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Ed. 2d", "year": 1997, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "483 S.E.2d 396", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1997, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "345 N.C. 647", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 53878 ], "year": 1997, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/345/0647-01" ] }, { "cite": "341 S.E.2d 713", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "316 N.C. 203", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4694780 ], "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/316/0203-01" ] }, { "cite": "352 S.E.2d 653", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1987, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "319 N.C. 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4741422 ], "year": 1987, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/319/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "372 S.E.2d 517", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "323 N.C. 318", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2566216 ], "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/323/0318-01" ] }, { "cite": "484 S.E.2d 394", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "404" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "346 N.C. 50", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 139456 ], "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "66" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/346/0050-01" ] }, { "cite": "487 S.E.2d 727", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "731" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "346 N.C. 718", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 139533 ], "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "727" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/346/0718-01" ] }, { "cite": "441 S.E.2d 295", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "303" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "335 N.C. 696", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2526731 ], "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "712" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/335/0696-01" ] }, { "cite": "306 S.E.2d 783", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "786" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "309 N.C. 410", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4761533 ], "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "414" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/309/0410-01" ] }, { "cite": "133 L. Ed. 2d 60", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1995, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "451 S.E.2d 543", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "564", "parenthetical": "quoting Goodman, 298 N.C. at 25, 257 S.E.2d at 585" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "339 N.C. 59", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2556750 ], "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "97", "parenthetical": "quoting Goodman, 298 N.C. at 25, 257 S.E.2d at 585" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/339/0059-01" ] }, { "cite": "312 S.E.2d 393", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "396" }, { "page": "396" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "310 N.C. 332", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2398008 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "336" }, { "page": "336" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/310/0332-01" ] }, { "cite": "129 L. Ed. 2d 881", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1994, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "436 S.E.2d 321", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "356" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "335 N.C. 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2531885 ], "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "61" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/335/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "506 S.E.2d 702", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "706", "parenthetical": "quoting Lloyd, 321 N.C. at 319, 364 S.E.2d at 328" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "349 N.C. 264", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 571564 ], "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "270", "parenthetical": "quoting Lloyd, 321 N.C. at 319, 364 S.E.2d at 328" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/349/0264-01" ] }, { "cite": "67 U.S.L.W. 3771", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "U.S.L.W.", "year": 1999, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "501 S.E.2d 309", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "330-31" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "348 N.C. 335", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 1659853 ], "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "370-71" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/348/0335-01" ] }, { "cite": "126 L. Ed. 2d 341", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1993, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "428 S.E.2d 118", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 3, "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "140-41" }, { "page": "141" }, { "page": "144-49" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "333 N.C. 350", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2549203 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "390-91" }, { "page": "400-06" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/333/0350-01" ] }, { "cite": "73 L. Ed. 2d 1144", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "134 L. Ed. 2d 793", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1996, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "463 S.E.2d 218", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1995, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "342 N.C. 74", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 795909 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "86" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/342/0074-01" ] }, { "cite": "140 L. Ed. 2d 132", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1998, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "431 S.E.2d 188", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "193" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "334 N.C. 54", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2529763 ], "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "62" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/334/0054-01" ] }, { "cite": "488 S.E.2d 514", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "531", "parenthetical": "citing State v. Collins, 334 N.C. 54, 62, 431 S.E.2d 188, 193 (1993)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "346 N.C. 404", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 139592 ], "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "435", "parenthetical": "citing State v. Collins, 334 N.C. 54, 62, 431 S.E.2d 188, 193 (1993)" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/346/0404-01" ] }, { "cite": "343 S.E.2d 828", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "845" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "316 N.C. 666", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4694299 ], "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "692" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/316/0666-01" ] }, { "cite": "280 S.E.2d 912", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "923" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "303 N.C. 551", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8574927 ], "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "565" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/303/0551-01" ] }, { "cite": "257 S.E.2d 569", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "584" }, { "page": "585" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "298 N.C. 