{ "id": 2553368, "name": "IN THE MATTER OF THE ALAMANCE COUNTY COURT FACILITIES", "name_abbreviation": "In re Alamance County Court Facilities", "decision_date": "1991-06-12", "docket_number": "No. 191PA89", "first_page": "84", "last_page": "108", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "329 N.C. 84" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C.", "id": 9292, "name": "Supreme Court of North Carolina" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "59 ALR3d 569", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "A.L.R. 3d", "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "362 U.S. 941", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6197377, 6197133, 6197869, 6197615, 6196851, 6196599 ], "year": 1960, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/362/0681-04", "/us/362/0681-03", "/us/362/0681-06", "/us/362/0681-05", "/us/362/0681-02", "/us/362/0681-01" ] }, { "cite": "405 U.S. 923", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11730456, 11730188, 11730255, 11730642, 11730516, 11730101, 11730324, 11730391, 11730584, 11730135 ], "year": 1972, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/405/0923-07", "/us/405/0923-03", "/us/405/0923-04", "/us/405/0923-10", "/us/405/0923-08", "/us/405/0923-01", "/us/405/0923-05", "/us/405/0923-06", "/us/405/0923-09", "/us/405/0923-02" ] }, { "cite": "298 N.C. 297", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8571043, 8571003, 8570899, 8570971, 8570941 ], "year": 1979, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/298/0297-05", "/nc/298/0297-04", "/nc/298/0297-01", "/nc/298/0297-03", "/nc/298/0297-02" ] }, { "cite": "267 S.E.2d 788", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "finding of contempt reversed because record did not evidence any disrespect by commissioners toward the superior court" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "154 Ga. App. 173", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ga. App.", "case_ids": [ 815186 ], "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "finding of contempt reversed because record did not evidence any disrespect by commissioners toward the superior court" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ga-app/154/0173-01" ] }, { "cite": "167 S.E.2d 488", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1969, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "order concluding that commissioners' refusal to comply with prior order directing them to provide \"adequate\" court facilities was contemptuous conduct was without effect because commissioners not advised they were to appear and show cause why they should not be held in contempt" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "4 N.C. App. 626", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8555177 ], "year": 1969, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/4/0626-01" ] }, { "cite": "344 N.E.2d 61", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1976, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "63", "parenthetical": "issued under the authority of state statute assuring trial on the merits upon petition by affected officer" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "264 Ind. 313", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ind.", "case_ids": [ 1791417 ], "year": 1976, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "316", "parenthetical": "issued under the authority of state statute assuring trial on the merits upon petition by affected officer" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ind/264/0313-01" ] }, { "cite": "449 N.E.2d 1312", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "appropriation and remodeling of courtroom space where exigent circumstances clearly established" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "96 Ill. 2d 284", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3115733 ], "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "appropriation and remodeling of courtroom space where exigent circumstances clearly established" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/96/0284-01" ] }, { "cite": "681 P.2d 953", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "case_ids": [ 10428166 ], "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "specific statute and administrative rules predicated that only the state supreme court through the chief judges of each district had the power to order such remodeling as air-conditioning" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/p2d/681/0953-01" ] }, { "cite": "123 N.E.2d 521", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1954, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "162 Ohio St. 345", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ohio St.", "case_ids": [ 1702448 ], "year": 1954, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ohio-st/162/0345-01" ] }, { "cite": "489 N.E.2d 511", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "case_ids": [ 11031559 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "512-13" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ne2d/489/0511-01" ] }, { "cite": "126 N.E.2d 57", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1955, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "ordering ordinary facilities essential to the care and safeguarding of the free and untrammeled exercise of its functions was within the court's inherent power, but this does not apply merely in order to acquire more desirable space" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "163 Ohio St. 149", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ohio St.", "case_ids": [ 1703624 ], "year": 1955, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "ordering ordinary facilities essential to the care and safeguarding of the free and untrammeled exercise of its functions was within the court's inherent power, but this does not apply merely in order to acquire more desirable space" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ohio-st/163/0149-01" ] }, { "cite": "36 N.E. 237", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.", "year": 1893, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "court's inherent power to order reconstruction arises out of and is restricted by absolute necessity; thus it was confined to repairs and other temporary means of protecting judicial functions" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "136 Ind. 562", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ind.", "case_ids": [ 1410050 ], "year": 1893, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "court's inherent power to order reconstruction arises out of and is restricted by absolute necessity; thus it was confined to repairs and other temporary means of protecting judicial functions" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ind/136/0562-01" ] }, { "cite": "287 N.E.2d 608", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1972, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "612" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "362 Mass. 507", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mass.", "case_ids": [ 43826 ], "year": 1972, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "510" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/mass/362/0507-01" ] }, { "cite": "119 N.E.2d 558", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1954, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "a court has the right and duty to order appropriations for purposes of remodeling jury quarters where the autonomy of its branch is jeopardized by decrepit facilities because the judiciary is an independent and equal branch of the government with powers coequal with its duties" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "233 Ind. 320", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ind.", "case_ids": [ 1755954 ], "year": 1954, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ind/233/0320-01" ] }, { "cite": "68 P. 689", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.", "year": 1902, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "courts have inherent power to bind the state to pay for furnishings out of appropriated funds; a view to the contrary would be to concede to the legislature the power of a hostile body to destroy the judicial department" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "26 Nev. 373", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Nev.", "case_ids": [ 4633351 ], "year": 1902, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "courts have inherent power to bind the state to pay for furnishings out of appropriated funds; a view to the contrary would be to concede to the legislature the power of a hostile body to destroy the judicial department" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nev/26/0373-01" ] }, { "cite": "77 S.E.2d 716", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1953, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "717" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "238 N.C. 303", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8606972 ], "year": 1953, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "304" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/238/0303-01" ] }, { "cite": "69 S.E.2d 557", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1952, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "561" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "235 N.C. 244", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8622809 ], "year": 1952, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "249" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/235/0244-01" ] }, { "cite": "185 S.E.2d 323", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1971, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "325", "parenthetical": "emphasis added" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "13 N.C. App. 151", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8550812 ], "year": 1971, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "153", "parenthetical": "emphasis added" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/13/0151-01" ] }, { "cite": "4 L. Ed. 2d 770", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1960, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "111 S.E.2d 457", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1959, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "463", "parenthetical": "law of the land guarantees one charged with contempt of court to confront and cross-examine witnesses" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "251 N.C. 218", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8624573 ], "year": 1959, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "228", "parenthetical": "law of the land guarantees one charged with contempt of court to confront and cross-examine witnesses" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/251/0218-01" ] }, { "cite": "273 S.E.2d 247", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "260", "parenthetical": "right to confront witnesses applicable to contempt proceedings" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "301 N.C. 561", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8569785 ], "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "583", "parenthetical": "right