies directly between Mr. Turlington\u2019s land and the state road.\nMr. Turlington, who lives in a mobile home on his property, is a self-employed carpenter and desires to operate his business from his property. Mr. Turlington has farmed his land, has cut wood from it, and holds recreational activities there. His inability to access his property from any state-maintained road has been the subject of several controversies involving defendant. Some of these controversies have been tried before the courts of this state, and one was pending at the time this cause was argued before this Court.\nSometime during 1979, plaintiff installed an underground telephone cable to Mr. Turlington\u2019s property across defendant\u2019s land. Plaintiff chose to install the line across defendant\u2019s land because this was the shortest route to a state-maintained road and a pre-existing telephone terminal. Plaintiff, apparently through inadvertence, failed to obtain defendant\u2019s permission to install the cable in question or to obtain an easement or any other legal right to go on defendant\u2019s land. Nevertheless, defendant made no objection about the line, nor about plaintiffs maintenance of it, for nearly six years. However, on 5 July 1985, apparently in response to a cartway proceeding instituted against defendant by Mr. Turlington and in response to other difficulties between the two, defendant demanded that plaintiff remove the cable or face an action in trespass.\nPlaintiff complied with defendant\u2019s request and dug up the line. Left without telephone service, Mr. Turlington filed a complaint with the North Carolina Utilities Commission in October 1985 seeking to have his telephone service reinstated. In December 1985, the Commission issued a \u201crecommended order\u201d instructing plaintiff to restore service to Mr. Turlington by obtaining a permissive way across defendant\u2019s property or, alternatively, by condemning a right-of-way pursuant to N.C.G.S. \u00a7 40A-19.\nAccordingly, plaintiff then made numerous unsuccessful attempts to secure defendant\u2019s permission to gain an easement or a right-of-way for the telephone line across her land. Plaintiff met with a similar lack of success upon trying to secure similar permission from other adjacent landowners for less convenient routes. Having failed to secure the permissive use of either defendant\u2019s land or that of any other of Mr. Turlington\u2019s neighbors, plaintiff instituted the present action on 21 February 1986.\nIn her answer to plaintiffs complaint, defendant asserted that plaintiff is not entitled to condemn defendant\u2019s property because the desired condemnation is not for \u201cthe public use or benefit,\u201d as required by N.C.G.S. \u00a7 40A-3. Moreover, in an included counterclaim, defendant alleged that plaintiff is liable to her in trespass. Both plaintiff and defendant filed motions for summary judgment pursuant to Rule 56 of the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure. The trial court denied plaintiffs motion for summary judgment on the condemnation claim and granted plaintiffs motion for summary judgment on defendant\u2019s counterclaim for trespass. The trial court granted defendant\u2019s motion for summary judgment on the condemnation claim, holding that, here, the desired condemnation was not for \u201cthe public use or benefit.\u201d The Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court\u2019s orders.\nPursuant to N.C.G.S. \u00a7 7A-31, we allowed plaintiffs petition for discretionary review of the Court of Appeals\u2019 decision affirming the trial court\u2019s order denying plaintiffs Petition to Acquire an Easement for telephone service. The propriety of the trial court\u2019s disposition of defendant\u2019s counterclaim for trespass is not before us, and accordingly, we do not address it. The question plainly before us is this: Does provision of telephone service to a single customer constitute a \u201cpublic use or benefit\u201d for purposes of N.C.G.S. \u00a7 40A-3? The Court of Appeals answered \u201cno.\u201d We believe the correct answer is \u201cyes\u201d and we reverse.\nEminent domain is the power of the nation or of a sovereign state to take, or to authorize the taking of, private property for a public use without the owner\u2019s consent and upon payment of just compensation. 26 Am. Jur. 2d Eminent Domain \u00a7 1 (1966). Any state legislature, and therefore the North Carolina General Assembly, has the right to determine what portion of this power it will delegate to public or private corporations to be used for the public\u2019s benefit. Colonial Pipeline Co. v. Neill, 296 N.C. 503, 251 S.E. 2d 457 (1979). In North Carolina, for example, it is clear that private corporations, \u201cfor the construction of . . . telephones,\u201d may condemn property through the power of eminent domain if such condemnation is for \u201cthe public use or benefit.\u201d N.C.G.S. \u00a7 40A-3 (1984). It is uncontested that plaintiff, as a provider of telephone service in central North Carolina, is such a corporation. The issue before us is simply whether the use intended by plaintiff-provision of telephone service to a single customer \u2014 is for \u201cthe public use or benefit.