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8568313 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "23" }, { "page": "25" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/298/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "126 L. Ed. 2d 602", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1993, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "430 S.E.2d 188", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "208" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "333 N.C. 579", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2545734 ], "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "618" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/333/0579-01" ] }, { "cite": "508 S.E.2d 496", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "520" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "349 N.C. 382", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 571580 ], "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "420" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/349/0382-01" ] }, { "cite": "129 L. Ed. 2d 895", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1994, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "512 U.S. 1254", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 39539 ], "year": 1994, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/512/1254-01" ] }, { "cite": "433 S.E.2d 144", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 5, "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "154" }, { "page": "151", "parenthetical": "defendant's presence and active participation in the rape and murder of the victim justified submission of the (e)(9) statutory aggravating circumstance" }, { "page": "162" }, { "page": "164" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "334 N.C. 208", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2530367 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "227" }, { "page": "222" }, { "page": "240" }, { "page": "244" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/334/0208-01" ] }, { "cite": "142 L. Ed. 2d 91", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1998, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "496 S.E.2d 357", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "365" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "347 N.C. 453", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 551208 ], "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "466-67" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/347/0453-01" ] }, { "cite": "133 L. Ed. 2d 879", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1996, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "462 S.E.2d 1", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "10" }, { "page": "23" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "341 N.C. 426", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 793213 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "443-44" }, { "page": "466" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/341/0426-01" ] }, { "cite": "472 S.E.2d 842", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "860" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "343 N.C. 518", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 798778 ], "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "552" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/343/0518-01" ] }, { "cite": "108 L. Ed. 2d 604", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1990, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "494 U.S. 1023", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 4836, 5158, 4882, 5207, 5176 ], "year": 1990, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/494/1023-04", "/us/494/1023-03", "/us/494/1023-05", "/us/494/1023-02", "/us/494/1023-01" ] }, { "cite": "384 S.E.2d 470", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "499", "parenthetical": "\"The officers can do no more. The State can do no more. The Judge can do no more. Now, it's entirely up to you. The eyes of Robeson County are on you. You speak for Robeson County .. ..\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "325 N.C. 278", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2492599 ], "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "329", "parenthetical": "\"The officers can do no more. The State can do no more. The Judge can do no more. Now, it's entirely up to you. The eyes of Robeson County are on you. You speak for Robeson County .. ..\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/325/0278-01" ] }, { "cite": "136 L. Ed. 2d 259", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1996, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "469 S.E.2d 888", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "897" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "343 N.C. 164", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 798909 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "180-81" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/343/0164-01" ] }, { "cite": "98 L. Ed. 2d 406", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1987, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "484 U.S. 970", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 600992, 599913, 599204, 599758 ], "year": 1987, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/484/0970-03", "/us/484/0970-02", "/us/484/0970-01", "/us/484/0970-04" ] }, { "cite": "358 S.E.2d 1", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 5, "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "18" }, { "page": "18", "parenthetical": "\"The officers can't do any more. The State can't do any more. You speak for all the people of the State of North Carolina . . . .\"" }, { "page": "22", "parenthetical": "plea of guilty is the equivalent of conviction" }, { "page": "27" }, { "page": "27" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "320 N.C. 179", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4730916 ], "weight": 5, "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "204" }, { "page": "203" }, { "page": "210" }, { "page": "219" }, { "page": "219" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/320/0179-01" ] }, { "cite": "626 S.W.2d 775", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 9983475 ], "year": 1982, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "776" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/sw2d/626/0775-01" ] }, { "cite": "333 S.E.2d 296", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "298", "parenthetical": "quoting Prado v. State, 626 S.W.2d 775, 776 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "314 N.C. 309", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4688005 ], "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "312", "parenthetical": "quoting Prado v. State, 626 S.W.2d 775, 776 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982)" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/314/0309-01" ] }, { "cite": "143 L. Ed. 2d 559", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1999, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "505 S.E.2d 277", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "304" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "349 N.C. 118", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 571689 ], "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "164" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/349/0118-01" ] }, { "cite": "367 S.E.2d 639", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "322 N.C. 243", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2518702 ], "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/322/0243-01" ] }, { "cite": "302 S.E.2d 144", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "155" }, { "page": "155", "parenthetical": "improper \"general deterrent\" argument by prosecutor was not grossly improper" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "308 N.C. 196", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4708380 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "215" }, { "page": "215" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/308/0196-01" ] }, { "cite": "319 S.E.2d 163", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 3, "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "169-170" }, { "page": "170", "parenthetical": "prosecutor's argument referring to the \"deterrent effect\" of the death penalty did not warrant ex mero motu action by the court" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "311 N.C. 465", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4686205 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "475" }, { "page": "475" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/311/0465-01" ] }, { "cite": "100 L. Ed. 2d 935", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "486 U.S. 1061", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6375268, 6376325, 6375755, 6375564, 6375412, 6376092 ], "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/486/1061-01", "/us/486/1061-06", "/us/486/1061-04", "/us/486/1061-03", "/us/486/1061-02", "/us/486/1061-05" ] }, { "cite": "362 S.E.2d 513", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "532", "parenthetical": "prosecutor's statement, \"How many more women are we going to have to see this man rape before we say enough is enough?\" was not held to be so \"grossly improper\" as to require the trial court to intervene ex mero motu" }, { "page": "537" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "321 N.C. 125", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2567820 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "156", "parenthetical": "prosecutor's statement, \"How many more women are we going to have to see this man rape before we say enough is enough?