{ "id": 2532283, "name": "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. JOHN COY LYNCH", "name_abbreviation": "State v. Lynch", "decision_date": "1993-07-30", "docket_number": "No. 87A92", "first_page": "402", "last_page": "413", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "334 N.C. 402" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C.", "id": 9292, "name": "Supreme Court of North Carolina" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "56 ALR4th 402", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "A.L.R. 4th", "weight": 2, "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "330 N.C. 273", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2508466 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/nc/330/0273-01" ] }, { "cite": "293 N.C. 132", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8561668 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/nc/293/0132-01" ] }, { "cite": "333 N.C. 29", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2547288 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/nc/333/0029-01" ] }, { "cite": "310 N.C. 541", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2402840 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/nc/310/0541-01" ] }, { "cite": "90 N.C. App. 629", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8525752 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/90/0629-01" ] }, { "cite": "313 S.E.2d 585", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1984, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "310 N.C. 563", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2395265 ], "year": 1984, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/310/0563-01" ] }, { "cite": "372 S.E.2d 539", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "323 N.C. 356", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2565996 ], "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/323/0356-01" ] }, { "cite": "122 L. Ed. 2d 113", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1993, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "418 S.E.2d 169", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1992, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "331 N.C. 620", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2497054 ], "year": 1992, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/331/0620-01" ] }, { "cite": "112 L. Ed. 2d 7", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1990, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "498 U.S. 802", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6235240, 6238188, 6237841, 6237108, 6236790, 6236441, 6236154, 6237501, 6235838, 6235551 ], "year": 1990, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/498/0802-01", "/us/498/0802-10", "/us/498/0802-09", "/us/498/0802-07", "/us/498/0802-06", "/us/498/0802-05", "/us/498/0802-04", "/us/498/0802-08", "/us/498/0802-03", "/us/498/0802-02" ] }, { "cite": "388 S.E.2d 84", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "91" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "326 N.C. 56", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 5305472 ], "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "69" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/326/0056-01" ] }, { "cite": "389 S.E.2d 48", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "54" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "326 N.C. 268", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 5306215 ], "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "278-79" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/326/0268-01" ] }, { "cite": "428 S.E.2d 118", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "133", "parenthetical": "cross-examination about defendant's threats and acts of violence toward his wife and children permissible after defendant testified that he was a loving husband and father" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "333 N.C. 350", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2549203 ], "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "382", "parenthetical": "cross-examination about defendant's threats and acts of violence toward his wife and children permissible after defendant testified that he was a loving husband and father" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/333/0350-01" ] }, { "cite": "67 A.L.R. 3d 775", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "A.L.R. 3d", "year": 1975, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "831 F.2d 700", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 1768106 ], "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "707" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/831/0700-01" ] }, { "cite": "525 F.2d 84", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 1094861 ], "year": 1975, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "88-89" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/525/0084-01" ] }, { "cite": "46 S.E. 961", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "year": 1903, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "963-64" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "134 N.C. 131", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 11272713 ], "year": 1903, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "139" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/134/0131-01" ] }, { "cite": "152 S.E.2d 485", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1967, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "498" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "269 N.C. 