\u201d\nWhile delegation of the power of eminent domain is for the legislature, the determination of whether the condemnor\u2019s intended use of the land is for \u201cthe public use or benefit\u201d is a question of law for the courts. Highway Commission v. Batts, 265 N.C. 346, 144 S.E. 2d 126 (1965); Charlotte v. Heath, 226 N.C. 750, 40 S.E. 2d 600 (1946). This task has not proven easy. While it is clear that the power of eminent domain may not be employed to take private property for a purely private purpose, Highway Commission v. Thornton, 271 N.C. 227, 156 S.E. 2d 248 (1967), it is far from clear just how \u201cpublic\u201d is public enough for purposes of N.C.G.S. \u00a7 40A-3. As we have stated on numerous occasions, the statutory phrase \u201cthe public use or benefit\u201d is incapable of a precise definition applicable to all situations. Highway Comm. v. School, 276 N.C. 556, 173 S.E. 2d 909 (1970); Highway Commission v. Batts, 265 N.C. 346, 144 S.E. 2d 126. Rather, because of the progressive demands of an ever-changing society and the perpetually fluid concept of governmental duty and function, the phrase is elastic and keeps pace with changing times. Highway Commission v. Batts, 265 N.C. 346, 144 S.E. 2d 126.\nHowever, judicial determination of whether a condemnor\u2019s intended use is an action for \u201cthe public use or benefit\u201d under N.C.G.S. \u00a7 40A-3 is not standardless. On the contrary, courts in this and other states have employed essentially two approaches to this problem. The first approach \u2014 the public use test \u2014 asks whether the public has a right to a definite use of the condemned property. 26 Am. Jur. 2d Eminent Domain \u00a7 27 (1966). The second approach \u2014 the public benefit test \u2014 asks whether some benefit accrues to the public as a result of the desired condemnation. Id. We find that both approaches, when applied to the specific facts of this case, yield the identical conclusion. Plaintiffs condemnation of defendant\u2019s property, albeit to provide telephone service to but a single customer, is an action for \u201cthe public use or benefit.\u201d Accordingly, the trial court\u2019s decision granting defendant's motion, and denying plaintiffs motion, for summary judgment on the condemnation claim was improper.\nWe look first at the public use test. Under this first approach, the principal and dispositive determination is whether the general public has a right to a definite use of the property sought to be condemned. 26 Am. Jur. 2d Eminent Domain \u00a7 27 (1966). Significantly, this Court has emphasized that it is the public\u2019s right to use, not the public\u2019s actual use, which is important to this first approach. Highway Commission v. Thornton, 271 N.C. 227, 156 S.E. 2d 248; Charlotte v. Heath, 226 N.C. 750, 40 S.E. 2d 600. In Thornton, for example, wherein we held that a road ending in a cul-de-sac can constitute a public use, we stated that \u201cif the public generally may use the road, as a matter of right, on an equal, common basis, the road is a public road irrespective of how many people actually use it.\u201d Highway Commission v. Thornton, 271 N.C. 227, 243, 156 S.E. 2d 248, 260. In Heath, a case involving the condemnation of private property for water and sewer services, we stated that the intended use \u201c \u2018may be for the inhabitants of a small or restricted locality; but the use and benefit must be in common, not to particular individuals or estates.\u2019 \u201d Charlotte v. Heath, 226 N.C. 750, 756, 40 S.E. 2d 600, 605 (quoting Miller v. Pulaski, 109 Va. 137, 143, 63 S.E. 880, 883 (1909)).\nOur emphasis of the right to use, rather than actual use, is consistent with decisions from other jurisdictions. For example, the Virginia Supreme Court, in Iron Company v. Pipeline Company, 206 Va. 711, 146 S.E. 2d 169 (1966), stated as follows:\n\u201cThe character of the use, whether public or private, is determined by the extent of the right by the public to its use, and not by the extent to which that right is, or may be, exercised. If it is a public way in fact, it is not material that but few persons will enjoy it. * * *\u201d\nId. at 715, 146 S.E. 2d at 172 (quoting Dismal Swamp R. Co. v. Roper L. Co., 114 Va. 537, 546, 77 S.E. 598, 605 (1913)).\nA Texas court followed a similar approach in Dyer v. Texas Electric Service Co., 680 S.W. 2d 883 (Tex. App. 1984), a case in which electric service provided to a single corporate customer was determined to be a public use. The Texas court stated that it is \u201cimmaterial\u201d if the use is limited to citizens of a certain location or that few people will in fact exercise the right to use. Id. at 885. The key point, stated the court, is that the use is \u201copen to all who choose to avail themselves of it. The mere fact that the advantage of the use inures to a particular individual . . . will not deprive it of its public character.\u201d Id.