\" was not held to be so \"grossly improper\" as to require the trial court to intervene ex mero motu" }, { "page": "164-65" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/321/0125-01" ] }, { "cite": "134 L. Ed. 2d 478", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1996, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "459 S.E.2d 638", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "674" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "340 N.C. 365", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 790071 ], "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "427" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/340/0365-01" ] }, { "cite": "136 L. Ed. 2d 723", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1997, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "501 U.S. 808", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1108176 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "825" }, { "page": "735-36" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/501/0808-01" ] }, { "cite": "139 L. Ed. 2d 234", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1997, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "481 S.E.2d 907", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 3, "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "926" }, { "page": "926" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "345 N.C. 497", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 53988 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "529-30" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/345/0497-01" ] }, { "cite": "226 S.E.2d 629", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1976, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "640" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "290 N.C. 313", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8561442 ], "year": 1976, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "328" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/290/0313-01" ] }, { "cite": "67 U.S.L.W. 3716", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "U.S.L.W.", "weight": 2, "year": 1999, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "506 S.E.2d 711", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "721" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "349 N.C. 243", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 571701 ], "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "257" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/349/0243-01" ] }, { "cite": "130 L. Ed. 2d 547", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1994, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "443 S.E.2d 14", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "41" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "336 N.C. 142", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2538239 ], "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "188" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/336/0142-01" ] }, { "cite": "364 S.E.2d 373", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "321 N.C. 570", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2569559 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/321/0570-01" ] }, { "cite": "90 L. Ed. 2d 733", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "337 S.E.2d 808", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "824", "parenthetical": "prior history included felonious breaking and entering, felonious larceny, armed robbery, and felonious assault" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "315 N.C. 40", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4716135 ], "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "62", "parenthetical": "prior history included felonious breaking and entering, felonious larceny, armed robbery, and felonious assault" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/315/0040-01" ] }, { "cite": "102 L. Ed. 2d 18", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "488 U.S. 807", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1495009, 1493223, 1494535, 1493863, 1495309, 1494158, 1494194, 1493752 ], "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/488/0807-01", "/us/488/0807-06", "/us/488/0807-04", "/us/488/0807-05", "/us/488/0807-08", "/us/488/0807-07", "/us/488/0807-03", "/us/488/0807-02" ] }, { "cite": "364 S.E.2d 316", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "324" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "321 N.C. 301", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2567784 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "312" }, { "page": "319" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/321/0301-01" ] }, { "cite": "134 L. Ed. 2d 794", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1996, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "463 S.E.2d 738", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "767" }, { "page": "772" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "342 N.C. 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 796135 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "56" }, { "page": "64" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/342/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "367 S.E.2d 589", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "604" }, { "page": "604", "parenthetical": "prior history included second-degree kidnaping conviction, theft, and storing illegal drugs" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "322 N.C. 117", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2519607 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "143" }, { "page": "143" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/322/0117-01" ] }, { "cite": "142 L. Ed. 2d 907", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1999, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "502 S.E.2d 563", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "580" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "348 N.C. 417", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 1659919 ], "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "443" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/348/0417-01" ] }, { "cite": "142 L. Ed. 2d 88", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1998, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "495 S.E.2d 677", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "691" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "347 N.C. 412", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 551134 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "437" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/347/0412-01" ] }, { "cite": "140 L. Ed. 2d 818", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1998, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "277 S.E.2d 439", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "441" }, { "page": "441" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "303 N.C. 173", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8571816 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "177" }, { "page": "177" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/303/0173-01" ] }, { "cite": "492 S.E.2d 609", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "613", "parenthetical": "quoting State v. Albert, 303 N.C. 173, 177, 277 S.E.2d 439, 441 (1981)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "347 N.C. 309", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 551315 ], "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "317", "parenthetical": "quoting State v. Albert, 303 N.C. 173, 177, 277 S.E.2d 439, 441 (1981)" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/347/0309-01" ] }, { "cite": "461 S.E.2d 664", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "677" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "341 N.C. 470", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 793157 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "496" }, { "page": "496" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/341/0470-01" ] }, { "cite": "511 S.E.2d 302", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "303", "parenthetical": "per curiam" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "350 N.C. 79", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 132085 ], "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "80", "parenthetical": "per curiam" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/350/0079-01" ] }, { "cite": "484 S.E.2d 377", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 4, "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "378" }, { "page": "378-79" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "346 N.C. 162", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 139633 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "163" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/346/0162-01" ] }, { "cite": "143 L. Ed. 2d 522", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1999, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "505 S.E.2d 80", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 7, "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "89", "parenthetical": "same" }, { "page": "179" }, { "page": "89" }, { "page": "180-81" }, { "page": "89" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "349 N.C. 167", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 571537 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "181", "parenthetical": "same" }, { "page": "181" }, { "page": "189" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/349/0167-01" ] }, { "cite": "313 S.E.2d 554", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "556", "parenthetical": "excluded evidence of witness' indictment of an unrelated robbery was cumulative because witness' \"potential bias was fully explored\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "310 N.C. 613", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2395395 ], "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "616", "parenthetical": "excluded evidence of witness' indictment of an unrelated robbery was cumulative because witness' \"potential bias was fully explored\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/310/0613-01" ] }, { "cite": "415 U.S. 308", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6174956 ], "weight": 10, "year": 1974, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "316" }, { "page": "353" }, { "page": "310-11" }, { "page": "350" }, { "page": "315" }, { "page": "353" }, { "page": "316" }, { "page": "353" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/415/0308-01" ] }, { "cite": "475 U.S. 673", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6207521 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "679" }, { "page": "683" }, { "page": "684" }, { "page": "686", "parenthetical": "Confrontation Clause violation subject to harmless error analysis" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/475/0673-01" ] }, { "cite": "474 U.S. 15", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6196542 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "20", "parenthetical": "per curiam" }, { "page": "19", "parenthetical": "per curiam" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/474/0015-01" ] }, { "cite": "130 L. Ed. 2d 423", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1994, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "513 U.S. 1003", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1330944, 1330371, 1331620, 1332486, 1330695, 1333148, 1334955, 1335760, 1332656, 1335570, 1334804, 1332509, 1335548, 1335421, 1331582 ], "year": 1994, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/513/1003-04", "/us/513/1003-07", "/us/513/1003-06", "/us/513/1003-08", "/us/513/1003-02", "/us/513/1003-15", "/us/513/1003-11", "/us/513/1003-14", "/us/513/1003-09", "/us/513/1003-10", "/us/513/1003-01", "/us/513/1003-03", "/us/513/1003-05", "/us/513/1003-13", "/us/513/1003-12" ] }, { "cite": "443 S.E.2d 48", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "52" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "336 N.C. 229", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2535184 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "240" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/336/0229-01" ] }, { "cite": "133 L. Ed. 2d 871", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1996, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "460 S.E.2d 144", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "154-55" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "340 N.C. 612", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 790241 ], "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "632" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/340/0612-01" ] }, { "cite": "134 L. Ed. 2d 526", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1996, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "461 S.E.2d 602", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "615", "parenthetical": "emphasis added" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "341 N.C. 263", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 793195 ], "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "288", "parenthetical": "emphasis added" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/341/0263-01" ] }, { "cite": "130 L. Ed. 2d 650", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1995, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "443 S.E.2d 306", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "329" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "336 N.C. 78", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2535633 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "123-24" }, { "page": "129" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/336/0078-01" ] }, { "cite": "130 L. Ed. 2d 895", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "citing State v. Robinson, 336 N.C. 78, 123-24, 443 S.E.2d 306, 329 (1994), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1089, 130 L. Ed. 2d 650 (1995)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "446 S.E.2d 252", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "275" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "337 N.C. 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2549971 ], "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "43" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/337/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "251 S.E.2d 425", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "429" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "296 N.C. 495", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8567774 ], "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "502-03" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/296/0495-01" ] }, { "cite": "98 L. Ed. 2d 226", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1987, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "356 S.E.2d 279", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "case_ids": [ 473513 ], "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "310" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ga-app/182/0279-01" ] }, { "cite": "319 N.C. 465", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4748970 ], "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "518" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/319/0465-01" ] }, { "cite": "136 L. Ed. 2d 229", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1996, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "471 S.E.2d 593", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "599" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "343 N.C. 378", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 798915 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "389" }, { "page": "555" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/343/0378-01" ] }, { "cite": "85 S.E.2d 584", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1955, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "587" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "241 N.C. 468", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8612349 ], "year": 1955, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "471-72" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/241/0468-01" ] }, { "cite": "417 S.E.2d 483", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "486" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "331 N.C. 660", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2498200 ], "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "665" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/331/0660-01" ] }, { "cite": "139 L. Ed. 2d 878", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1998, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "490 S.E.2d 220", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "224" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "347 N.C. 48", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 551122 ], "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "57" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/347/0048-01" ] }, { "cite": "67 U.S.L.W. 3732", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "U.S.L.W.", "year": 1999, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "505 S.E.2d 97", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 7, "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "106" }, { "page": "109" }, { "page": "109-10" }, { "page": "109-10" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "349 N.C. 62", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 571552 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "76" }, { "page": "81" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/349/0062-01" ] }, { "cite": "410 S.E.2d 57", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 5, "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "58" }, { "page": "58" }, { "page": "58" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "90 L. Ed. 2d 672", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "337 S.E.2d 504", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "315 N.C. 175", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4716847 ], "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/315/0175-01" ] }, { "cite": "113 L. Ed. 2d 459", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. 