to confront witnesses applicable to contempt proceedings" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/301/0561-01" ] }, { "cite": "90 S.E.2d 700", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1956, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "702-03", "parenthetical": "citations omitted" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "243 N.C. 405", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8625334 ], "year": 1956, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "407", "parenthetical": "citations omitted" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/243/0405-01" ] }, { "cite": "301 N.C. 94", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8562510, 8562484, 8562391, 8562457, 8562431 ], "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "public officers may have both ministerial and discretionary duties" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/301/0094-05", "/nc/301/0094-04", "/nc/301/0094-01", "/nc/301/0094-03", "/nc/301/0094-02" ] }, { "cite": "265 S.E.2d 890", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "913", "parenthetical": "public officers may have both ministerial and discretionary duties" }, { "page": "913" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "46 N.C. App. 350", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8551011 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "386", "parenthetical": "public officers may have both ministerial and discretionary duties" }, { "page": "385" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/46/0350-01" ] }, { "cite": "22 S.E.2d 896", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1942, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "222 N.C. 310", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8630038 ], "year": 1942, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/222/0310-01" ] }, { "cite": "138 S.E.2d 143", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1964, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "262 N.C. 496", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8568994 ], "year": 1964, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/262/0496-01" ] }, { "cite": "68 S.E.2d 862", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1952, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "867" }, { "page": "868" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "234 N.C. 673", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8625681 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1952, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "680" }, { "page": "680" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/234/0673-01" ] }, { "cite": "16 Idaho 32", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Idaho", "case_ids": [ 3320365 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1909, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/idaho/16/0032-01" ] }, { "cite": "189 S.E. 873", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "year": 1937, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "211 N.C. 213", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8625770 ], "year": 1937, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/211/0213-01" ] }, { "cite": "173 S.E. 56", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "weight": 3, "year": 1934, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "174" }, { "page": "61" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "206 N.C. 165", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8629245 ], "year": 1934, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/206/0165-01" ] }, { "cite": "52 S.E. 58", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "year": 1905, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "Mandamus cannot issue commanding county commissioners to repair a bridge" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "139 N.C. 412", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8652768 ], "year": 1905, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "Mandamus cannot issue commanding county commissioners to repair a bridge" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/139/0412-01" ] }, { "cite": "60 S.E. 418", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "year": 1908, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "Mandamus will not lie to compel county commissioners to repair or build a courthouse because matter is discretionary; court can intervene only to punish for criminal abuse of duty" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "146 N.C. 534", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 11271951 ], "year": 1908, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "Mandamus will not lie to compel county commissioners to repair or build a courthouse because matter is discretionary; court can intervene only to punish for criminal abuse of duty" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/146/0534-01" ] }, { "cite": "23 S.E. 354", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "weight": 4, "year": 1895, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "355" }, { "page": "434" }, { "page": "355" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "117 N.C. 429", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8653356 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1895, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "435-36" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/117/0429-01" ] }, { "cite": "61 S.E. 585", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "year": 1908, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "146 N.C. 655", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 11272343 ], "year": 1908, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/146/0655-01" ] }, { "cite": "76 N.C. 153", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8687469 ], "year": 1877, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/76/0153-01" ] }, { "cite": "64 N.C. 244", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8682313 ], "year": 1870, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "250" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/64/0244-01" ] }, { "cite": "66 A.2d 577", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "A.2d", "year": 1949, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "580" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "362 Pa. 52", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Pa.", "case_ids": [ 477317 ], "year": 1949, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "59" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/pa/362/0052-01" ] }, { "cite": "30 L. Ed. 2d 794", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1972, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "172 N.W.2d 436", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.W.2d", "year": 1969, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "450", "parenthetical": "separate opinion by Adams, J." } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "383 Mich. 10", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mich.", "case_ids": [ 1920680 ], "year": 1969, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "42-43", "parenthetical": "separate opinion by Adams, J." } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/mich/383/0010-01" ] }, { "cite": "48 Mont. 320", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mont.", "case_ids": [ 2330844 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1913, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "329" }, { "page": "395" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/mont/48/0320-01" ] }, { "cite": "268 N.W.2d 869", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 10689895 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1978, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "874" }, { "page": "874-75", "parenthetical": "separate opinion by Adams, J." }, { "page": "876", "parenthetical": "better practice to make detailed fact-finding and proposed order, filed with show cause order, served with notice of hearing on those affected" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nw2d/268/0869-01" ] }, { "cite": "552 P.2d 163", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1976, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "170" }, { "page": "173", "parenthetical": "\"By in effect initiating and trying its own lawsuits, the judiciary's image of impartiality and the concomitant willingness of the public to accept its decisions as those of a fair and disinterested tribunal may be severely damaged.\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "87 Wash. 2d 232", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Wash. 2d", "case_ids": [ 1113754 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1976, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "243" }, { "page": "249" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/wash-2d/87/0232-01" ] }, { "cite": "96 L. Ed. 1153", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed.", "year": 1952, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1199", "parenthetical": "Jackson, J., concurring" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "343 U.S. 579", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11341177 ], "year": 1952, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "635", "parenthetical": "Jackson, J., concurring" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/343/0579-01" ] }, { "cite": "22 N.C. 297", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8690543 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1839, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "301" }, { "page": "301" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/22/0297-01" ] }, { "cite": "5 S.E.2d 136", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1939, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "137", "parenthetical": "quoting Burroughs v. McNeill, 22 N.C. 297, 301 (1839)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "216 N.C. 421", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8603399 ], "year": 1939, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "422", "parenthetical": "quoting Burroughs v. McNeill, 22 N.C. 297, 301 (1839)" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/216/0421-01" ] }, { "cite": "115 S.E. 336", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "year": 1922, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "339" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "184 N.C. 499", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 11271250 ], "year": 1922, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "503" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/184/0499-01" ] }, { "cite": "38 S.E.2d 314", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1946, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "monies paid to state treasurer under state law become public funds which may be disbursed only in accordance with legislative authority" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "226 N.C. 465", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8621283 ], "year": 1946, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "monies paid to state treasurer under state law become public funds which may be disbursed only in accordance with legislative authority" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/226/0465-01" ] }, { "cite": "114 S.E.2d 711", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1960, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "713", "parenthetical": "power to levy taxes vests exclusively in the legislative branch of the government" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "252 N.C. 754", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8625695 ], "year": 1960, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "757", "parenthetical": "power to levy taxes vests exclusively in the legislative branch of the government" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/252/0754-01" ] }, { "cite": "153 S.E.2d 749", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1967, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "judgment ordering attorneys be paid from Indigent Defense Fund established by General Session Laws repugnant to N.C. Const, art. XIV, \u00a7 3 (now art. V, \u00a7 7(1)); DeLoatch v. Beamon, 252 N.C. 754, 757, 114 S.E.2d 711, 713 (1960" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "270 N.C. 