\nUnder this first approach, the public use test, this plaintiffs intended use is clearly for \u201cthe public use or benefit\u201d for purposes of N.C.G.S. \u00a7 40A-3, and accordingly, plaintiff is entitled to the desired condemnation. While it is true that, by its action, plaintiff wishes to provide telephone service to a single customer, once the telephone cable is laid, every member of the public will have a common and identical right to use that telephone line. Such is the nature of telephonic communication. Any member of the public who wishes to do so may pick up his own telephone and dial Mr. Turlington at the appropriate number. Likewise, Mr. Turlington may access any other phone in the surrounding community merely by dialing the proper number. Moreover, once installed, access to telephone service would be available at the location to Mr. Turlington\u2019s successors in title or possession. Because it is the right to use the line and not the actual use of the line which is dispositive here, Highway Commission v. Thornton, 271 N.C. 227, 156 S.E. 2d 248, the degree to which any of these hypothetical uses in fact occurs is irrelevant. Like the road at issue in Thom ton, because the public generally may use Mr. Turlington\u2019s telephone line as a matter of right on an equal and common basis, the line is a public line without regard to how many people actually use it. Id. Under the public use test, therefore, plaintiffs intended use constitutes an action for \u201cthe public use or benefit\u201d for purposes of the statute in question.\nHowever, use by the general public as a universal test of whether a desired condemnation constitutes an action for \u201cthe public use or benefit\u201d has been recognized as inadequate. 26 Am. Jur. 2d Eminent Domain \u00a7 29 (1966). Accordingly, we turn now to another approach, the public benefit test. Generally, under the public benefit test, a given condemnor\u2019s desired use of the condemned property in question is for \u201cthe public use or benefit\u201d if that use would contribute to the general welfare and prosperity of the public at large. 26 Am. Jur. 2d Eminent Domain \u00a7 27 (1966). However, judicial decisions in this and other states reveal that not just any benefit to the general public will suffice under this test. Rather, the taking must \u201c \u2018furnish the public with some necessity or convenience which cannot readily be furnished without the aid of some governmental power, and which is required by the public as such.\u2019 \u201d Charlotte v. Heath, 226 N.C. 750, 755, 40 S.E. 2d 600, 604 (1946) (quoting 18 Am. Jur. Eminent Domain \u00a7 38 (1938)). In Charlotte v. Heath, 226 N.C. 750, 40 S.E. 2d 600, for example, in finding that the exercise of the power of eminent domain was proper, we held that provision of much-needed water and sewerage services to a small community of people by the City of Charlotte satisfied this public benefit test.\nThe facts of the case at bar satisfy the public benefit test. In this day and age, as we near the end of the twentieth century, the escalating importance of telephones and telephone systems cannot be gainsaid. As we stated above, plaintiffs provision of telephone service to Mr. Turlington will allow him and his successors to access other members of his community by merely dialing the correct numbers on his telephone. Moreover, it will ensure that members of the local community, should they so desire, may gain access to him or his successors by doing the same. In short, provision of telephone service to a single customer, to ensure that an entire community is interconnected is, like the water and sewerage service at issue in Heath, a necessity required by the public in this day and age. Also, like the service in Heath, telephone service for the whole community is a necessity which cannot readily be provided without some governmental aid. The North Carolina General Assembly no doubt understood this when it passed N.C.G.S. \u00a7 40A-3 and thereby delegated to telecommunication companies the power of eminent domain. N.C.G.S. \u00a7 40A-3 (1984). We find that plaintiffs desired use of the property in question satisfies the public benefit test and therefore satisfies \u201cthe public use or benefit\u201d requirement of our statutory provisions for private condemnation.\nA final method of analysis has been employed by courts in several states in cases where, as here, the condemnor\u2019s desired use clearly includes both private and public traits. The general rule in such cases is that a taking can be for public use or benefit even when there is also a substantial private use so long as the private use in question is incidental to the paramount public use. See 26 Am. Jur. 2d Eminent Domain \u00a7 32 (1966).\nThis Court applied this general rule in Highway Comm. v. School, 276 N.C. 556, 173 S.E. 2d 909 (1970), and we find our analysis there to be instructive in the case at bar. In that case, the C. A. Mashburn family, by virtue of the construction of Interstate 40, was rendered landlocked by the new highway and defendant school\u2019s property. The Highway Commission (now the Department of Transportation) sought to condemn a portion of the school\u2019s property in order to allow the Mashburn family access to the Sand Hill Road. The school opposed the Highway Commission\u2019s effort. Speaking for a unanimous Court and holding that the Highway Commission was entitled to exercise eminent domain on those facts, Justice (later Chief Justice) Sharp stated:\n\u201c[T]he exercise of eminent domain for a public purpose which is primary and paramount will not be defeated by the fact that incidentally a private use or benefit will result which will not of itself warrant the exercise of a power. . . . The controlling question is whether the paramount reason for the taking of the land to which objection is made is the public interest, to which benefits to private interests are merely incidental, or whether, on the other hand, the private interests are paramount and controlling and the public interests merely incidental.