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Ed. 2d", "year": 1990, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "494 U.S. 1050", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 5473, 5290, 5004, 5103, 4917 ], "year": 1990, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/494/1050-01", "/us/494/1050-04", "/us/494/1050-05", "/us/494/1050-03", "/us/494/1050-02" ] }, { "cite": "494 U.S. 433", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 4898 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1990, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/494/0433-01" ] }, { "cite": "375 S.E.2d 909", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1989, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "324 N.C. 33", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2486627 ], "year": 1989, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/324/0033-01" ] }, { "cite": "458 U.S. 782", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 636586 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "786" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/458/0782-01" ] }, { "cite": "330 N.C. 161", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2512915 ], "weight": 4, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "163" }, { "page": "163" }, { "page": "163" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/330/0161-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 2525, "char_count": 105487, "ocr_confidence": 0.76, "pagerank": { "raw": 3.608064763318844e-07, "percentile": 0.8880608483351732 }, "sha256": "febcda0a616c3a5d2e065e4905df2095c70e9c5de3fc55ca4dbbdac7c6cffd78", "simhash": "1:cb234032673e14f0", "word_count": 17063 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T14:46:00.917666+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. LEROY McNEIL" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "MARTIN, Justice.\nOn 9 May 1983 defendant Leroy McNeil (defendant) was indicted for the first-degree murders of Deborah Jean Fore (Fore), Elizabeth Faye Stallings (Stallings), and Irene Dina Kearney (Kearney). At the 26 March 1984 Criminal Session of Superior Court, Wake County, Judge Coy E. Brewer granted the State\u2019s motion to join the Fore and Stallings murders but denied the State\u2019s motion to join the Kearney murder. On 9 May 1984 the jury convicted defendant of the first-degree murders of Fore and Stallings on the basis of malice, premeditation and deliberation, and the felony murder rule. Following a capital sentencing proceeding, the jury recommended a sentence of death in each case, and, on 14 May 1984, the trial court entered judgments in accordance with those recommendations. Thereafter, the State voluntarily dismissed the murder charge against defendant for the Kearney murder.\nOn appeal, this Court found no error in defendant\u2019s first-degree murder convictions and death sentences. State v. McNeil, 324 N.C. 33, 375 S.E.2d 909 (1989). On 26 March 1990 the United States Supreme Court granted defendant\u2019s petition for a writ of certiorari and remanded defendant\u2019s case to this Court for reconsideration in light of McKoy v. North Carolina, 494 U.S. 433, 108 L. Ed. 2d 369 (1990). McNeil v. North Carolina, 494 U.S. 1050, 108 L. Ed. 2d 756 (1990). On remand, this Court vacated defendant\u2019s death sentence and remanded to the trial court for resentencing. State v. McNeil, 327 N.C. 388, 395 S.E.2d 106 (1990), cert. denied, 499 U.S. 942, 113 L. Ed. 2d 459 (1991).\nPrior to his resentencing, defendant filed a motion for appropriate relief claiming trial counsel admitted his guilt to the jury without defendant\u2019s consent in violation of State v. Harbison, 315 N.C. 175, 337 S.E.2d 504 (1985), cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1123, 90 L. Ed. 2d 672 (1986). On 26 August 1993 Judge Jack A. Thompson allowed defendant\u2019s motion and awarded him a new trial.\nOn 28 October 1996 defendant entered a plea of guilty to the first-degree murders of Fore and Stallings: On 14 November 1996 the jury again recommended a sentence of death in each case. On 14 November 1996 the trial court entered judgments in accordance with the jury\u2019s recommendations.\nThe State\u2019s evidence at the second trial, introduced during the sentencing hearing, tended to show the following. On Friday, 8 April 1983, defendant and Penny McNeil (Penny) discussed committing a robbery to obtain money. While discussing their robbery plans, defendant told Penny that if they did not kill the witnesses they might be able to identify defendant and Penny. Defendant and Penny decided that \u201cwhat ever take place on that will just have to take place.\u201d\nWhile driving through Raleigh that afternoon, defendant and Penny saw Stallings and asked her if she wanted a ride. Stallings accepted. Defendant and Penny drove Stallings to pick up food stamps at the United States Post Office on New Bern Avenue. When Stallings was in the post office, defendant told Penny to move to the back seat so he could \u201ccheck [Stallings] out and see if she had any money.\u201d\nWhen Stallings returned to the car, defendant drove to a store to retrieve a change purse Penny had left in a phone booth. While they were in the store, defendant told Penny he' was going to rob Stallings.\nAfter leaving the store, defendant asked Stallings \u201cdid she smoke Reefer,\u201d and \u201cwhere she could get some.\u201d Defendant and Penny drove Stallings to a vacant house next door to defendant\u2019s residence. Defendant and Penny tricked Stallings into believing the vacant house was a place to purchase drugs. Defendant, Penny, and Stallings entered the vacant house. At some point, Penny removed a pocketknife from defendant\u2019s car and brought it into the vacant house.\nAfter entering the house, defendant \u201cacted like he was going to . . . kiss the young lady\u201d and \u201cforced her into the back bedroom,\u201d where \u201che grabbed her around the neck,\u201d pulled out his knife, and demanded her money and food stamps. Stallings gave defendant and Penny her food stamps and begged them not to hurt her. Defendant forced Stallings to pull up her top to see if she had any money, which she did not. Penny noticed that Stallings had been cut and was bleeding from her chest. Defendant began strangling Stallings and told Penny he was trying \u201cto get her weak\u201d but that he was not going to kill her. Penny testified that \u201c[i]t looked to me like he was trying to kill her, because her eyes were rolling back and her tongue was coming out of her mouth.\u201d\nDefendant told Penny to go next door and get his gun. When Penny returned with defendant\u2019s M1.22 rifle, Stallings \u201cwas laid out in the floor\u201d and appeared to be dead. Defendant told Penny to leave the room, and, after doing so, defendant shot Stallings. Defendant then removed Stallings\u2019 clothes to make it appear as if she had been raped. Defendant and Penny left Stallings\u2019 body in a closet of the vacant home. Defendant sold Stallings\u2019 food stamps for $109.00 and used the money to purchase alcoholic beverages.\nDr. Gordon LeGrand, the pathologist at Wake Medical Center who performed the autopsy on Stallings\u2019 body, testified that Stallings died as a result of a bullet wound to her head.\nOn Saturday, 9 April 1983, the next day, defendant and Penny spent most of the day drinking. They continued drinking until Sunday, 10 April 1983, when they realized their rent was due and they had \u201crode around and drinked up the money.\u201d Defendant and Penny discussed various people they might rob and the prospect of Penny engaging in prostitution to get the rent money. Defendant told Penny that Fore might have money, but since Fore knew defendant, he would have to kill Fore after the robbery in order not to leave any witnesses.\nDefendant called Fore on the phone and talked with her about going out for a beer. Fore refused defendant\u2019s offer but defendant told Fore he would come to her apartment anyway. Defendant and Penny went to Fore\u2019s apartment, and Fore again refused to go out with defendant but agreed to let him drive her to a local store. Instead of driving to the store, defendant drove to a club located on Rock Quarry Road where Penny was going to pretend to look for her boyfriend. The club was closed so defendant proceeded back toward Rock Quarry Road and stopped the car in an isolated area. Defendant took a .22-caliber-long barrel pistol from under the seat and put it in his belt and stepped out of the car. Fore got out of the car and told defendant, \u201cyou could have had me to the store and back home and now we got a flat tire.\u201d While Penny sat in the car, defendant shot Fore in the head, took her keys and a dollar bill, and left her body on the side of the road.\nDefendant and Penny traveled to Fore\u2019s apartment, used Fore\u2019s key to get inside, and stole her pocketbook, a jewelry box, and a television set. After stealing Fore\u2019s pocketbook, defendant attempted to use her bank card. After several unsuccessful tries, the automated teller machine retained the bank card. Fore\u2019s pocketbook was later dropped in a well behind defendant\u2019s residence and the pistol and rifle used in the two murders were sold for $90.00.\nDr. Laurin Kaasa, the pathologist at Wake Medical Center who performed the autopsy on Fore\u2019s body, stated that Fore died as a result of a gunshot wound to her head.\nDuring the sentencing proceeding, defendant introduced several witnesses who testified that defendant was born into extreme poverty and was subject to severe physical and mental cruelty by his grandfather and that defendant grew up in an environment where the most basic needs were not adequately met. Defendant also introduced testimony of three correctional officers, all of whom testified that defendant was an excellent worker with a positive attitude. Defendant further introduced the testimony of Dr. Robert Theodore Michael Phillips, a psychiatrist. Dr. Phillips testified that defendant had become grossly desensitized to human interaction and showed signs of organic brain dysfunction, alcoholism, and a personality disorder not otherwise specified.