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8565001 ], "year": 1967, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "judgment ordering attorneys be paid from Indigent Defense Fund established by General Session Laws repugnant to N.C. Const, art. XIV, \u00a7 3 (now art. V, \u00a7 7(1)); DeLoatch v. Beamon, 252 N.C. 754, 757, 114 S.E.2d 711, 713 (1960" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/270/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "10 Wake Forest L. Rev. 1", "category": "journals:journal", "reporter": "Wake Forest L. Rev.", "weight": 2, "year": 1974, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "7" }, { "page": "8" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "259 S.E.2d 298", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1979, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "256 S.E.2d 818", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "821" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "42 N.C. App. 292", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8554015 ], "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "296" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/42/0292-01" ] }, { "cite": "389 S.E.2d 41", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "48", "parenthetical": "Trial court's broad, inherent discretionary power includes control of course of trial so as to prevent injustice to any party" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "326 N.C. 326", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 5308491 ], "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "337", "parenthetical": "Trial court's broad, inherent discretionary power includes control of course of trial so as to prevent injustice to any party" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/326/0326-01" ] }, { "cite": "341 S.E.2d 517", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "316 N.C. 285", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4702150 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "129" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/316/0285-01" ] }, { "cite": "29 L. Ed. 2d 138", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1971, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "quoting In re Surcharge of County Commissioners, 12 Pa. Dist. & Co. R. 471: \"That courts have inherent power to do all things that are reasonably necessary for the proper administration of their office within the scope of their jurisdiction is a well-settled principle of law.\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "402 U.S. 974", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11768545, 11768104, 11768235, 11768044, 11768271, 11768178, 11767986, 11768402, 11768309, 11768474 ], "year": 1971, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/402/0974-10", "/us/402/0974-03", "/us/402/0974-05", "/us/402/0974-02", "/us/402/0974-06", "/us/402/0974-04", "/us/402/0974-01", "/us/402/0974-08", "/us/402/0974-07", "/us/402/0974-09" ] }, { "cite": "274 A.2d 193", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "A.2d", "weight": 3, "year": 1971, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "197", "parenthetical": "citations omitted" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "442 Pa. 45", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Pa.", "case_ids": [ 1935443 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1971, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "54" }, { "page": "53" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/pa/442/0045-01" ] }, { "cite": "65 N.C. 353", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 1955505 ], "year": 1871, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "366" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/65/0353-01" ] }, { "cite": "93 N.C. 105", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 11272769 ], "year": 1885, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "107", "parenthetical": "\"[This Court] and its jurisdiction are established by the Constitution - it has all the powers that by general principles appertain to such a court\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/93/0105-01" ] }, { "cite": "357 S.E.2d 694", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 5, "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "695" }, { "page": "695", "parenthetical": "\"The inherent power of the Court has not been limited by our constitution; to the contrary, the constitution protects such power\"" }, { "page": "696" }, { "page": "695" }, { "page": "696" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "320 N.C. 126", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4731807 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "129" }, { "page": "129" }, { "page": "129" }, { "page": "129" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/320/0126-01" ] }, { "cite": "51 S.E. 957", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "weight": 4, "year": 1905, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "962" }, { "page": "961" }, { "page": "961" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "139 N.C. 95", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8652189 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1905, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "107" }, { "page": "106" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/139/0095-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1924, "char_count": 58320, "ocr_confidence": 0.742, "pagerank": { "raw": 5.867302441460317e-07, "percentile": 0.9522854421242319 }, "sha256": "2109de4b1341db054cb0193df8823b2892bc70979dc1f92c721a864f8ab8e728", "simhash": "1:889cc6fccf8fa4d3", "word_count": 9369 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T19:30:52.475304+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "IN THE MATTER OF THE ALAMANCE COUNTY COURT FACILITIES" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "EXUM, Chief Justice.\nInitiated by a hearing ordered by a superior court judge to inquire into the adequacy of the Alamance County court facilities, this case probes the scope of the court\u2019s inherent power to direct county commissioners to ameliorate such facilities and the proper means of effecting that end. We hold that such power exists, but that the order invoking it here is procedurally and substantively flawed: the commissioners against whom the order was directed were not made parties to the action, the order was ex parte, and it intruded on discretion that properly belonged to the commissioners.\nI.\nOn 2 March 1989, the Honorable Henry W. Hight, Jr., Superior Court Judge Presiding in the County of Alamance, issued an order directing the Grand Jury to inspect the Alamance County jail and court facilities. The Grand Jury responded with a report finding numerous courthouse and jail defects and recommending that the 1924 courthouse be remodeled and converted to other uses, that a new courthouse be built, and that an existing courthouse annex be renovated and jail space expanded.\nOn 17 March 1989, Judge Hight issued an order reiterating the Grand Jury\u2019s conclusions and scheduling a hearing for 24 April 1989 \u201cto make inquiry as to the adequacy of the Court facilities\u201d in Alamance County. The judge appointed an attorney to represent the court and to present evidence at the hearing. The sheriff was directed to serve the five members of the Alamance County Board of County Commissioners with copies of the order and notice of the hearing. The notice informed the commissioners of their entitlement to be present, along with their attorneys, and to offer evidence or contentions regarding the adequacy of court facilities \u201cto provide for the proper administration of justice in Alamance County.\u201d\nFour commissioners filed motions to dismiss for insufficiency of process, for failure to join a necessary party and to name a real party in interest, for lack of subject matter jurisdiction; a motion for recusal; and a demand for a jury trial. In an order filed 4 April 1989, Judge Hight struck these motions, stating that the movants were not parties to the action and thus were without standing.\nNotice of the hearing was succeeded by subpoenas issued by Judge Hight to each of the five commissioners before the hearing, ordering that they appear and testify on 24 April 1989.\nFollowing the hearing, at which the commissioners were present but did not participate, Judge Hight issued an order based upon copious findings of fact enumerating the inadequacies of the physical facilities provided by Alamance County to the court system. The findings included citation to the statutory duties of the Clerk of Court to secure and preserve court documents, N.C.G.S. \u00a7 7A-109(a)(3), to statutory provisions requiring secrecy of grand jury proceedings, N.C.G.S. \u00a7 15A-623(e), to statutory requisites that counties in which a district court has been established provide courtrooms and judicial facilities, N.C.G.S. \u00a7 7A-302, and to the open courts provision, Art. I, \u00a7 18 of the North Carolina Constitution \u2014 all of which were potentially violated by the condition of pertinent facilities in Alamance County. In addition, the findings stated that the right to a jury trial assured in Article I, \u00a7\u00a7 24 and 25 of the N.C. Constitution was jeopardized where jury and grand jury deliberations were not dependably private and secure and that litigants\u2019 due process rights were similarly at risk for lack of areas where they could confer confidentially with their attorneys. The findings included an assessment of the volume and increase of court business over more than a decade; an accounting of total county revenues and fund balance at the close of the 1987-88 fiscal year, plus undesignated unreserved funds remaining in the fund as of April 1989; and stated minimum square footage requisites for Alamance County\u2019s various judicial facilities.