{
  "id": 2544591,
  "name": "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. JOSEPH EARL BATES",
  "name_abbreviation": "State v. Bates",
  "decision_date": "1993-04-08",
  "docket_number": "No. 145A91",
  "first_page": "523",
  "last_page": "528",
  "citations": [
    {
      "type": "official",
      "cite": "333 N.C. 523"
    }
  ],
  "court": {
    "name_abbreviation": "N.C.",
    "id": 9292,
    "name": "Supreme Court of North Carolina"
  },
  "jurisdiction": {
    "id": 5,
    "name_long": "North Carolina",
    "name": "N.C."
  },
  "cites_to": [
    {
      "cite": "364 S.E.2d 648",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "year": 1988,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "659",
          "parenthetical": "Mitchell, J., concurring"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "321 N.C. 327",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        2570670
      ],
      "year": 1988,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "348-49",
          "parenthetical": "Mitchell, J., concurring"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/321/0327-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "428 S.E.2d 178",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "weight": 3,
      "year": 1993,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "180"
        },
        {
          "page": "183"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "333 N.C. 515",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        2545770
      ],
      "weight": 3,
      "year": 1993,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "519"
        },
        {
          "page": "523"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/333/0515-01"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "analysis": {
    "cardinality": 546,
    "char_count": 10485,
    "ocr_confidence": 0.74,
    "pagerank": {
      "raw": 1.4898044324133326e-07,
      "percentile": 0.6628013834011172
    },
    "sha256": "4c969f1add4a9809c8dc3cd976f8a98a4e78d0f2843eef7173fffbfb97979867",
    "simhash": "1:a16ecb22460ecdd9",
    "word_count": 1675
  },
  "last_updated": "2023-07-14T15:19:51.258099+00:00",
  "provenance": {
    "date_added": "2019-08-29",
    "source": "Harvard",
    "batch": "2018"
  },
  "casebody": {
    "judges": [
      "Justice PARKER did not participate in the consideration or decision of this case."
    ],
    "parties": [
      "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. JOSEPH EARL BATES"
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "WHICHARD, Justice.\nDefendant was tried capitally for murder in the first degree of Charlie Jenkins and, pursuant to the jury\u2019s unanimous recommendation, was sentenced to death for the murder. Defendant\u2019s pre-trial motion that his preliminary showing of need for funds to hire a mental health expert be heard ex parte was denied by the trial court. We hold, for reasons more fully articulated in State v. Ballard, 333 N.C. 515, 428 S.E.2d 178 (1993), that the trial court\u2019s ruling violated defendant\u2019s rights under the United States Constitution. As we held in Ballard, this error cannot be shown to have been harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Defendant is accordingly entitled to a new trial.\nOn 31 August 1990, following advisement as to his constitutional rights, defendant gave a statement in which he admitted shooting the victim and throwing his hog-tied body into a river. The victim had approached defendant in the parking lot at a bar and asked for a ride home. Defendant had been living in a tent behind his boss\u2019s house since someone had broken into and fired into his house. Defendant believed his ex-wife and her boyfriend were responsible for his harassment, and he thought the victim, who later admitted to defendant that he knew defendant\u2019s ex-wife, was setting him up and leading him into a trap.\nOn 29 November 1990 defendant filed a Motion for an Ex Parte Hearing at which he would apply for funds necessary to employ expert witnesses to aid in his defense. Defendant\u2019s Notice of Defense of Insanity and Intent to Introduce Expert Testimony Relating to Mental Disease, Defect or Condition was filed the next day.