\nAdditional facts will be provided as needed to discuss specific issues pertaining to defendant\u2019s assignments of error.\nPLEA AGREEMENT\nBy assignment of error, defendant contends that his plea agreement improperly precluded the State from submitting evidence of the Kearney murder in support of the (e)(ll) statutory aggravating circumstance. The plea agreement states \u201cthat upon defendant\u2019s pleas of guilty the State will not seek to charge defendant with any additional conduct now known to the State\u201d and \u201cthe State will not seek to introduce any evidence in this case relating to the Irene Kearney [murder].\u201d\nIn seeking to have all three cases joined for trial, the State argued that after murdering Stallings and Fore on 8 and 10 April 1983, respectively, defendant and Penny met Kearney at a liquor house, \u201clure[d] her to their house,\u201d \u201clured [her] behind the house,\u201d and killed her on 15 April 1983. Defendant contends that the State\u2019s evidence shows defendant murdered Kearney using similar modus operandi and during the same time frame as the Stallings and Fore murders. Defendant asserts this evidence is relevant to the (e)(ll) statutory aggravating circumstance: \u201cThe murder for which the defendant stands convicted was part of a course of conduct in which the defendant engaged and which included the commission by the defendant of other crimes of violence against another person or persons.\u201d N.C.G.S. \u00a7 15A-2000(e)(ll) (1997). By failing to submit evidence of Kearney\u2019s murder in support of the (e)(ll) statutory aggravating circumstance, defendant argues the trial court violated State v. Case, 330 N.C. 161, 410 S.E.2d 57 (1991).\nIn Case the State agreed it would only offer evidence of the (e)(9) statutory aggravating circumstance \u2014 the murder was especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel \u2014 as part of a plea bargain in which defendant agreed to plead guilty to first-degree murder. N.C.G.S. \u00a7 15A-2000(e)(9); Case, 330 N.C. at 163, 410 S.E.2d at 58. The evidence, however, would have supported submission of the (e)(5) statutory aggravating circumstance \u2014 defendant committed the murder while engaged in the commission of a kidnapping \u2014 and the (e)(6) statutory aggravating circumstance \u2014 defendant committed the murder for pecuniary gain. N.C.G.S. \u00a7 15A-2000(e)(5), (6); Case, 330 N.C. at 163, 410 S.E.2d at 58.\nThis Court concluded that \u201c[i]t was error for the State to agree not to submit aggravating circumstances which could be supported by the evidence.\u201d Case, 330 N.C. at 163, 410 S.E.2d at 58. We reasoned that:\n[i]f our law permitted the district attorney to exercise discretion as to when an aggravating circumstance supported by the evidence would or would not be submitted, our death penalty scheme would be arbitrary and, therefore, unconstitutional. Where there is no evidence of an aggravating circumstance, the prosecutor may so announce, but this announcement must be based upon a genuine lack of evidence of any aggravating circumstance.\nId.\nDefendant properly asserts that the State lacks the authority to agree not to submit statutory aggravating circumstances which could be supported by evidence. Id.; see State v. Atkins, 349 N.C. 62, 76, 505 S.E.2d 97, 106 (1998), cert. denied,-U.S.-,-L. Ed. 2d \u2014, 67 U.S.L.W. 3732 (1999); State v. Adams, 347 N.C. 48, 57, 490 S.E.2d 220, 224 (1997), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 1096, 139 L. Ed. 2d 878 (1998); State v. Johnson, 331 N.C. 660, 665, 417 S.E.2d 483, 486 (1992). In the present case, however, the State did not have evidence available supporting a statutory aggravating circumstance related to Kearney\u2019s murder because the trial court severed the case.\nOn 25'January 1984 the State filed a motion to join all three murder cases for trial. Defendant filed a motion opposing joinder of the cases because there was \u201cno transactional connection or continuing program of action with regard to the three murders.\u201d After providing opportunity for both parties to be heard, Judge Brewer granted the State\u2019s motion to join the Stallings and Fore murders, but denied the State\u2019s motion to join the Kearney murder. Judge Brewer\u2019s ruling effectively barred the State from introducing any evidence of Kearney\u2019s murder during defendant\u2019s 1984 trial for the Stallings and Fore murders.\nAt defendant\u2019s second trial, defendant, by and through his counsel, conceded that matters resolved by Judge Brewer were \u201claw of the case.\u201d Defendant stated:\n[W]e stood before Your Honor [Judge Farmer] the first day that this trial began and I had a list of motions on behalf of the defendant to present to the Court, and the State said, Your Honor, we believe these matters are resolved by law of the case, a Superior Court Judge has previously considered these matters and this is the law of the case, which I think he\u2019s right about that.\nBecause a previous court ruling barred the joinder of Kearney\u2019s murder, no evidence of Kearney\u2019s murder was introduced by the State at defendant\u2019s second sentencing hearing. The unavailability of evidence relating to Kearney\u2019s murder was not the result of a voluntary plea agreement executed between defendant and the State, as in Case. Rather, it was the result of the trial court\u2019s prior judicial order barring the joinder of Kearney\u2019s murder. Consequently, the principles enunciated in Case are not applicable to the instant proceeding.\nIn any event, by opposing the joinder of Kearney\u2019s murder, defendant obtained a benefit which now, on appellate review, he claims was unlawful and requires a new trial. \u201cA defendant is not prejudiced by the granting of relief which he has sought or by error resulting from his own conduct.\u201d N.C.G.S. \u00a7 15A-1443(c) (1997). Defendant may not transform the trial court\u2019s earlier favorable ruling into a claim the trial court erred by accepting a plea agreement which only assured the State would comply with the trial court\u2019s earlier ruling severing Kearney\u2019s murder case. This assignment of error is without merit.\nJURY SELECTION\nIn his next assignment of error, defendant contends the trial court erred by refusing to instruct prospective jurors to disregard parole-related considerations in determining defendant\u2019s sentence. We disagree.\nWhen instructing the jury about parole eligibility, this Court has previously held that the trial court\u2019s instructions should provide, in substance,\nthat the question of eligibility for parole is not a proper matter for the jury to consider and that it should be eliminated entirely from their consideration and dismissed from their minds; that in considering whether they should recommend life imprisonment, it is their duty to determine the question as though life imprisonment means exactly what the statute says: \u2018imprisonment for life in the State\u2019s prison.\u2019\nState v. Conner, 241 N.C. 468, 471-72, 85 S.E.2d 584, 587 (1955).\nIn the present case, the record reveals that prior to the beginning of voir dire, defendant submitted two requests for modified jury instructions to be given \u201c[i]n the event that during selection of the jury one of the jurors should express in the presence of other jurors\u201d some difficulty with the belief that a life sentence means a life sentence. The trial court denied defendant\u2019s request, stating, \u201cI plan to give the standard answer if they raise the question of parole, which comes out of Supreme Court case [law].\u201d\nDuring voir dire of the first panel of twelve jurors, defendant engaged prospective juror Britt in the following dialogue:\nQ: Ms. Britt, let me come back to you and ask you, is there anything about a sentence of life in prison that particularly gives you concern? I don\u2019t think I had an opportunity yesterday to ask you that specific question. Is there anything about a life sentence that troubles you?\nA: No, as long as it is a life sentence and, without the opportunity of parole.\nQ: Yes, ma\u2019am. Talk to me about that, if you will?\nMr. Murphy [prosecutor]: Objection, Your Honor.\nCourt: Well, sustained to the form of the question.\nQ: You indicated that there is one feature of a life sentence that troubles you. Can you tell me what it is about that that troubles you?\nMr. Murphy: Objection, Your Honor.\nCourt: Well, overruled.\nQ: You can answer the question, Ms. Britt?\nA: It would bother me if someone were given a life sentence and then two or three years later was allowed out again.\nQ: Yes, ma\u2019am. Is there any other feature about a life sentence that would trouble you or is that the only one?\nA: That\u2019s mainly it, or I would say the only one.\nFollowing further questioning of prospective juror Britt, the trial court held two bench conferences. Following the second bench conference, defendant continued questioning prospective jurors and participated in the following dialogue with prospective juror Turner:\nQ: Is there anything about a life sentence that is troublesome to you as you now sit in the courtroom, thinking about it, that you need to tell me?