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8561701 ], "year": 1967, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "20" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/269/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "424 S.E.2d 95", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "105" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "313 S.E.2d 523", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "530" }, { "page": "529-30" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "369 S.E.2d 624", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "626-27" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "341 S.E.2d 582", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "316 N.C. 200", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4703937, 4698590, 4694247, 4696411, 4701246 ], "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/316/0200-03", "/nc/316/0200-05", "/nc/316/0200-04", "/nc/316/0200-02", "/nc/316/0200-01" ] }, { "cite": "336 S.E.2d 702", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "705" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "78 N.C. App. 58", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8519519 ], "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "64" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/78/0058-01" ] }, { "cite": "389 S.E.2d 626", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "629" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "98 N.C. App. 86", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8522765 ], "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "91" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/98/0086-01" ] }, { "cite": "398 S.E.2d 491", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "493" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "101 N.C. App. 208", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8527502 ], "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "211" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/101/0208-01" ] }, { "cite": "410 S.E.2d 861", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 4, "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "870" }, { "page": "870" }, { "page": "870", "parenthetical": "cross-examination on details of defendant's prior assaults on his wife properly allowed after defendant put on evidence of his general good character and devotion to her" }, { "page": "80" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "235 S.E.2d 819", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1977, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "825" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "330 N.C. 273", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2508466 ], "weight": 4, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "288-89" }, { "page": "288-89" }, { "page": "289-90" }, { "page": "290" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/330/0273-01" ] }, { "cite": "293 N.C. 132", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8561668 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "141" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/293/0132-01" ] }, { "cite": "333 N.C. 29", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2547288 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "47-48" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/333/0029-01" ] }, { "cite": "310 N.C. 541", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2402840 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "551" }, { "page": "549-50" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/310/0541-01" ] }, { "cite": "90 N.C. App. 629", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8525752 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "633-34" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/90/0629-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 990, "char_count": 24922, "ocr_confidence": 0.751, "pagerank": { "raw": 5.284980135830609e-07, "percentile": 0.9420479726810328 }, "sha256": "646c5f5af891caf5fdf4bfe66d66667c790299de9273c07d02d4026083514113", "simhash": "1:d345737b273a298b", "word_count": 4051 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T14:40:35.485142+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. JOHN COY LYNCH" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "WHICHARD, Justice.