\u201d\nHighway Comm. v. School, 276 N.C. 556, 562-63, 173 S.E. 2d 909, 914 (quoting 26 Am. Jur. 2d Eminent Domain \u00a7\u00a7 32, 33 (1966)). Justice Sharp stated further that because the new access was \u201cauxiliary to, and necessitated by, the construction of Interstate Highway No. 40\u201d and \u201can incidental part of a comprehensive and complex highway project of national significance,\u201d the condemnation was primarily for public use or benefit. Id. at 562, 173 S.E. 2d at 914.\nApplication of Justice Sharp\u2019s reasoning to the case at bar yields yet again the conclusion that this plaintiffs desired use of the property in question \u2014 to provide telephone service to Mr. Turlington \u2014 was an action for \u201cthe public use or benefit\u201d for purposes of N.C.G.S. \u00a7 40A-3. It is admitted that plaintiffs action will have as one of its effects the provision of telephone service to a single customer, Mr. Turlington. However, we find that, just as providing access to the Mashburn family was an incidental part of a large and very important highway project, the provision of telephone service to Mr. Turlington is a small part of a more important and more far-reaching effort \u2014 the effort to ensure that, in an era in which the telephone has truly become a necessity, whole communities, as well as members of individual communities, are interconnected by telephone systems. As we stated above in our analysis of this case under the public benefit test, the singular importance of telephones and of telephone systems in today\u2019s society simply cannot be overstated. It cannot seriously be argued that the public\u2019s best interests are served by denying telephone service to any member of our society. Accordingly, plaintiffs desired use of the property in question is, in our opinion, for \u201cthe public use or benefit\u201d and its exercise of eminent domain should have been allowed here.\nIn conclusion, we hold that the provision of telephone service, irrespective of the number of customers directly affected, constitutes an action for \u201cthe public use or benefit\u201d for purposes of N.C.G.S. \u00a7 40A-3 and is therefore a use for which plaintiff may properly exercise its statutory power of eminent domain. Therefore, in the case at bar, the trial court erred in granting defendant\u2019s motion for summary judgment and in denying plaintiffs motion for summary judgment on the grounds that plaintiffs desired use of the land in question is not for \u201cthe public use or benefit\u201d as required by N.C.G.S. \u00a7 40A-3. Moreover, the Court of Appeals erred in affirming the trial court\u2019s erroneous orders. Accordingly, we reverse and remand to the Court of Appeals with instructions to that court to remand to the Superior Court, Harnett County, for entry of summary judgment for plaintiff on the condemnation claim and for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.\nReversed and remanded.", "type": "majority", "author": "MEYER, Justice." } ], "attorneys": [ "Donald E. Harrop, Jr., for plaintiff-appellant.", "Bryan, Jones, Johnson & Snow, by James M. Johnson, for defendant-appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "CAROLINA TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH COMPANY v. ROSA D. McLEOD\nNo. 310PA87\n(Filed 3 February 1988)\nTelecommunications \u00a7 3; Eminent Domain \u00a73\u2014 private condemnation \u2014 telephone line for single customer \u2014 public use or benefit\nThe trial court erred in a private condemnation action by granting defendant\u2019s motion for summary judgment and denying plaintiffs motion for summary judgment on the grounds that plaintiffs desired use of the land in question is not for the use and benefit of the public where the condemnation was for the purpose of providing telephone service to a single customer. Under the public use test, it is the public\u2019s right to use rather than the actual use which is significant; here, every member of the public will have a common and identical right to use the telephone line. The public benefit test is satisfied in that provision of telephone service to a single customer to insure that an entire community is interconnected is a necessity required by the public and which cannot readily be provided without some government aid. N.C.G.S. \u00a7 40A-3.\nOn plaintiffs petition for discretionary review pursuant to N.C.G.S. \u00a7 7A-31 of a unanimous and unpublished decision of the Court of Appeals, 85 N.C. App. 538, 355 S.E. 2d 858 (1987), affirming orders entered by Barnette, J., at the 9 September 1986 Civil Session of Superior Court, Harnett County, granting defendant\u2019s motion, and denying plaintiffs motion, for summary judgment. Heard in the Supreme Court 12 November 1987.\nDonald E. Harrop, Jr., for plaintiff-appellant.\nBryan, Jones, Johnson & Snow, by James M. Johnson, for defendant-appellee." }, "file_name": "0426-01", "first_page_order": 454, "last_page_order": 463 }