\nA: Well, I have concerns, like Ms. Britt, wouldn\u2019t want a life sentence to be, you know, wouldn\u2019t want somebody to be paroled in two or three years that\u2019s connected to a life sentence, sentenced to a life sentence.\nQ: Yes, ma\u2019am. You would want it to be real life?\nA: Yes, sir.\nAt the conclusion of the proceedings on that day, the trial court allowed defendant to reconstruct the earlier bench conferences held during prospective juror Britt\u2019s questioning. Defendant requested the opportunity to ask prospective juror Britt, \u201cIf in this case, if [the] Court instructs you that a life sentence means the defendant will spend the rest of his life in prison, will you have any difficulty following that instruction?\u201d The trial court told defendant that if this question was asked and the State objected, the objection would be sustained. Alternatively, defendant requested the opportunity to read the tendered jury instructions to the prospective jurors. Defendant further requested permission to ask the jurors if they could follow the law with respect to parole eligibility. Defendant\u2019s requests were denied.\nLater, during defendant\u2019s voir dire of prospective juror Johnson, the following conversation occurred:\nQ: Do you have any feelings about a life sentence that you want to tell me?\nA: Yes, I do.\nQ: Tell me about that?\nA: One of the biggest things I have about a life sentence is the literal interpretation of life. The second thing is parole, which goes right along with the first thing. If we\u2019re talking a true life, what lifetime are we talking about? And those \u2014 -so I have a problem with that.\nQ: Yes, sir. Excuse me just a moment.\nAfter a bench conference and a short recess, the trial court discussed the instructions to be given to prospective jurors regarding parole eligibility. Defendant stated, \u201cunless the Court will tell this jury that, something to the effect, they\u2019re to consider a life sentence means life, we can\u2019t then ask if the two jurors [Britt and Taylor] that specifically raised this issue whether they\u2019ll have any difficulty following that instruction.\u201d The trial court responded by stating that it did not believe an inquiry as to whether \u201clife meant life\u201d amounted to a request for parole instructions in accordance with Conner. The trial court further stated that it could instruct a prospective juror as to what life imprisonment means. Nonetheless, if a prospective juror asked about parole, the trial court would respond by reciting the Conner instruction. In addition, the trial court stated that because prospective jurors Britt and Taylor did not inquire as to whether defendant might be paroled, there was no need to give the Conner instruction. The trial court also stated that, generally, when a prospective juror raises a parole eligibility issue, \u201cmost of the attorneys turn to the Court and say, we\u2019ll let the Court answer that, but nobody has asked me to do that.\u201d In response, defendant requested that the trial court give the Conner instruction to prospective juror Johnson. Additionally, defendant again requested that the trial court read the tendered jury instructions to the prospective jurors. The trial court denied defendant\u2019s request to read the tendered instructions but agreed to read the Conner instruction.\nWhen the prospective jurors returned and voir dire continued, the trial court gave the Conner instruction as follows:\nCourt: Members of the jury, I believe that one or two, perhaps two of the jurors have already made an inquiry of counsel which they can not answer to the jury, and that is concerning life imprisonment, what that means. Somebody may have raised the question of parole, one of the jurors after that.\nOur Supreme Court here in North Carolina has anticipated that some jurors may raise that question or make that inquiry of the Court. And when that question comes up, and if it\u2019s in your minds at this point, the Court would like to say to you that the question of any eligibility for parole is not a proper matter for you to consider in recommending punishment in this case, and it should be eliminated entirely from your consideration and dismissed from your minds. In considering whether to recommend death or life imprisonment in this case, you should determine the question as though life imprisonment means exactly what the statute says, imprisonment for life. You may continue with your questions.\nDefendant then asked the prospective jurors whether they could follow the Conner instruction and received affirmative responses.\nAt the conclusion of the jury selection process, the issue arose again during questioning by defendant:\nQ: Have any of my questions to other prospective jurors brought to mind any point that any of you would like to make before we finish this questioning, that is, is there anything troubling you, concerning you that you believe that we should go into before we stop?\nA: (Juror Number 3) I have one question. In the State of North Carolina when you say life imprisonment, what exactly does that entail? In some states that means life without parole. Could you please expand on that as a sentencing option?\nQ. Mr. Mangin, I\u2019m going to ask the Court to answer that question for you.\nThe trial court answered prospective juror Mangin\u2019s question by reciting the same Conner instruction. The prospective juror responded, \u201cThat answers my question.\u201d Following this exchange, defendant did not again attempt to question prospective jurors concerning their ability to follow the Conner instruction.\nIn the case at hand, defendant argues the submission of the tendered jury instructions prior to voir dire constituted a request for the Conner instruction during questioning of prospective jurors Britt and Turner.\nA defendant\u2019s eligibility for parole is not a proper matter for consideration by a jury during sentencing. State v. White, 343 N.C. 378, 389, 471 S.E.2d 593, 599, cert. denied, 519 U.S. 936, 136 L. Ed. 2d 229 (1996); State v. Robbins, 319 N.C. 465, 518, 356 S.E.2d 279, 310, cert. denied, 484 U.S. 918, 98 L. Ed. 2d 226 (1987); State v. Jones, 296 N.C. 495, 502-03, 251 S.E.2d 425, 429 (1979). \u201c[A] jury may be instructed about the question of parole and meaning of life imprisonment, if such question arises during jury deliberation. However, we have not held that a jury should be instructed upon these issues absent such an inquiry.\u201d State v. Skipper, 337 N.C. 1, 43, 446 S.E.2d 252, 275 (1994), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1134, 130 L. Ed. 2d 895 (1995) (citing State v. Robinson, 336 N.C. 78, 123-24, 443 S.E.2d 306, 329 (1994), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1089, 130 L. Ed. 2d 650 (1995)). \u201c[A]lthough we have approved the inclusion of the language \u2018life means life\u2019 in instructions to the jury in response to inquiries by the jurors about the meaning of a life sentence during their sentencing deliberations, we have not required it.\u201d State v. Burr, 341 N.C. 263, 288, 461 S.E.2d 602, 615 (1995) (emphasis added), cert. denied, 517 U.S. 1123, 134 L. Ed. 2d 526 (1996); see State v. Campbell, 340 N.C. 612, 632, 460 S.E.2d 144, 154-55 (1995), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1128, 133 L. Ed. 2d 871 (1996).\nIn Atkins, 349 N.C. 62, 505 S.E.2d 97, a case factually similar to the one at hand, defendant argued that the trial court committed plain error by failing to instruct the jury not to consider parole in its decision in accordance with Conner. Id. at 81, 505 S.E.2d at 109. \u201cDuring voir dire, a prospective alternate juror expressed concern about his ability to make a sentencing decision based only upon the facts and the law unless he could be assured that a life sentence included a stipulation that there could be no parole.\u201d Id. On appeal, defendant argued that the discussion between the prospective juror and the trial court in the presence of the other jurors triggered a duty for the trial court to give a \u201clife means life\u201d instruction. Id.\nFinding defendant\u2019s assignment of error without merit, this Court concluded:\nDefendant\u2019s failure to raise this issue constitutes waiver under Rule 10(b)(2). This Court has applied the plain error analysis only to instructions to the jury and evidentiary matters. We decline to extend application of the plain error doctrine to situations in which the trial court has failed to give an instruction during jury voir dire which has not been requested.\nId. at 81, 505 S.E.2d at 109-10.\nThe facts in Atkins are analogous to the situation presented before this Court. Defendant did not request that the trial court give the Conner instruction at any point during the questioning of prospective jurors Britt or Turner. In fact, only during the voir dire of prospective juror Johnson did defendant finally request the Conner instruction. The trial court granted defendant\u2019s request and noted that this was the first time defendant had requested the Conner instruction. We do not agree with defendant\u2019s argument that his tender of modified jury instructions prior to voir dire was sufficient to constitute a request for the Conner instruction during questioning of prospective jurors Britt and Turner. Accordingly, defendant\u2019s claim related to prospective jurors Britt and Turner has been waived. See N.C. R. App. P. 10(b)(2). Additionally, plain error analysis does not apply \u201cto situations in which the trial court has failed to give an instruction during jury voir dire which has not been requested.