\nFollowing a capital trial defendant was found guilty of first-degree murder in the death of James Smith and of voluntary manslaughter in the death of Ted Cook. The jury recommended a sentence of life imprisonment for the murder conviction. The trial court entered judgment accordingly and imposed a sentence of twenty years for the manslaughter conviction. In this appeal defendant challenges the scope of the State\u2019s cross-examination regarding details of defendant\u2019s prior convictions. He argues the cross-examination violated the scope of inquiry allowable under Rule of Evidence 609(a) and that it was not independently admissible under Rule 611(b), Rule 404(a)(1), or Rule 404(b). We agree that the scope of the inquiry exceeded that which is permissible under these rules, and we accordingly award a new trial.\nThe evidence tended to show that in the early morning hours of 3 August 1990 defendant came to the trailer victims Smith and Cook shared with their respective girlfriends and children to buy cocaine or to collect money from previous drug dealings. An altercation ensued: Cook hit defendant repeatedly about the face and head, but defendant smiled and stood passively with his arms crossed, neither striking back nor saying anything. When defendant tried to leave, Cook stopped him at the door, threatened to give him \u201canother ass-whipping\u201d if he ever came back early in the morning, and pushed him out the door.\nAs he walked away from the trailer, defendant turned and said, \u201cDon\u2019t worry, m\u2014 f- \u2014 , I\u2019ll be back.\u201d Cook came after him, saying, \u201cWhat did you say, m\u2014 f- \u2014 ?\u201d Defendant immediately stopped and shot Cook three times at close range. Defendant began to run away, then turned and came back toward the trailer. He entered the trailer holding a gun, and Smith pushed one of the women to the floor. Smith struck defendant rapidly with a hammer several times while defendant fired several shots at Smith. Both Smith and Cook died from gunshot wounds.\nWhether Smith grabbed the hammer after defendant shot the gun the first time or whether it was already in his hand and was seen by defendant as he came inside was disputed at trial. The exact language of the threat issued by Cook was also disputed. Defendant asserted that Smith said, \u201cWe will kill you before you leave here.\u201d Defendant testified that the facts that this threat included Smith, and that he saw Smith nod to Cook immediately before Cook attacked him, made him fear an attack from Smith as well as from Cook.\nAt trial defendant began his testimony during direct examination with brief autobiographical information that included a summary of his criminal record. He admitted the following prior convictions: simple assault and being drunk and disruptive on 13 February 1980; carrying a concealed weapon on 29 April 1980; trespassing on 27 March 1981; being drunk and disruptive and carrying a concealed weapon on 17 September 1981; assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury on 12 August 1982; and carrying a concealed weapon and possession of marijuana in Georgia in March 1985.\nDuring cross-examination the prosecution asked defendant what type of weapon was involved in his 1980 conviction for carrying a concealed weapon. Defense counsel immediately objected. In the absence of the jury defense counsel argued that details of prior crimes should be impermissible for impeachment purposes under Rule 609(a) on the grounds that they are not germane to defendant\u2019s truthfulness. The court overruled these objections. The jury returned, and cross-examination by the District Attorney proceeded as follows:\nQ. Mr. Lynch, your 1980 conviction for carrying a concealed weapon, what kind of weapon was that?\nMR. MONROE [Defense Counsel]: Object for the record, your Honor.\nCOURT: Overruled. You may answer.\nA. Brass knuckles.\nMr. MONROE: Move to strike from the record.\nCOURT: Motion denied.\nQ. Your 1981 conviction for carrying a concealed weapon, what kind of weapon was that?\nMr. MONROE: We object again, your Honor.\nCOURT: Objection overruled.\nA. A box cutter.\nMr. MONROE: Move to strike that.\nCOURT: Motion denied.\nQ. Your 1985 conviction in Georgia for carrying a concealed weapon, what kind of weapon was that?\nMr. MONROE: Object.\nCOURT: Overruled.\nA. A lock-blade knife in a pouch on my side.\nMr. MONROE: Move to strike.\nCOURT: Motion denied.\nQ. In 1982 your assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury, what kind of weapon did that involve?\nA. A knife.\nMr. Monroe: Object.\nCOURT: Overruled.\nMr. MONROE: . . . [M]ove to strike his answer then.\nCOURT: Motion denied.\nQ. Your 1985 convictions for two counts of assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury, what kind of weapon did they involve?\nMr. Monroe: Object.\nCOURT: Objection overruled.\nA. A gun.\nQ. What kind of gun?\nA. A .22 caliber pistol.\nMr. MONROE: Move to strike the last two answers, your Honor.\nCOURT: Motion denied.\nQ. And what sentence did you receive in that incident, October 12, 1985?\nMR. MONROE: Object to that, your Honor.\nCOURT: Objection overruled.\nA. I took a plea bargain for two counts of assault \u2014 assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious bodily injury.\nMr. MONROE: Move to strike.