\nFinally, the findings stated that the failure of the county to provide adequate court facilities violated the constitutional limitation under Article IV, \u00a7 1, that the General Assembly \u201c(and Alamance County as part of the State government which has been delegated the responsibility to provide court facilities)\u201d was powerless to deprive the judicial department of any power or jurisdiction rightfully pertaining to it as a co-ordinate department of government.\nThe order asserted that the court\u2019s jurisdiction over the question of adequate court facilities was authorized not only in Article IV, \u00a7 12 of the N.C. Constitution, but through its inherent power \u201cnecessary for the existence of the Court, necessary to the orderly and efficient exercise of its jurisdiction, and necessary for this Court to do justice.\u201d\nBased upon its findings of fact, the order concluded that the courtrooms and related judicial offices for Alamance County were \u201cgrossly inadequate, being in the large either obsolete, poorly designed, or nonexistent.\u201d The effects of such inadequacies included denying access to the handicapped and physically disabled, thwarting the effective assistance of counsel to litigants in violation of the law of the land, jeopardizing the right to trial by jury in civil and criminal cases, and causing delays in the prosecution and defense of civil cases. In addition, the lack of detention rooms constituted a clear and present danger to persons present at criminal judicial proceedings as well as to the public at large.\nThe order also resolved that the county was financially able to provide adequate judicial facilities and that it was the duty of the county acting through its commissioners to make these provisions.\nThe order\u2019s conclusions were followed by a \u201cRecommendation\u201d which took particular notice of the fact of \u201cundesignated unreserved funds of $15,655,778.00 as of June 30,1988,\u201d with which the commissioners could begin construction of a new courthouse. This recommendation recognized, however, that \u201c[t]he decision of whether or not to construct a new Courthouse, as opposed to providing the courtrooms and related judicial facilities as required by law, is within the sound discretion of the County Commissioners.\u201d\nDespite the precatory nature of its recommendations, the order culminated with the directive that the county, acting through its commissioners, immediately take steps to provide adequate facilities, first by providing adjacent additional facilities, for which minimum square footage was stated, and, second, by modifying the existing courthouse and annex for access to the handicapped. The order specified, inter alia,\n2. That as a minimum, in addition to the present facilities in Alamance County, Alamance County must provide in close proximity to and adjacent to the present facilities the following:\n(a) One (1) Superior Court Courtroom of 1600 square feet, minimum, with two restrooms of 35 square feet, minimum;\n(b) One (1) Superior Court Jury Deliberation Room of 300 square feet, minimum;\n(c) One (1) Superior Court Court Reporter Room of 80 square feet, minimum;\n(d) One (1) Superior Court Judge\u2019s Chambers, consisting of conference area of 160 square feet, minimum, and toilet of 40 square feet, minimum;\n(e) One (1) Superior Court Detention Room of 140 square feet, minimum;\n(f) Two (2) Superior Court Attorney-Client Rooms of 100 square feet each, minimum;\n(g) One (1) Grand Jury Hearing Room of 450 square feet, minimum;\n(h) One (1) Jury Pool Room of 1,000 square feet, minimum;\n(i) One (1) public waiting room of 800 square feet, minimum;\n(j) One (1) District Court Courtroom of 1300 square feet, minimum;\n(k) One (1) District Court Jury Deliberation Room of 330 square feet, minimum, with two rest rooms of 35 square feet each, minimum;\n(l) One (1) District Court Reporter Room of 80 square feet, minimum;\n(m) One (1) District Court Judge\u2019s Chambers, consisting of conference area of 160 square feet, minimum, and toilet of 40 square feet, minimum;\n(n) One (1) District Court Detention Room of 140 square feet, minimum;\n(o) Two (2) District Court Attorney-Client Rooms of 100 square feet each, minimum;\n(p) Hearing Room of 600 square feet, minimum, and anteroom of 175 square feet, minimum;\n(q) Such additional space for the Clerk of Superior Court as is necessary to bring the total office space up to 6,840 square feet, minimum and located such that security of records can be provided;\n(r) Adequate furniture for the appropriate use of the above.\n3. That Alamance County acting by and through the Board of Commissioners for Alamance County must modify the existing Courthouse and Courthouse Annex facilities in order that the handicapped and physically disadvantaged have free and open access to court proceedings and the Clerk of Court\u2019s office.\nThe order required the Board of County Commissioners to file written response within thirty days, setting forth the actions the county intended to take in compliance with its mandate.\nOn 11 May 1989 this Court issued writs of supersedeas and certiorari upon petition by the members of the Board of Commissioners for Alamance County. We review the order in the exercise of our general supervisory authority over the proceedings of the superior courts. N.C. Const, art. IV, \u00a7 12.\nIn their briefs appellants raise issues regarding the jurisdiction and the power of the trial court to initiate this action and to issue its order, as well as questions whether the order was binding on persons not parties to the action, whether the commissioners were entitled to a jury trial, and whether the trial judge initiating the matter should have recused himself from presiding over the hearing. These questions are subsumed in determining whether this case presents the circumstances under which a court\u2019s \u201cinherent power\u201d may be invoked and whether the superior court here followed proper procedures in its exercise of that power.\nII.\nThe judicial power of this state is \u201cvested in a Court for the Trial of Impeachments and a General Court of Justice,\u201d and the latter constitutes \u201ca unified judicial system for purposes of jurisdiction, operation, and administration,\u201d and includes a Superior Court Division. N.C. Const, art. IV, \u00a7\u00a7 1, 2. \u201cThe Superior Court, being a constitutional body, must be governed by the same law as this Court, and is under the same protection from legislative interference, so far at least as its inherent rights and powers are concerned, which are specially shielded by the Constitution against infringement.\u201d Ex Parte McCown, 139 N.C. 95, 107, 51 S.E. 957, 962 (1905).\nA court\u2019s inherent power is that belonging to it by virtue of its being one of three separate, coordinate branches of the government. Id. at 105-106, 51 S.E. at 961. For over a century this Court has recognized such powers as being plenary within the the judicial branch \u2014 neither limited by our constitution nor subject to abridgement by the legislature. See, e.g., Beard v. N.C. State Bar, 320 N.C. 126, 129, 357 S.E.2d 694, 695 (1987). In fact, the inherent power of the judicial department is expressly protected by the constitution: \u201cThe General Assembly shall have no power to deprive the judicial department of any power or jurisdiction that rightfully pertains to it as a co-ordinate department of the government . . . .\u201d N.C. Const, art. IV, \u00a7 1. See Rencher v. Anderson, 93 N.C. 105, 107 (1885) (\u201c[This Court] and its jurisdiction are established by the Constitution \u2014 it has all the powers that by general principles appertain to such a court\u201d); Beard v. N.C. State Bar, 320 N.C. at 129, 357 S.E.2d at 695 (\u201cThe inherent power of the Court has not been limited by our constitution; to the contrary, the constitution protects such power\u201d). Inherent powers are critical to the court\u2019s autonomy and to its functional existence: \u201cIf the courts could be deprived by the Legislature of these powers, which are essential in the direct administration of justice, they would be destroyed for all efficient and useful purposes.\u201d Ex Parte Schenck, 65 N.C. 353, 366 (1871), quoted in Ex Parte McCown, 139 N.C. at 106, 51 S.E. at 961.\nGenerally speaking, the scope of a court\u2019s inherent power is its \u201cauthority to do all things that are reasonably necessary for the proper administration of justice.\u201d Beard v. N.C. State Bar, 320 N.C. at 129, 357 S.E.2d at 696. See Commonwealth ex rel. Carroll v. Tate, 442 Pa. 45, 54, n.***, 274 A.2d 193, 198 n.9, cert. denied, Tate v. Pennsylvania ex rel. Jamieson, 402 U.S. 974, 29 L. Ed. 2d 138 (1971) (quoting In re Surcharge of County Commissioners, 12 Pa. Dist. & Co. R. 471: \u201cThat courts have inherent power to do all things that are reasonably necessary for the proper administration of their office within the scope of their jurisdiction is a well-settled principle of law.\u201d). This Court has upheld the application of the inherent powers doctrine to a wide range of circumstances, from dealing with its attorneys, Gardner v. N.C. State Bar, 316 N.C. 285, 341 S.E.2d 517 (1986), to punishing a party for contempt, Ex Parte McCown, 139 N.C. 95, 51 S.E. 957.\nTypically, however, the exercise of inherent power by courts of this state has been limited to matters discretely within the judicial branch. See, e.g., Crist v. Moffatt, 326 N.C. 326, 337, 389 S.E.2d 41, 48 (1990) (Trial court\u2019s broad, inherent discretionary power includes control of course of trial so as to prevent injustice to any party); In re Mental Health Center, 42 N.C. App. 292, 296, 256 S.E.2d 818, 821, cert. denied, 298 N.C. 297, 259 S.E.2d 298 (1979) (in proceedings to determine whether disclosure of privileged information was necessary for proper administration of justice in criminal action, superior court has inherent power to assume jurisdiction and issue necessary process in order to fulfill its mission of administering justice efficiently and promptly). See also cases cited in Beard v. N.C. State Bar, 316 N.C. at 129, 357 S.E.2d at 695.\nJust as the inherent power of the judiciary is plenary within its branch, it is curtailed by the constitutional definition of the judicial branch and the other branches of government. Not only has the actual, practical exercise of inherent judicial power in this state\u2019s jurisprudence been confined to distinctly judicial matters, but powers granted by the North Carolina Constitution to the legislative branch have led commentators to question the extent to which North Carolina courts can actually exercise such power, despite Article IV\u2019s broad grant to the judiciary of independence and plenary power over its branch. See Mallard, Inherent Power of the Courts of North Carolina, 10 Wake Forest L. Rev. 1, 7 (1974). For example, the Constitution authorizes the General Assembly, not the judiciary, to provide for an administrative office of the courts to carry out constitutional provisions for the judiciary, N.C. Const, art. IV, \u00a7 15, and to set a schedule of court fees and costs and to regulate salaries and emoluments of all judicial officers. N.C. Const, art. IV, \u00a7\u00a7 20, 21. The General Assembly has a constitutional role in the organization and administration of all but this Supreme Court, N.C. Const, art. IV, \u00a7\u00a7 7, 9, 10, 12, as well as in the assignment and tenure of judges and justices under a variety of circumstances. See N.C. Const, art. IV, \u00a7\u00a7 8, 9, 10, 17.