\nAt a pre-trial motions hearing held 18 December 1990, defendant moved orally for an ex parte hearing for funds necessary to employ expert witnesses to aid in his defense. The trial court denied defense counsel\u2019s specific request that the defense be permitted to present evidence supporting his motion for funds in an ex parte hearing. Defense counsel then tendered a Motion for Funds for Expert Assistance, to which he attached an affidavit by Dr. John Warren, a forensic psychologist. In the affidavit the psychologist concluded \u201cthat the defendant was probably psychologically disturbed to a significant degree,\u201d based on Dr. Warren\u2019s having been informed that at the time of the murder\n[defendant] had been suffering from extreme harassment by an individual or individuals which placed the defendant in such fear that he moved out of his home and into a tent in the woods, could not and did not sleep for a significant period of time, was later fired from his job because of the harassment and became obsessed with this fear for his life [and that] defendant . . . attempted suicide while incarcerated in the Yadkin County Jail.\nIn addition to Dr. Warren\u2019s affidavit, the motion was supported by defendant\u2019s testimony as to his depression, stress, and memory loss. Following her cross-examination of defendant, the prosecutor suggested to the trial court that defendant\u2019s motion \u201cunder all the circumstances, perhaps, . . . should be granted.\u201d\nThe trial court denied defendant\u2019s motion for his own expert, but allowed the State\u2019s motion that defendant be evaluated in response to defendant\u2019s notice of intent to rely on the defense of insanity. The trial court accordingly ordered that defendant be sent to Dorothea Dix Hospital for observation as to his capacity to proceed. The trial court\u2019s written order specifically stated that defendant\u2019s being committed to Dorothea Dix Hospital was \u201cfor purposes of . . . evaluating his sanity at the time of the alleged offenses and determining his capacity to proceed to trial.\u201d\nThe resulting evaluation included findings that defendant was a heavy alcohol drinker with an IQ of 82 who feels uneasy in social situations and is possibly hypersensitive to criticism. The evaluation stated that defendant\u2019s memory was \u201cintact with no obvious perceptual motor difficulties,\u201d his cognitive functioning represented no brain dysfunction or deterioration, and his personality showed \u201c[n]o indications of mood thought disorder.\u201d The evaluating psychiatrist concluded that defendant did not have \u201ca disorder that would prevent him from being capable of proceeding to trial or relieve him of responsibility for his actions.\u201d\nAt an open, pre-trial hearing held 16 January 1991, defense counsel again tendered a motion for the expert assistance of a psychologist. Defense counsel did not reiterate his request that the hearing be ex parte. The request was directed specifically at defendant\u2019s need for assistance with proof of the mitigating circumstances that the capital felony had been committed while defendant was under the influence of mental or emotional disturbance, N.C.G.S. \u00a7 15A-2000(f)(2) (1988); the capacity of the defendant to appreciate the criminality of his conduct was impaired, N.C.G.S. \u00a7 15A-2000(f)(6) (1988); and the \u201ccatchall factor,\u201d N.C.G.S. \u00a7 15A-2000(f)(9) (1988). To this motion defense counsel attached the affidavit by Dr. Warren and an affidavit by defendant. The results of defendant\u2019s evaluation at Dorothea Dix Hospital were also before the court. The trial court again denied defendant\u2019s motion for expert assistance.\nOn 24 January 1991 the trial court filed its written order denying defendant\u2019s 29 November 1990 motion for an ex parte hearing and denying defendant\u2019s 18 December 1990 Motion for Funds for Expert Assistance.\nDefendant\u2019s petitions for certiorari and supersedeas and his motion for a temporary stay, filed with this Court 25 January 1991, cited both the trial court\u2019s failure to allow defendant\u2019s motion for expert assistance to be heard ex parte and its denial of the motion itself as subjects of the requested review. This Court denied defendant\u2019s petitions on 7 February 1991.\nDefendant thus proceeded to trial without the assistance of a psychologist. The jury found him guilty of first-degree kidnapping and of first-degree murder on the bases of both premeditation and deliberation and felony murder. At sentencing the jury found the aggravating circumstances that the murder had been committed while defendant was engaged in the commission of a kidnapping and that it had been especially heinous, atrocious or cruel. Among the circumstances in mitigation the jury found that the murder had been committed while defendant was under the influence of mental or emotional disturbance, but it did not find that the capacity of defendant to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law had been impaired. After weighing the mitigating and aggravating circumstances it had found, the jury recommended that defendant be sentenced to death.