\nCOURT: Motion denied.\nQ. What was the sentence, Mr. Lynch?\nMr. MONROE: Object.\nCOURT: Objection overruled.\nA. Six years.\nMr. MONROE: Move to strike.\nCOURT: Motion denied.\nThe prosecution proceeded to inquire about a shooting incident in 1985 involving Shirley Sutton and Wesley Hall. Defense counsel entered a line objection to all further questioning about this incident and a motion to strike all related answers. Over these overruled objections, defendant answered numerous, detailed questions about his living arrangements with Sutton, words he spoke to her when he entered her home, his confusion about the circumstances, his confusion about whether he pled guilty to those shootings, and the fact that he was in a blackout at the time.\nAt the conclusion of defendant\u2019s evidence, defense counsel moved for a mistrial on the grounds that the excessive scope of cross-examination violated Rules 607, 608, 606, and 404 and prejudiced defendant. Defendant\u2019s motion was denied.\nWhen a defendant chooses to testify, evidence of prior convictions is admissible for the purpose of impeaching his credibility under Rule 609(a). This rule provides: \u201cFor the purpose of attacking the credibility of a witness, evidence that he has been convicted of a crime punishable by more than 60 days confinement shall be admitted if elicited from him or established by public record during cross-examination or thereafter.\u201d N.C.G.S. \u00a7 8C-1, Rule 609(a) (1992). The permissible scope of inquiry into prior convictions for impeachment purposes is restricted, however, to the name of the crime, the time and place of the conviction, and the punishment imposed. State v. Finch, 293 N.C. 132, 141, 235 S.E.2d 819, 825 (1977). \u201cStrong policy reasons support the principle that ordinarily one may not go into the details of the\u2019 crime by which the witness is being impeached. Such details unduly distract the jury from the issues properly before it, harass the witness and inject confusion into the trial of the case.\u201d Id. This Court recently reaffirmed this rule, stating that although Finch is a pre-Rules case, its limitations on inquiries concerning prior convictions are consistent with Rule 609(a). State v. Garner, 330 N.C. 273, 288-89, 410 S.E.2d 861, 870 (1991). In addition, the Court of Appeals has applied the Finch rule in a number of decisions holding that exceeding the limits stated in Finch is reversible error. See, e.g., State v. Gallagher, 101 N.C. App. 208, 211, 398 S.E.2d 491, 493 (1990); State v. Wilson, 98 N.C. App. 86, 91, 389 S.E.2d 626, 629 (1990); State v. Rathbone, 78 N.C. App. 58, 64, 336 S.E.2d 702, 705 (1985), disc. rev. denied, 316 N.C. 200, 341 S.E.2d 582 (1986).\nIn State v. Harrison, 90 N.C. App. 629, 633-34, 369 S.E.2d 624, 626-27 (1988), however, the Court of Appeals read State v. Murray, 310 N.C. 541, 551, 313 S.E.2d 523, 530 (1984) as broadening the scope of cross-examination about facts of prior convictions beyond the Finch rule. In State v. Gibson, 333 N.C. 29, 47-48, 424 S.E.2d 95, 105 (1992), this Court took the same view. In the process, both the Court of Appeals and this Court overstated the holding in Murray, a pre-Rules case. The questions asked of the defendant in Murray related to the factual elements of the prior offenses and were descriptive of the particular crimes of which the defendant had been convicted. The questions did not relate to tangential circumstances of the offenses involved, as did the questions here. See Murray, 310 N.C. at 549-50, 313 S.E.2d at 529-30. More importantly, in Gibson this Court overlooked a holding in Garner, a case filed only a little over a year earlier, which held that the Finch limitations on inquiries concerning prior convictions comported with Rule 609(a). Murray, then, was a pre-Rules case which did not expand the Finch rule to the extent we held it did in Gibson, while Garner was a post-Rules case that expressly confirmed the applicability of the Finch limitations in interpreting and applying Rule 609(a).\n\u201cThis Court has never overruled its decisions lightly. No court has been more faithful to stare decisis.\u201d Rabon v. Hospital, 269 N.C. 1, 20, 152 S.E.2d 485, 498 (1967); see also Mial v. Ellington, 134 N.C. 131, 139, 46 S.E. 961, 963-64 (1903). Here, however, we are forced to acknowledge that in Gibson we overruled, sub silentio, our recent precedent established in Garner. Thus, we now face conflicting lines of authority in our recent decisions, one represented by Garner and the other by Gibson. Both lines cannot stand; we must declare to which line we will adhere.\nIn the interest of clarity and certainty for the bench and bar, we conclude that we should overrule Harrison and Gibson and adhere to the rule established in Garner, viz, that the \u201cFinch . . . limitations on inquiries concerning prior convictions are consistent with rule 609(a).