\nFor purposes of reviewing the superior court order before us, two constitutional provisions that define the scope of the court\u2019s inherent power are particularly notable \u2014 the prohibition against drawing public money from state and local treasuries except by statutory authority, N.C. Const, art. V, \u00a7 7, and the exclusive grant of the power of taxation to the legislative branch, N.C. Const, art. V, \u00a7 2. These limitations have been scrupulously heeded by North Carolina courts. See, e.g., State v. Davis, 270 N.C. 1, 153 S.E.2d 749 (1967) (judgment ordering attorneys be paid from Indigent Defense Fund established by General Session Laws repugnant to N.C. Const, art. XIV, \u00a7 3 (now art. V, \u00a7 7(1)); DeLoatch v. Beamon, 252 N.C. 754, 757, 114 S.E.2d 711, 713 (1960) (power to levy taxes vests exclusively in the legislative branch of the government); Gardner v. Retirement System, 226 N.C. 465, 38 S.E.2d 314 (1946) (monies paid to state treasurer under state law become public funds which may be disbursed only in accordance with legislative authority). These constitutional provisions do not curtail the inherent power of the judiciary, plenary within its branch, but serve to delineate the boundary between the branches, beyond which each is powerless to act. \u201cThe courts have absolutely no authority to control or supervise the power vested by the Constitution in the General Assembly as a coordinate branch of the government.\u201d Person v. Watts, 184 N.C. 499, 503, 115 S.E. 336, 339 (1922). \u201cA defect of jurisdiction exists where a Superior Court of general jurisdiction acts upon a subject which under the Constitution ... is \u2018reserved to the exclusive consideration of a different . . . political tribunal.\u2019 In such cases the exercise of power is usurpation.\u201d Henderson County v. Smyth, 216 N.C. 421, 422, 5 S.E.2d 136, 137 (1939) (quoting Burroughs v. McNeill, 22 N.C. 297, 301 (1839)).\nThe question presented here is the validity of an order, ostensibly authorized by the issuing court\u2019s inherent power, which requires local officials to supply specific judicial facilities in accord with their statutory obligations, and which rests upon findings of fact and conclusions of law that analyze not only the exact extent and exigency of the need, but also the financial resources at the disposal of the officials. In addressing this issue, we must look freshly at the separation of powers provision in the North Carolina Constitution, with an eye to the actual constitutional, pragmatic, and philosophical limitations on the power granted therein.\nThe scope of the inherent power of a court does not, in reality, always stop neatly short of explicit, exclusive powers granted to the legislature, but occasionally must be exercised in the area of overlap between branches. The North Carolina Constitution provides: \u201cThe legislative, executive, and supreme judicial powers of the State government shall be forever separate and distinct from each other.\u201d N.C. Const, art. I, \u00a7 4. The perception of the separation of the three branches of government as inviolable, however, is an ideal not only unattainable but undesirable. An overlap of powers constitutes a check and preserves the tripartite balance, as two hundred years of constitutional commentary note. \u201cUnless these [three branches of government] be so far connected and blended as to give to each a constitutional control over the others, the degree of separation which the maxim requires, as essential to a free government, can never in practice be duly maintained.\u201d The Federalist No. 48, at 308 (J. Madison) (Arlington House ed. 1966). This \u201cconstant check . . . preserving] the mutual relations of one [branch] with the other . . . can be best accomplished, if not solely accomplished, by an occasional mixture of the powers of each department with that of the others, while the separate existence, and constitutional independence of each are fully provided for.\u201d 2 J. Story, Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States 22 (1833). A contemporary view notes that this area of overlap is occupied not only by the doctrine of checks and its basis in maintaining the province of each power, but also by a functional component of pragmatic necessity \u2014 termed by some commentators \u201cincidental powers\u201d \u2014 whereby one branch exercises some activities usually belonging to one of the other two branches in order to fully and properly discharge its duties. C. Baar, Separate But Subservient \u2014 Court Budgeting in the American States 155 (1975).\nLike the jealous checks by one branch upon the encroachments of another, which the Framers viewed positively as the basis for government\u2019s critical balance, a functional overlap of powers should facilitate the tasks of each branch. \u201c[C]hecks and balances and functional differentiation can be evaluated on the basis of how effectively they contribute to the operational goals [of each branch].\u201d Id. at 152. No less important to a functional balance of power is the notion of a working reciprocity and cooperativeness amongst the branches:\nWhile the Constitution diffuses power the better to secure liberty, it also contemplates that practice will integrate the dispersed powers into a workable government. It enjoins upon its branches separateness but interdependence, autonomy but reciprocity.\nYoungstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579, 635, 96 L. Ed. 1153, 1199 (1952) (Jackson, J., concurring), quoted in Matter of Salary of Juvenile Director, 87 Wash. 2d 232, 243, 552 P.2d 163, 170 (1976).\nIn the realm of appropriations, some overlap of power between the legislative and the judicial branches is inevitable, for one branch is exclusively responsible for raising the funds that sustain the other and preserve its autonomy. The danger this fiscal structure poses for the balance of power has long been recognized:\nIt is equally evident that the members of each department should be as little dependent as possible on those of the others for the emoluments annexed to their offices. Were the executive magistrate, or the judges, not independent of the legislature in this particular, their independence in every other would be merely nominal.\nThe Federalist No. 51, at 321 (J. Madison) (Arlington House ed.).\nIn order to preserve the independence of the judicial branch, courts in other states have exercised their inherent power even to seize purse strings otherwise held exclusively by the legislative branch, holding such intrusions justified by judicial self-preservation. Typically, however, appellate courts have tempered language about broad inherent power endemic to the status of the judiciary as a co-equal branch of government with self-restraint regarding the reach into the public fisc.\nIII.\nWe hold that when inaction by those exercising legislative authority threatens fiscally to undermine the integrity of the judiciary, a court may invoke its inherent power to do what is reasonably necessary for the \u201cthe orderly and efficient exercise of the administration of justice.\u201d Beard v. N.C. State Bar, 320 N.C. at 129, 357 S.E.2d at 696. Article V prohibits the judiciary from taking public monies without statutory authorization. But our statutes obligate counties and cities to provide physical facilities for the judicial system operating within their boundaries. N.C.G.S. \u00a7 7A-300(a)(ll) (1989); N.C.G.S. \u00a7 7A-302 (1989). These facilities must be adequate to serve the functioning of the judiciary within the borders of those political subdivisions. Such adequacy necessarily includes safeguarding the constitutional rights of parties and ascertaining that parties\u2019 statutory rights \u2014such as handicap access \u2014are similarly protected. Although the statutes do not expressly pass the duty of providing adequate judicial facilities to the court in case of default of local authorities, the court has the inherent authority to direct local authorities to perform that duty.\nThe only constraints on this power are constitutional. Even in the name of its inherent power, the judiciary may not arrogate a duty reserved by the constitution exclusively to another body, nor may it violate the constitutional rights of persons brought before its tribunals. Furthermore, doing what is \u201creasonably necessary for the proper administration of justice\u201d means doing no more than is reasonably necessary. The court\u2019s exercise of its inherent power must be responsible \u2014 even cautious \u2014and in the \u201cspirit of mutual cooperation\u201d among the three branches. O\u2019Coins, Inc. v. Treasurer of County of Worcester, 362 Mass. at 515, 287 N.E.2d at 615, quoted in Webster Cty. Bd. of Sup\u2019rs v. Flattery, 268 N.W.2d 869, 874 (Iowa 1978).\nThe very genius of our tripartite Government is based upon the proper exercise of their respective powers together with harmonious cooperation between the three independent Branches. However, if this cooperation breaks down, the Judiciary must exercise its inherent power to preserve the efficient and expeditious administration of Justice and protect it from being impaired or destroyed.\nCommonwealth ex rel. Carroll v. Tate, 442 Pa. at 53, 274 A.2d at 197 (citations omitted). The inherent power of the court must be exercised with as much concern for its potential to usurp the powers of another branch as for the usurpation it is intended to correct. It is a tool to be utilized only where other means to rectify the threat to the judicial branch are unavailable or ineffectual, and its wielding must be no more forceful or invasive than the exigency of the circumstances requires.\nThe very conception of inherent power carries with it the implication that its use is for occasions not provided for by established methods. . . . [Only wjhen [established] methods fail and the court shall determine that by observing them the assistance necessary for the due and effective exercise of its own functions cannot be had, or when an emergency arises which the established methods cannot or do not instantly meet, then and not till then does occasion arise for the exercise of the inherent power.\nState v. Sullivan, 48 Mont. 320, 329, 137 P. 392, 395 (1913), quoted in Webster Cty. Bd. of Sup\u2019rs v. Flattery, 268 N.W.2d 869, 874-75; O\u2019Coins, Inc. v. Treasurer of County of Worcester, 362 Mass. at 516, 287 N.E.2d at 615; Judges for Third Judicial Cir. v. County of Wayne, 383 Mich. 10, 42-43, 172 N.W.2d 436, 450 (1969) (separate opinion by Adams, J.), cert. denied, County of Wayne v. Judges for Third Judicial Circuit, 405 U.S. 923, 30 L. Ed. 2d 794 (1972); Leahey v. Farrell, 362 Pa. 52, 59, 66 A.2d 577, 580 (1949).