\nWe held in State v. Ballard that it is error to deny the motion of an indigent defendant for an ex parte hearing regarding his request for the assistance of a psychiatrist. We reasoned that the risk of exposing the defendant\u2019s insanity or related defense strategy to the State and the associated risks of self-incrimination and encroachment upon the defendant\u2019s right to the effective assistance of counsel jeopardize the defendant\u2019s rights and privileges under the Fifth, Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution. Ballard, 333 N.C. at 519, 428 S.E.2d at 180.\nHere, defendant sought the assistance of a forensic psychologist rather than a psychiatrist, but this is a distinction without a difference with regard to a defendant\u2019s entitlement to an ex parte hearing on the issue of expert assistance regarding an insanity defense. Both psychologists and psychiatrists are trained to recognize and treat mental illness. Their training and expertise, and the fact that the subject of their study cannot be mechanically assessed, distinguishes them materially from such experts in physical evidence as fingerprint analysts. See State v. Moore, 321 N.C. 327, 348-49, 364 S.E.2d 648, 659 (1988) (Mitchell, J., concurring). But their training, expertise, and subject of study does not significantly differentiate one from the other with regard to the ability of each to assist in an insanity defense.\nIt is impossible for this Court to know what additional evidence defendant might have proffered in support of his motion had he been able to do so out of the presence of the prosecutor. For this reason, the trial court\u2019s error in denying the request for an ex parte hearing on his motion for a psychiatrist or psychologist cannot be shown to be harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. N.C.G.S. \u00a7 15A-1443(b) (1988). See State v. Ballard, 333 N.C. at 523, 428 S.E.2d at 183. Defendant thus is entitled to a new trial.\nWe do not address defendant\u2019s remaining assignments of error, as they will not likely recur on retrial.\nNEW TRIAL.\nJustice PARKER did not participate in the consideration or decision of this case.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "WHICHARD, Justice."
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Lacy H. Thornburg, Attorney General, by David F. Hoke, Assistant Attorney General, for the State.",
      "Malcolm R. Hunter, Jr., Appellate Defender, by Gordon Widenhouse, Assistant Appellate Defender, for defendant appellant."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. JOSEPH EARL BATES\nNo. 145A91\n(Filed 8 April 1993)\nIndigent Persons \u00a7 19 (NCI4th)\u2014 indigent defendant \u2014 assistance of forensic psychologist \u2014right to ex parte hearing\nThe trial court\u2019s denial of an indigent defendant\u2019s motion for an ex parte hearing of evidence supporting his request for the assistance of a forensic psychologist to aid in his defense violated defendant\u2019s privilege against self-incrimination and his right to the effective assistance of counsel guaranteed by the Fifth, Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution. Because the appellate court cannot know what additional evidence defendant might have proffered in support of his request had he been able to do so out of the presence of the prosecutor, the trial court\u2019s error cannot be shown to be harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.\nAm Jur 2d, Criminal Law \u00a7\u00a7 701, 714.\nJustice PARKER did not participate in the consideration or decision of this case.\nAppeal of right pursuant to N.C.G.S. \u00a7 7A-27(a) from a judgment imposing a sentence of death entered by Rousseau, J., at the 25 February 1991 Special Criminal Session of Superior Court, Yadkin County, on a jury verdict finding defendant guilty of first-degree murder and first-degree kidnapping. On 15 April 1992 this Court allowed defendant\u2019s motion to bypass the Court of Appeals on the kidnapping conviction. Heard in the Supreme Court 6 October 1992.\nLacy H. Thornburg, Attorney General, by David F. Hoke, Assistant Attorney General, for the State.\nMalcolm R. Hunter, Jr., Appellate Defender, by Gordon Widenhouse, Assistant Appellate Defender, for defendant appellant."
  },
  "file_name": "0523-01",
  "first_page_order": 571,
  "last_page_order": 576
}