\u201d Garner, 330 N.C. at 288-89, 410 S.E.2d at 870. For the \u201c[s]trong policy reasons\u201d stated in Finch, we again reaffirm the rule stated therein prohibiting the State from eliciting details of prior convictions other than the name of the crime and the time, place, and punishment for impeachment purposes under Rule 609(a) in the guilt-innocence phase of a criminal trial. This result conforms to the federal practice and to the generally prevailing state practice. See, e.g., United States v. Harding, 525 F.2d 84, 88-89 (7th Cir. 1975); Campbell v. Greer, 831 F.2d 700, 707 (7th Cir. 1987). See generally Wade R. Habeeb, Annotation, Propriety, on Impeaching Credibility of Witness in Criminal Case by Showing Former Conviction, of Questions Relating to Nature and Extent of Punishment, 67 A.L.R. 3d 775 (1975). In this case, we hold the prosecution\u2019s repeated inquiries into the facts of prior crimes improperly exceeded the Finch limitations on admissibility of evidence of prior convictions for impeachment purposes under Rule 609(a).\nAlternatively, the State contends that because the prior crimes evidence here arose during cross-examination rather than on direct, the governing rule is Rule 611(b), not Rule 609(a) or the Finch rule. Rule 611(b) provides: \u201cA witness may be cross-examined on any matter relevant to any issue in the case, including credibility.\u201d N.C.G.S. \u00a7 8C-1, Rule 611(b) (1992). Rule 611(b), however, neither stands alone nor preempts other rules of evidence. It allows cross-examination only on matters relevant to issues in the ease; \u201c \u2018[relevant evidence\u2019 means evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.\u201d N.C.G.S. \u00a7 8C-1, Rule 401 (1992). Evidence admissible during cross-examination remains subject to the limits of other rules governing relevancy, including Rules 402, 403, and 404, as well as to Rule 609.\nThe State also argues that Rule 404(a)(1) permits the prosecution to offer evidence of a pertinent trait of the defendant\u2019s character to rebut such evidence when offered first by the defendant, despite the general prohibition in that rule against character evidence. Typically, Rule 404(a)(1) authorizes the prosecution to delve into examples of the defendant\u2019s violent actions when the defendant has put his character into evidence by testifying, for example, about his peaceable nature. E.g., State v. Syriani, 333 N.C. 350, 382, 428 S.E.2d 118, 133 (1993) (cross-examination about defendant\u2019s threats and acts of violence toward his wife and children permissible after defendant testified that he was a loving husband and father); State v. Garner, 330 N.C. at 289-90, 410 S.E.2d at 870 (cross-examination on details of defendant\u2019s prior assaults on his wife properly allowed after defendant put on evidence of his general good character and devotion to her).\nIf in this case defendant had offered testimony about his peaceable nature or other positive character trait, the prosecution would have been entitled under Rule 404(a)(1) to rebut such character evidence by showing his prior violent crimes and drug use. Defendant\u2019s brief summary of his criminal record did not constitute evidence of a pertinent character trait for Rule 404(a)(1) purposes, however. Because he did not put his general character in evidence, the State was not entitled to do so in the guise of rebuttal.\nThe State also argues detailed evidence of prior crimes is admissible under Rule 404(b), which provides:\nEvidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show that he acted in conformity therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake, entrapment or accident.\nN.C.G.S. \u00a7 8C-1, Rule 404(b) (1992). Rule 404(b) operates as a general rule of inclusion, but it excludes evidence if its only probative value relates to the defendant\u2019s character or propensity to commit the crimes. State v. Coffey, 326 N.C. 268, 278-79, 389 S.E.2d 48, 54 (1990). The admissibility of evidence under this rule is guided by two further constraints \u2014 similarity and temporal proximity. State v. Price, 326 N.C. 56, 69, 388 S.E.2d 84, 91 (1990), judgment vacated on other grounds, 498 U.S. 802, 112 L. Ed. 2d 7 (1990), on remand, 331 N.C. 620, 418 S.E.2d 169 (1992), judgment vacated on other grounds, --- U.S ---, 122 L. Ed. 2d 113 (1993).\nIn the case before us, we cannot discern any logical relationship between the details of the prior crimes brought out on cross-examination and the crimes charged. That the defendant had used various weapons in other crimes had no bearing on any element of the offenses for which he was being tried, and the 1985 assault incidents involving Shirley Sutton and Wesley Hall were not only remote in time but were factually dissimilar from the present case. Neither the prosecution nor the trial court suggested any grounds on which the evidence objected to might be relevant to the present charges. The State argues that the fact that a blackout prevented defendant from accurately remembering the details of the 1985 shooting might indicate an inability to remember details of the incident resulting in his current charges. Because nothing in the record suggests defendant was in a blackout during the latter incident or that he has other memory problems, we find that argument unpersuasive.