\nIn exercising its power to do what is reasonably necessary for the proper administration of justice \u2014 in remedying the affront \u2014 a court must proceed with a cautious and cooperative spirit into those areas where its constitutional powers overlap with those of other branches. Beyond the definition of its powers imposed by the constitution, the court\u2019s judicious use of its inherent power to reach towards the public purse must recognize two critical limitations: first, it must bow to established procedural methods where these provide an alternative to the extraordinary exercise of its inherent power. Second, in the interests of the future harmony of the branches, the court in exercising that power must minimize the encroachment upon those with legislative authority in appearance and in fact. This includes not only recognizing any explicit, constitutional rights and duties belonging uniquely to the other branch, but also seeking the least intrusive remedy.\nObeisance to established procedural methods includes a respect for statutory remedies and constraints when these do not stand in the way of obtaining what is reasonably necessary for the proper administration of justice. The superior court order before us noted that the failure of Alamance County to provide adequate court-related facilities violated statutory provisions requiring counties in which a district court has been established to provide \u201ccourtrooms and related judicial facilities (including furniture).\u201d N.C.G.S. \u00a7 7A-302 (1989). The General Statutes provide a single remedy for this violation: the willful failure of a county commissioner to discharge the duties of his office is punishable as a misdemeanor, N.C.G.S. \u00a7 14-230 (1989). The inefficacy of this remedy is made apparent by reviewing the jurisprudence of this state arising under similar circumstances.\nAt the turn of this century, a number of cases presented the dilemma of challenges to commissioners in whose counties public facilities were in need of construction or repair. Repeatedly, this Court\u2019s response was to state that the court was neither empowered to assume the commissioners\u2019 duty and direct such action, nor to force the commissioners to act. This Court\u2019s reluctance to intervene sprang from its impracticable perception of the absoluteness of the separation of powers doctrine. \u201cThis Court has no power, and is not capable if it had the power, of controlling the exercise of power conferred by the Constitution upon the legislative department of the Government or upon the county authorities.\u201d Broadnax v. Groom, 64 N.C. 244, 250 (1870). The two solutions proposed by this Court to commissioner recalcitrance were nonremedial. First, there was the ballot box: \u201cFor the exercise of powers conferred by the Constitution, the people must rely upon the honesty of the members of the General Assembly and of the persons elected to fill places of trust in the several counties.\u201d Satterthwaite v. Commrs., 76 N.C. 153 (1877). Second, commissioners could be indicted for neglecting their statutory duty to erect and keep facilities in repair. See State v. Leeper, 146 N.C. 655, 61 S.E. 585 (1908). Means of compelling county commissioners to remedy in\u00e1dequate court facilities immediately were absent, however, for although \u201cthe cost of a courthouse is a necessary expense to a county, ... the exercise of the discretionary authority of the commissioners in providing in this case to meet it is not reviewable by the courts.\u201d Vaughn v. Commissioners, 117 N.C. 429, 435-36, 23 S.E. 354, 355 (1895). See also Ward v. Commissioners, 146 N.C. 534, 60 S.E. 418 (1908) (Mandamus will not lie to compel county commissioners to repair or build a courthouse because matter is discretionary; court can intervene only to punish for criminal abuse of duty); Glenn v. Commissioners, 139 N.C. 412, 52 S.E. 58 (1905) (Mandamus cannot issue commanding county commissioners to repair a bridge).\nIn Hickory v. Catawba County and School District v. Catawba County, 206 N.C. 165, 173 S.E. 56 (1934), this Court held that remedy by indictment of commissioners remiss in their constitutional duty to provide for the maintenance of public schools in their county could not supersede remedy by mandamus: \u201ca party must not only have an adequate legal remedy but one competent to afford relief on the particular subject-matter of his complaint. Punishment of the defendants would not provide the relief to which the plaintiffs are entitled.\u201d Id. at 174, 173 S.E. at 61. Similarly, this Court declared indictment inadequate but said mandamus would lie to compel the county, acting as an administrative agency of the legislature, to assume the indebtedness of a school district within its jurisdiction. School District v. Alamance County, 211 N.C. 213, 189 S.E. 873 (1937). These school district cases implicitly overruled holdings in the earlier cases that restricted remedies under similar circumstances to elections and indictment; we now reverse those earlier holdings explicitly.\nThe question remaining regarding the issue of the court\u2019s exercise of its inherent power is whether the remedy selected by the Superior Court \u2014 an ex parte order commanding county commissioners immediately to \u201ctake steps\u201d to ameliorate certain judicial facilities \u2014 minimized the encroachment. Under the circumstances, was an ex parte order implicitly mandating the expenditure of public funds for judicial facilities \u201creasonably necessary for the proper administration of justice?\u201d\nCourts in other jurisdictions have attempted a panoply of remedial measures in exercising their inherent powers to compel the repair, refurbishing, or construction of court facilities by county commissioners. Ex parte orders like that before us mandating the appropriations for necessary court items or space occasionally have been approved on review. Commentators have noted, however, that ex parte orders, like contempt proceedings, tend to appear arbitrary. J. Cratsley, Inherent Power of the Courts 27 (1980). See also Matter of Salary of Juvenile Director, 87 Wash. 2d at 249, 552 P.2d at 173 (\u201cBy in effect initiating and trying its own lawsuits, the judiciary\u2019s image of impartiality and the concomitant willingness of the public to accept its decisions as those of a fair and disinterested tribunal may be severely damaged.\u201d). The one-sided nature of both methods, in addition, bespeaks an arrogance that can further erode relations between the judiciary and those exercising legislative authority. This is particularly true of contempt proceedings, whose use under these circumstances has been careful and rare. In appropriate situations, appellate courts have also sanctioned contract actions brought by suppliers against municipal or county officials. E.g., Schmelzel v. Board of Com\u2019rs., 16 Idaho 32, 100 P. 106 (1909). In addition, mandatory injunctions and writs of mandamus have been issued ordering officials to perform their constitutional or statutory duties. See generally J. Cratsley, Inherent Power of the Courts 26-28 (1980).\nOf all these remedies, the writ of mandamus has been the favored approach. See, e.g., O\u2019Coins, Inc. v. Treasurer of County of Worcester, 362 Mass. at 517, 287 N.E.2d at 616 (enforcement by mandamus brought against county by supplier of tape recorder purchased by court as expense deemed reasonably necessary for the operation of the court preferable to contract action, petition in equity, or to ex parte order for payment of obligation so incurred). See generally Annot. \u201cInherent Power of Court to Compel Appropriation or Expenditure of Funds for Judicial Purposes,\u201d 59 A.L.R.3d \u00a7 2[b] 579 (1974). Mandamus is the proper remedy to compel public officials to perform a purely ministerial duty imposed by law; it generally may not be invoked to review or control the acts of public officers respecting discretionary matters. Hospital v. Joint Committee, 234 N.C. 673, 680, 68 S.E.2d 862, 867 (1952). However, mandamus will lie to review discretionary acts when the discretion appears to have been abused or the action taken arbitrarily, capriciously, or in disregard of law. Ponder v. Joslin, 262 N.C. 496, 138 S.E.2d 143 (1964); Pue v. Hood, 222 N.C. 310, 22 S.E.2d 896 (1942).\nThe means chosen by a court to compel county commissioners to furnish suitable court facilities is of critical importance to the question whether the court has unreasonably exercised its inherent power, for it signals the extent of the judiciary\u2019s intrusion on the county\u2019s legislative authority. The efficacy of mandatory writs or injunctions, unlike ex parte orders and contempt proceedings, rests less on the expansive exercise of judicial power than on the statutory and constitutional duties of those against whom they are issued. Their use thus avoids to some extent the arrogance of power more palpable in an ex parte court order. Moreover, they compel the performance of the ministerial duty imposed by law, but give the defaulting officials room to exercise discretionary decisions regarding how that duty may best be fulfilled. See Orange County v. Dept. of Transportation, 46 N.C. App. 350, 386, 265 S.E.2d 890, 913, disc. rev. denied, 301 N.C. 94 (1980) (public officers may have both ministerial and discretionary duties).\nCounties in which a district court has been established have an absolute statutory duty to provide judicial facilities. N.C.G.S. \u00a7 7A-302 (1989). In cities other than county seats where sessions of superior court are held, boards of commissioners are obligated by statute to provide \u201csuitable\u201d places for holding such sessions of court. N.C.G.S. \u00a7 7A-42(h) (1989). Such duties are ministerial in all but the details of their exercise \u2014the commissioners\u2019 interpretation of what is \u201csuitable,\u201d or adequate. In matters involving the exercise of discretion, mandamus will lie only to compel public officials to take action; ordinarily it will not require them to act in any particular way. Hospital v. Joint Committee, 234 N.C. at 680, 68 S.E.2d at 868. When an officer has failed to exercise his ministerial duty \u2014under the facts of this case, to provide \u201cadequate\u201d court facilities \u2014 or when he has exercised his discretion in disregard of the law, the writ of mandamus may be employed to obtain an effective, timely remedy.\nIn Vaughn v. Commissioners, 117 N.C. 429, 23 S.E. 354 (1895), this Court was faced with the propriety of the trial court\u2019s refusal to enjoin commissioners from choosing one means of financing court facilities over another. Approval of the trial court\u2019s decision was couched strictly in terms of the separation of powers.\nIt is absolutely essential to the administration of justice that a suitable courthouse and jail should be built at every county site in the State. It is within the province of the courts to determine what are necessary public buildings and what classes of expenditures fall within the definition of the necessary expenses of a municipal corporation. But, conceding as we do that the cost of erecting courthouses and jails, like that of building bridges and of constructing public roads, is one of the necessary expenses of a county, we have no authority vested in the commissioners of determining what kind of a courthouse is needed or what would be a reasonable limit to the cost.