\nFinally, the State also argues it may elicit evidence on cross-examination that would be otherwise incompetent or irrelevant in order to rebut or explain evidence offered by the defendant. State v. Garner, 330 N.C. at 290, 410 S.E.2d at 80. Such cross-examination is permissible, however, not to expose an entirely new line of inquiry otherwise impermissible under the Rules, but only to correct inaccuracies or misleading omissions in the defendant\u2019s testimony or to dispel favorable inferences arising therefrom. For example, when the defendant \u201copens the door\u201d by misstating his criminal record or the facts of the crimes or actions, or when he has used his criminal record to create an inference favorable to himself, the prosecutor is free to cross-examine him about details of those prior crimes or actions. See, e.g., State v. Darden, 323 N.C. 356, 372 S.E.2d 539 (1988); State v. Brown, 310 N.C. 563, 313 S.E.2d 585 (1984).\nIn this case, however, defendant\u2019s brief summary of his criminal record was accurate and complete, and he did not use it to create inferences favorable to himself. Instead, his testimony raised unfavorable inferences: that he lied in his initial statement to police, that he was a drug user, that he routinely carried a pistol, and that he had numerous prior convictions. Such accurate yet unfavorable testimony did not open the door to further damaging questions about the details of his prior crimes.\nThe only purpose served by eliciting the details of the prior convictions here was to create for jurors an image of defendant as a person with a bad character who was inclined to commit crimes and who, as a man who carried weapons and had a propensity for engaging in violent crimes without justification, probably had no justification for the shootings in this case. This is precisely the inference, logically unrelated to the offenses for which defendant was on trial, that the Finch rule prohibits.\nIn summary, the trial court erred in allowing cross-examination of defendant about details of his prior convictions in that: (1) such inquiry exceeded the scope allowable for impeachment purposes under Rule 609(a); (2) it was not authorized by Rule 404(a) because defendant did not put his character into evidence; (3) it bore no logical relevance to the crimes charged that would render it admissible under Rule 404(b), and (4) it was not admissible to refute any inaccurate or misleading testimony or inferences raised by defendant. Defendant\u2019s defense was that he was subjected to a violent and unprovoked physical assault under circumstances which made him fear that his life was endangered by both of the victims. Testimony pertinent to his self-defense claim was conflicting. The jurors may well have found defendant\u2019s claim of self-defense less persuasive, or may have been more inclined to view defendant as more culpable, as a result of the detailed evidence tending to show that he was naturally prone to violence and had committed other unjustified assaults. Because defendant\u2019s defense was self-defense, we cannot conclude that the error was harmless. See N.C.G.S. \u00a7 15A-1443(a) (1988). Accordingly, defendant is entitled to a new trial.\nIn view of this disposition and of the improbability that other errors asserted will recur at defendant\u2019s new trial, we need not address defendant\u2019s remaining assignments of error.\nNEW TRIAL.", "type": "majority", "author": "WHICHARD, Justice." } ], "attorneys": [ "Michael F. Easley, Attorney General, by G. Lawrence Reeves, Jr., Assistant Attorney General, for the State.", "Malcolm Ray Hunter, Jr., Appellate Defender, by Constance H. Everhart, Assistant Appellate Defender, for defendant-appellant." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. JOHN COY LYNCH\nNo. 87A92\n(Filed 30 July 1993)\n1. Evidence and Witnesses \u00a7\u00a7 2983, 2898.5 (NCI4th) \u2014 murder\u2014 details of prior convictions \u2014 not admissible \u2014 Gibson overruled\nThe trial court erred in a first-degree murder trial by allowing the district attorney to exceed the scope of inquiry allowable under N.C.G.S. \u00a7 8C-1, Rule 609(a) in cross-examining defendant about prior convictions. Although the Court of Appeals in State v. Harrison, 90 N.C. App. 629, read State v. Murray, 310 N.C. 541, as broadening the scope of cross-examination about the facts of prior convictions and the Supreme Court took the same view in State v. Gibson, 333 N.C. 29, both the Court of Appeals and the Supreme Court overstated the holding in Murray. Harrison and Gibson are overruled and the rule stated in State v. Finch, 293 N.C. 132 and reaffirmed in State v. Garner, 330 N.C. 273, is affirmed. The State is prohibited from eliciting details of prior convictions other than the name of the crime and the time, place, and punishment for impeachment purposes under N.C.G.S. \u00a7 8C-1, Rule 609(a) in the guilt-innocence phase of a criminal trial.\nAm Jur 2d, Witnesses \u00a7 926.