\nId. at 434, 23 S.E. at 355. It is as true today as it was a century ago that a court \u201chas no authority vested in the commissioners\u201d either to perforin their statutory duty of providing suitable court facilities or to exercise the discretionary choices within that duty. However, when it is reasonably necessary for the administration of justice, the court can exercise its inherent power to compel the commissioners to do both.\n[A] court of competent jurisdiction may determine in a proper proceeding whether a public official has acted capriciously or arbitrarily or in bad faith or in disregard of the law. And it may compel action in good faith in accord with the law. But when the jurisdiction of a court is properly invoked to review the action of a public official to determine whether he, in choosing one of two or more courses of action, abused his discretion, the court may not direct any particular course of action. It only decides whether the action of the public official was contrary to law or so patently in bad faith as to evidence arbitrary abuse of his right of choice. If the officer acted within the law and in good faith in the exercise of his best judgment, the court must decline to interfere even though it is convinced the official chose the wrong course of action. The right to err is one of the rights \u2014and perhaps one of the weaknesses \u2014of our democratic form of government.\nBurton v. Reidsville, 243 N.C. 405, 407, 90 S.E.2d 700, 702-03 (1956) (citations omitted).\nBased upon its abundant findings of fact regarding the financial status of county coffers, the superior court order sub judice concluded that the County of Alamance was \u201cfinancially able to provide courtrooms and judicial facilities.\u201d The order stopped short of ordering the commissioners to release funds for those purposes and of thus leaving the constitutional sphere of its inherent powers. Nevertheless, in form and in substance the order\u2019s attempted remedy went beyond requiring the Alamance County Commissioners to do their constitutional and statutory duty to provide court facilities. The ex parte nature of the order overreached the minimal encroachment onto the powers of the legislative branch that must mark a court\u2019s judicious use of its inherent power, and the order\u2019s dictate regarding the precise location and specific minimum dimensions of what constituted \u201cadequate\u201d court facilities improperly divested the commissioners of discretionary decisions within their statutory duty. A more reasonable, less intrusive procedure would have been for the court, in the exercise of its inherent power, to summon the commissioners under an order to show cause why a writ of mandamus should not issue, which order would call attention to their statutory duty and their apparent failure to perform that duty. If after hearing it was determined that the commissioners had indeed failed to perform their duty, as the court determined in the case before us, the court could order the commissioners to respond with a plan \u2014 perhaps in consultation with such judicial personnel as the senior resident superior court judge, the chief district court judge, the district attorney, the clerk, or other judicial officials with administrative authority \u2014 to submit to the court within a reasonable time. Such a directive would be a judicious use of the court\u2019s inherent power without either seizing the unexercised discretion of a political subdivision of the legislative branch or obtruding into the constitutional hegemony of that branch.\nWe hold that the order sub judice exceeded what was reasonably necessary to the administration of justice under the circumstances of this case, and in so doing strained at the rational limits of the court\u2019s inherent power.\nIV.\nBy virtue of their being \u201ca co-ordinate department of the government,\u201d N.C. Const, art IV, \u00a7 1, courts of this state are empowered \u201cto issue in personam orders requiring public officials to act in compliance with their . . . public duties.\u201d Orange County v. Dept. of Transportation, 46 N.C. App. at 385, 265 S.E.2d at 913. No procedure or practice of the courts, however, even those exercised pursuant to their inherent powers, may abridge a person\u2019s substantive rights. See N.C. Const, art. IV, \u00a7 13(2). See also Lowder v. Mills, Inc., 301 N.C. 561, 583, 273 S.E.2d 247, 260 (1980) (right to confront witnesses applicable to contempt proceedings); Cotton Mills v. Local 578, 251 N.C. 218, 228, 111 S.E.2d 457, 463 (1959) (law of the land guarantees one charged with contempt of court to confront and cross-examine witnesses), cert. denied, Rose v. Harriett Cotton Mills, 362 U.S. 941, 4 L. Ed. 2d 770 (1960).\nThe commissioners were served with notice of the hearing and informed of their rights to be represented by an attorney and to present evidence. In response to motions filed by the commissioners, however, the court stated that the movants lacked standing, as they were not parties to the action. \u201c[I]n order that there be a valid adjudication of a party\u2019s rights, the latter must be given notice of the action and an opportunity to assert his defense, and he must be a party to such proceeding.\u201d In re Wilson, 13 N.C. App. 151, 153, 185 S.E.2d 323, 325 (1971) (emphasis added) (quoting 2 Strong\u2019s N.C. Index 2d, Constitutional Law \u00a7 24). \u201c[A]ny judgment which may be rendered in . . . [an] action will be wholly ineffectual as against [one] who is not a party to such action.\u201d Scott v. Jordan, 235 N.C. 244, 249, 69 S.E.2d 557, 561 (1952). The exercise of the court\u2019s inherent power to do what is reasonably necessary for the proper administration of justice must stop where constitutional guarantees of justice and fair play begin. \u201cThe law of the land clause . . . guarantees to the litigant in every kind of judicial proceeding the right to an adequate and fair hearing before he can be deprived of his claim or defense by judicial decree.\u201d In re Custody of Gupton, 238 N.C. 303, 304, 77 S.E.2d 716, 717 (1953). \u201cThe instant that the court perceives that it is exercising, or is about to exercise, a forbidden or ungranted power, it ought to stay its action, and, if it does not, such action is, in law, a nullity.\u201d Burroughs v. McNeill, 22 N.C. at 301. Such was the effect of the superior court order here.\nBecause the commissioners were not parties to the action from which the order issued, they are not bound by its mandates. Having so held, this Court need not address additional issues raised by petitioners.\nWe hold the order below, for all the reasons given, must be, and is\nVacated.\n. The earliest version of North Carolina\u2019s Constitution more realistically stated: \u201cThat the legislative, executive, and supreme judicial powers of government, ought to be forever separate and distinct from each other.\u201d (Emphasis added.) N.C. Const. Declaration of Rights \u00a7 4 (1776). See Mallard, Inherent Power of the Courts of North Carolina, 10 Wake Forest L. Rev. 1, 8 (1974).\n. The North Carolina Constitution authorizes the General Assembly to prescribe and regulate the fees, salaries, and emoluments of all judicial officers. N.C. Const, art. IV, \u00a7\u00a7 20, 21. The General Statutes provide that \u201coperating expenses of the Judicial Department shall be paid from State funds, out of appropriations for this purpose made by the General Assembly,\u201d N.C.G.S. \u00a7 7A-300(a) (1989), and that a portion of the costs of court collected by the clerk of court must be remitted, as \u201cfacilities fees,\u201d to the local legislative unit providing judicial facilities. N.C.G.S. \u00a7 7A-302 (1989).\n. See, e.g., State v. Davis, 26 Nev. 373, 68 P. 689 (1902) (courts have inherent power to bind the state to pay for furnishings out of appropriated funds; a view to the contrary would be to concede to the legislature the power of a hostile body to destroy the judicial department); Woods v. State, 233 Ind. 320, 119 N.E.2d 558 (1954) (a court has the right and duty to order appropriations for purposes of remodeling jury quarters where the autonomy of its branch is jeopardized by decrepit facilities because the judiciary is an independent and equal branch of the government with powers coequal with its duties); Commonwealth ex rel. Carroll v. Tate, 442 Pa. 45, 274 A.2d 193 (if the judiciary is in reality a coequal, independent branch of government, it possesses the inherent power not only to determine funds necessary for its own efficient and effective operation, but also, where funds are disallowed by the city council, to compel other branches to provide them). See also O\u2019Coins, Inc. v. Treasurer of County of Worcester, 362 Mass. 507, 510, 287 N.E.2d 608, 612 (1972) (\u201cWe hold . . . that among the inherent powers possessed by every judge is the power to protect his court from impairment resulting from inadequate facilities or a lack of supplies or supporting personnel. To correct such an impairment, a judge may, even in the absence of a clearly applicable statute, obtain the required goods or services by appropriate means, including arranging himself for their purchase and ordering the responsible executive official to make payment.\u201d).\n. E.g., Board of Com\u2019rs v. Gwin, 136 Ind. 562, 36 N.E. 237 (1893) (court's inherent power to order reconstruction arises out of and is restricted by absolute necessity; thus it was confined to repairs and other temporary means of protecting judicial functions); State v. Pfeiffer, 163 Ohio St. 149, 126 N.E.2d 57 (1955) (ordering ordinary facilities essential to the care and safeguarding of the free and untrammeled exercise of its functions was within the court\u2019s inherent power, but this does not apply merely in order to acquire more desirable space).\n. See also, e.g., Gary City Court v. City of Gary, 489 N.E.2d 511, 512-13 (Ind. 1986) (Funds sought through the exercise of mandate order must be necessary to maintain the court at a degree of efficiency to discharge its duties and neither extravagant, arbitrary nor unwarranted; presiding court must meet with the appropriate fiscal authorities before issuing a mandate order and must give due consideration to any adverse effect which the order would have on specific fiscal and other interests of the unit from which funds would come).\n. See, e.g., Committee, Marion Co. Bar Ass\u2019n v. County of Marion, 162 Ohio St. 345, 123 N.E.2d 521 (1954) (inherent power to require the furnishing of reasonable improvements that might be necessary to carry on important judicial functions did not include the installation of an elevator, particularly where statutes plainly provided that commissioners were permitted to consult their judgment as to whether and what kind of courthouse was needed); Pena v. District Court of Second Jud. Dist., 681 P.2d 953 (Colo. 1984) (specific statute and administrative rules predicated that only the state supreme court through the chief judges of each district had the power to order such remodeling as air-conditioning).\n. By definition, ex parte orders are made without notice to or contestation by the party adversely interested, Black\u2019s Law Dictionary 517 (rev. 5th ed. 1979). The Alamance County Commissioners were served with notice of the hearing and informed of their right to participate, but they were neither named nor recognized as parties to the proceeding. In their one-sided nature, therefore, both the hearing and the resulting order were ex parte.\n. E.g., Knuepfer v. Fawell, 96 Ill. 2d 284, 449 N.E.2d 1312 (1983) (appropriation and remodeling of courtroom space where exigent circumstances clearly established); State, etc. v. Superior Court of Marion Cty., Rm. No. 1., 264 Ind. 313, 316, 344 N.E.2d 61, 63 (1976) (issued under the authority of state statute assuring trial on the merits upon petition by affected officer); Gary City Court v. City of Gary, 489 N.E.2d 511 (city court has inherent power to issue mandate, but preferable to file independent action for mandate against municipal authorities in trial court of general jurisdiction). But see Webster Cty. Bd. of Sup\u2019rs v. Flattery, 268 N.W.2d at 876 (better practice to make detailed fact-finding and proposed order, filed with show cause order, served with notice of hearing on those affected).\n. See, e.g., In re Board of Commissioners, 4 N.C. App. 626, 167 S.E.2d 488 (1969) (order concluding that commissioners\u2019 refusal to comply with prior order directing them to provide \u201cadequate\u201d court facilities was contemptuous conduct was without effect because commissioners not advised they were to appear and show cause why they should not be held in contempt). See also In re Norris, 154 Ga. App. 173, 267 S.E.2d 788 (1980) (finding of contempt reversed because record did not evidence any disrespect by commissioners toward the superior court).", "type": "majority", "author": "EXUM, Chief Justice." } ], "attorneys": [ "S'.C. Kitchen, Alamance County Attorney, for petitioner-appellants.", "Lacy H. Thornburg, Attorney General, by Henry T. Rosser, Special Deputy Attorney General, for the State, respondentappellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "IN THE MATTER OF THE ALAMANCE COUNTY COURT FACILITIES\nNo. 191PA89\n(Filed 12 June 1991)\n1. Courts \u00a7 3 (NCI4th)\u2014 inherent power defined\nA court\u2019s inherent power is that belonging to it by virtue of its being one of three separate, coordinate branches of ' government.\nAm Jur 2d, Courts \u00a7\u00a7 78, 79.\n2. Courts \u00a7 3 (NCI4th)\u2014 scope of inherent power\nGenerally speaking, the scope of a court\u2019s inherent power is its authority to do all things that are reasonably necessary for the proper administration of justice.\nAm Jur 2d, Courts \u00a7\u00a7 78, 79.\n3. Courts \u00a7 3 (NCI4th)\u2014 scope of inherent power\nJust as the inherent power of the judiciary is plenary within its branch, it is curtailed by the constitutional definition of the judicial branch and the other branches of government.\nAm Jur 2d, Courts \u00a7\u00a7 78, 79.\n4. Courts \u00a7 3 (NCI4th>\u2014 inherent power \u2014overlap with powers of legislature\nThe scope of the inherent power of a court does not, in reality, always stop neatly short of explicit, exclusive powers granted to the legislature, but occasionally must be exercised in the area of overlap between branches.\nAm Jur 2d, Courts \u00a7\u00a7 78, 79.\n5. Courts \u00a7 3 (NCI4th)\u2014 inaction by legislative body \u2014use of inherent power\nWhen inaction by those exercising legislative authority threatens fiscally to undermine the integrity of the judiciary, a court may invoke its inherent power to do what is reasonably necessary for the orderly and efficient exercise of the administration of justice.\nAm Jur 2d, Courts \u00a7\u00a7 78, 79.\n6. Courts \u00a7 3 (NCI4th); Counties \u00a7 20 (NCI4th)\u2014 provision of adequate court facilities \u2014 inherent power of court to order\nAlthough statutes obligating counties and cities to provide judicial facilities do not expressly pass the duty of providing adequate facilities to the court in case of default of local authorities, the court has the inherent authority to direct local authorities to perform that duty.\nAm Jur 2d, Courts \u00a7\u00a7 78, 79.\n7. Courts \u00a7 3 (NCI4th)\u2014 inherent power \u2014proper administration of justice \u2014limitations\nEven in the name of its inherent power, the judiciary may not arrogate a duty reserved by the constitution exclusively to another body, nor may it violate the constitutional rights of persons brought before its tribunals. Furthermore, doing what is reasonably necessary for the proper administration of justice means doing no more than is reasonably necessary.\nAm Jur 2d, Courts \u00a7\u00a7 78, 79.\n8. Courts \u00a7 3 (NCI4th)\u2014 inherent power \u2014 limitations\nThe inherent power of the court is a tool to be utilized only where other means to rectify the threat to the judicial branch are unavailable or ineffectual, and its wielding must be no more forceful or invasive than the exigency of the circumstances requires.\nAm Jur 2d, Courts \u00a7\u00a7 78, 79.\n9. Courts \u00a7 3 (NCI4th)\u2014 inherent power \u2014 obeisance to established procedural methods \u2014 minimal encroachment upon legislative authority\nBeyond the definition of its powers imposed by the constitution, the court\u2019s judicious use of its inherent power to reach toward the public purse must recognize two critical limitations: (1) it must bow to established procedural methods where these provide an alternative to the extraordinary exercise of its inherent power; and (2) in the interests of the future harmony of the branches, the court in exercising that power must minimize the encroachment upon those with legislative authority in appearance and fact.\nAm Jur 2d, Courts \u00a7\u00a7 65, 78, 79.\nInherent power of court to compel appropriations or expenditure of funds for judicial purposes. 59 ALR3d 569.\n10. Courts \u00a7 3 (NCI4th)\u2014 inherent power \u2014 obeisance to established procedural methods\nObeisance to established procedural methods includes a respect for statutory remedies and constraints when those do not stand in the way of obtaining what is reasonably necessary for the proper administration of justice.\nAm Jur 2d, Courts \u00a7\u00a7 78, 79.\n11. Counties \u00a7 20 (NCI4th)\u2014 county commissioners \u2014 compelling adequate facilities \u2014remedies not restricted to election and indictment\nHoldings in earlier cases restricting the means of compelling county commissioners to remedy inadequate public facilities to elections and indictment are explicitly overruled.\nAm Jur 2d, Municipal Corporations, Counties, and Other Political Subdivisions \u00a7\u00a7 189, 547.\n12. Mandamus \u00a7 2 (NCI3d)\u2014 ministerial duty \u2014abuse of discretion\nMandamus is the proper remedy to compel public officials to perform a purely ministerial duty imposed by law; it generally may not be invoked to review or control the acts of public officers respecting discretionary matters. However, mandamus will lie to review discretionary acts when the discretion appears to have been abused or the action taken arbitrarily, capriciously, or in disregard of law.\nAm Jur 2d, Mandamus \u00a7 315.\n13. Counties \u00a7 20 (NCI4th); Courts \u00a7 3 (NCI4th)\u2014 inherent power\u2014 requiring provision of court facilities \u2014 means employed\nThe means chosen by a court to compel county commissioners to furnish suitable court facilities is of critical importance to the question whether the court has unreasonably exercised its inherent power, for it signals the extent of the judiciary\u2019s intrusion on the county\u2019s legislative authority.\nAm Jur 2d, Courts \u00a7\u00a7 78, 79; Municipal Corporations, Counties, and Other Political Subdivisions \u00a7 278.\n14. Counties \u00a7 20 (NCI4th)\u2014 county commissioners \u2014 duty to provide judicial facilities \u2014 ministerial\nThe statutory duty of county commissioners to provide judicial facilities is ministerial in all but the details of the exercise of such duty \u2014 the commissioners\u2019 interpretation of what is suitable or adequate.\nAm Jur 2d, Courts \u00a7\u00a7 78, 79; .Municipal Corporations, Counties, and Other Political Subdivisions \u00a7 278.\n15. Counties \u00a7 20 (NCI4th); Mandamus \u00a7 2 (NCI3d)\u2014 county commissioners \u2014 failure to provide adequate court facilities\u2014 mandamus\nWhen a county commissioner has failed to exercise his ministerial duty to provide adequate court facilities, or when he has exercised his discretion in disregard of the law, the writ of mandamus may be employed to obtain an effective, timely remedy.\nAm Jur 2d, Mandamus \u00a7 315.\n16. Counties \u00a7 20 (NCI4th); Courts \u00a7 3 (NCI4th); Mandamus \u00a7 2 (NCI3d|\u2014 county commissioners \u2014ex parte order to provide judicial facilities \u2014mandamus proper remedy\nAn ex parte order requiring county commissioners immediately to take steps to provide specific judicial facilities in accord with their statutory obligations exceeded what was reasonably necessary for the proper administration of justice because the ex parte nature of the order overreached the minimal encroachment onto the powers of the legislative branch that must mark a court\u2019s judicious use of its inherent power, and the order\u2019s dictate regarding the precise location and specific minimum dimensions of what constituted \u201cadequate\u201d court facilities improperly divested the commissioners of discretionary decisions within their statutory duty. A more reasonable, less intrusive procedure would have been for the court, in the exercise of its inherent power, to summon the commissioners under an order to show cause why a writ of mandamus should not issue, which order would call attention to their statutory duty and their apparent failure to perform that duty. If after hearing it was determined that the commissioners had indeed failed to perform their duty, the court could order the commissioners to submit a plan to the court within a reasonable time.\nAm Jur 2d, Mandamus \u00a7 315.\n17. Courts \u00a7 3 (NCI4th)\u2014 inherent power \u2014abridgment of substantive rights\nNo procedure or practice of the courts, even those exercised pursuant to their inherent powers, may abridge a person\u2019s substantive rights.\nAm Jur 2d, Courts \u00a7\u00a7 78, 79.\n18. Counties \u00a7 20 (NCI4th); Constitutional Law \u00a7 108 (NCI4th) \u2014 provision of court facilities \u2014order not binding on nonparties\nCounty commissioners are not bound by an order requiring them to provide specific judicial facilities where they were not parties to the action from which the order issued.\nAm Jur 2d, Courts \u00a7 105.\nOn certiorari pursuant to N.C. R. App. P. 21, to review the 5 May 1989 order entered by Hight, J., at the 24-25 April Civil Session of ALAMANCE County, the General Court of Justice, Superior Court Division. Heard in the Supreme Court 11 December 1989.\nS'.C. Kitchen, Alamance County Attorney, for petitioner-appellants.\nLacy H. Thornburg, Attorney General, by Henry T. Rosser, Special Deputy Attorney General, for the State, respondentappellee." }, "file_name": "0084-01", "first_page_order": 122, "last_page_order": 146 }