\n2. Evidence and Witnesses \u00a7 2916 (NCI4th)\u2014 murder \u2014cross-examination \u2014 prior convictions \u2014 relevance\nDetails of defendant\u2019s prior convictions were not admissible in a murder prosecution where the State contended that the governing rule is N.C.G.S. \u00a7 8C-1, Rule 611(b) rather than 609(a) because the evidence arose during cross-examination rather than on direct. Rule 611(b) neither stands alone nor preempts other rules of evidence; evidence admissible during cross-examination remains subject to the limits of other rules governing relevancy, including Rules 402, 403, and 404, as well as Rule 609.\nAm Jur 2d, Evidence \u00a7\u00a7 339-341, 346.\n3. Evidence and Witnesses \u00a7 263 (NCI4th)\u2014 murder \u2014 cross-examination of defendant \u2014details of prior offenses \u2014not admissible to rebut character evidence\nThe trial court erred in a first-degree murder prosecution in allowing the State to cross-examine defendant about the details of past convictions. Although the State argued that N.C.G.S. \u00a7 8C-1, Rule 404(a)(1) permits the prosecution to offer evidence of a pertinent trait of the defendant\u2019s character to rebut such evidence when offered first by the defendant, defendant\u2019s brief summary of his criminal record did not constitute evidence of a pertinent character trait for Rule 404(a)(1) purposes.\nAm Jur 2d, Evidence \u00a7\u00a7 339-341, 346.\nAdmissibility of evidence of pertinent trait under Rule 404(a) of the Uniform Rules of Evidence. 56 ALR4th 402.\n4. Evidence and Witnesses \u00a7 287 (NCI4th)\u2014 murder \u2014cross-examination \u2014 prior offenses \u2014not admissible\nEvidence of a murder defendant\u2019s prior offenses was not admissible under N.C.G.S. \u00a7 8C-1, Rule 404(b) where the Supreme Court could discern no logical relationship between the details of the prior crimes brought out on cross-examination and the crimes charged.\nAm Jur 2d, Evidence \u00a7\u00a7 339-341, 346.\n5. Evidence and Witnesses \u00a7 3019 (NCI4th)\u2014 murder \u2014 cross-examination \u2014 prior offenses \u2014door not opened\nA murder defendant did not open the door to cross-examination about prior offenses with his brief summary of his criminal record. Although the State argued that it may elicit evidence on cross-examination that would be otherwise incompetent or irrelevant in order to rebut or explain evidence offered by the defendant, such cross-examination is permissible not to expose an entirely new line of inquiry otherwise impermissible under the Rules, but only to correct inaccuracies or misleading omissions in the defendant\u2019s testimony or to dispel favorable inferences arising therefrom. Defendant\u2019s brief summary of his criminal record was accurate and complete and he did not use it to create inferences favorable to himself. The only purpose served by eliciting the details of the prior convictions was to create for the jurors an image of defendant as a person with a bad character who was inclined to commit crimes and who probably had no justification for the shootings in this case.\nAm Jur 2d, Evidence \u00a7 341; Witnesses \u00a7\u00a7 834 et seq.\n6. Evidence and Witnesses \u00a7 725 (NCI4th) \u2014 murder \u2014cross-examination of defendant \u2014 other offenses \u2014 prejudicial\nThere was prejudicial error in a first degree murder prosecution where the court permitted the State to cross-examine defendant about prior offenses. Defendant\u2019s defense was that he was subjected to a violent and unprovoked physical assault under circumstances which made him fear that his life was endangered by both of the victims; testimony pertinent to his self-defense claim was conflicting; and the jurors may have found defendant\u2019s claim of self-defense less persuasive, or may have been inclined to view defendant as more culpable, as a result of the detailed evidence tending to show that he was naturally prone to violence and had committed other unjustified assaults.\nAm Jur 2d, Appeal and Error \u00a7\u00a7 797 et seq.; Evidence \u00a7\u00a7 339-341, 346; Witnesses \u00a7\u00a7 834-836.\nAdmissibility of evidence of pertinent trait under Rule 404(a) of the Uniform Rules of Evidence. 56 ALR4th 402.\nAppeal of right by defendant pursuant to N.C.G.S. \u00a7 7A-27(a) from a judgment imposing a sentence of life imprisonment upon his conviction of first-degree murder, entered by Allen (J.B., Jr.), J., on 15 October 1991 in Superior Court, Alamance County. Defendant was also convicted of voluntary manslaughter and sentenced to twenty years imprisonment for that offense. On 22 September 1992 this Court allowed defendant\u2019s motion to bypass the Court of Appeals on the voluntary manslaughter conviction. Heard in the Supreme Court 15 April 1993.\nMichael F. Easley, Attorney General, by G. Lawrence Reeves, Jr., Assistant Attorney General, for the State.\nMalcolm Ray Hunter, Jr., Appellate Defender, by Constance H. Everhart, Assistant Appellate Defender, for defendant-appellant." }, "file_name": "0402-01", "first_page_order": 426, "last_page_order": 437 }