\u201d Atkins, 349 N.C. at 81, 505 S.E.2d at 109-10.\nDefendant further argues that the trial court erred by failing to allow defendant to ask prospective jurors whether they could follow the trial court\u2019s instructions regarding parole eligibility. Once the trial court instructs the jury in accordance with Conner, \u201c[t]he defendant has a right to inquire as to whether a prospective juror will follow the court\u2019s instruction.\u201d State v. Jones, 336 N.C. 229, 240, 443 S.E.2d 48, 52, cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1003, 130 L. Ed. 2d 423 (1994).\nUpon review of the record, we conclude that defendant was allowed to ask prospective jurors whether they could follow the trial court\u2019s instruction regarding parole eligibility. After the trial court first gave the Conner instruction, defendant was afforded the opportunity to ask the prospective jurors whether they could follow the instruction:\nQ. Can you \u2014 did you understand the Court\u2019s instruction and can you follow that instruction if you\u2019re chosen to serve as a juror in this case?\nA. [Juror Johnson] I comprehend the Court\u2019s instruction.\nDefendant asked the other prospective jurors who were present the same question, and all responded affirmatively. In addition, at the conclusion of voir dire, the trial court again gave the Conner instruction after prospective juror Mangin asked a question regarding parole eligibility. At this time, defendant had the opportunity but failed to ask any of the prospective jurors whether they could follow the trial court\u2019s instructions.\nBy allowing defendant to inquire as to whether the prospective jurors could follow the court\u2019s instructions, the trial court properly followed Jones, 336 N.C. 229, 443 S.E.2d 48. Defendant\u2019s assignment of error is rejected.\nCAPITAL SENTENCING\nBy another assignment of error, defendant contends the trial court committed prejudicial error by refusing to allow defendant to cross-examine Penny concerning any unserved warrants against her for felonious assault.\nPrior to the evidentiary portion of defendant\u2019s sentencing hearing, the State filed a motion in limine seeking \u201cto prohibit the defendant from asking the State\u2019s witness Penn[y] McNeil about any criminal convictions which are more than ten years old\u201d and to prohibit defendant \u201cfrom asking about any specific instances of conduct of the witness Penn[y] McNeil as any prior specific instances of conduct have not been shown to be probative of truthfulness or untruthfulness.\u201d Defendant responded that he intended \u201cto offer evidence of and go into the witness Penny McNeil\u2019s prior history of convictions and actions that appear on her criminal record, some of which did not result in convictions,\u201d for the purpose of showing bias and motive. Defendant further replied that Penny\u2019s knowledge of any unserved warrants gave her a motive to cooperate with the police and to minimize the extent of her own involvement in the Stallings and Fore murders. The trial court ruled that defendant could discuss all of Penny\u2019s prior convictions, regardless of their age, but would take under advisement the issue of questioning Penny about specific instances of conduct not probative of truthfulness or untruthfulness.\nDuring defendant\u2019s cross-examination of Penny, the trial court sustained the State\u2019s objection to a question asking Penny if \u201cat the time this happened, there was an outstanding warrant for your arrest?\u201d\nDefendant argues that Penny, at the time she was questioned by police, was aware of the existence of at least one, and possibly two, outstanding warrants for felonious assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious bodily injury. Defendant also contends the police were aware of Penny\u2019s unserved warrants, and thus, had great leverage over Penny during questioning. Consequently, by not allowing defendant to inquire about Penny\u2019s outstanding warrants, defendant claims the trial court violated his rights under the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I, Section 23 of the North Carolina Constitution.\nThe State contends that defendant\u2019s proposed cross-examination was repetitive and cumulative of other cross-examination reflecting on Penny\u2019s alleged bias, and, in addition, that any such error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.\nThe Confrontation Clause guarantees the right of an accused in a criminal prosecution to be confronted with the witnesses against him. \u201cGenerally speaking, the Confrontation Clause guarantees an opportunity for effective cross-examination, not cross-examination that is effective in whatever way, and to whatever extent, the defense might wish.\u201d Delaware v. Fensterer, 474 U.S. 15, 20, 88 L. Ed. 2d 15, 19 (1985) (per curiam).\nIt does not follow, of course, that the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment prevents a trial judge from imposing any limits on defense counsel\u2019s inquiry into the potential bias of a prosecution witness. On the contrary, trial judges retain wide latitude insofar as the Confrontation Clause is concerned to impose reasonable limits on such cross-examination based on concerns about, among other things, harassment, prejudice, confusion of the issues, the witness\u2019 safety, or interrogation that is repetitive or only marginally relevant.\nDelaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673, 679, 89 L. Ed. 2d 674, 683 (1986). Accordingly, cross-examination guaranteed by the Confrontation Clause is \u201c[s]ubject always to the broad discretion of a trial judge to preclude repetitive and unduly harassing interrogation.\u201d Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S. 308, 316, 39 L. Ed. 2d 347, 353 (1974).\nDuring the sentencing hearing, the trial court afforded defendant wide latitude to expose Penny\u2019s alleged bias and motive by allowing cross-examination regarding all of Penny\u2019s prior convictions, regardless of age. On cross-examination, defendant questioned Penny about her prior criminal history of convictions, including assault with a deadly weapon on Gloria Davis, assault and battery on Polly Liles, assault with a deadly weapon in 1977, assault on Sharon Randolph in 1979, assault on David Bridges in 1980, and damage to property in 1978. Testimony was further elicited by the State that Penny had entered into a plea agreement which allowed her to avoid the death penalty and receive a sentence of life plus ten years in exchange for her truthful testimony. Penny and the prosecutor both stated for the record that the plea agreement signed by Penny was the. only agreement any prosecutorial agency ever made with her. Penny further testified that, even though she did not recall the four to five different stories she told the police, she admitted she lied to the police when she was originally questioned, she was indeed present at Stallings murder, and she did have a knife in her hand during the murder.\nMoreover, the trial court instructed the jury that evidence had been introduced which tended to show: (1) Penny \u201cwas testifying under an agreement with the prosecutor for a charge reduction and a recommendation for a sentence concession in exchange for her [truthful] testimony\u201d; (2) Penny was an accomplice and \u201c[a]n accomplice is considered by the law to have an interest in the outcome of the case\u201d; and (3) \u201cdefendant in this case contends that Penny McNeil made false contradictory or conflicting statements.\u201d\nConsequently, further cross-examination relating to Penny\u2019s unserved assault warrants to show alleged bias or motive would be repetitive and cumulative of the evidence already presented. See State v. Howie, 310 N.C. 613, 616, 313 S.E.2d 554, 556 (1984) (excluded evidence of witness\u2019 indictment of an unrelated robbery was cumulative because witness\u2019 \u201cpotential bias was fully explored\u201d). Therefore, we cannot say the trial court abused its discretion in excluding the evidence.\nEven assuming, arguendo, that the trial court erred in excluding evidence of Penny\u2019s unserved assault warrants, we hold any such error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. N.C.G.S. \u00a7 15A-1443(b); see Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. at 684, 89 L. Ed. 2d at 686 (Confrontation Clause violation subject to harmless error analysis); State v. Hoffman, 349 N.C. 167, 181, 505 S.E.2d 80, 89 (1998) (same), cert. denied,-U.S.-, 143 L. Ed. 2d 522 (1999).\nIn arguing that the trial court was in violation of the Confrontation Clause, defendant relies principally upon Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S. 308, 39 L. Ed. 2d 347, and State v. Prevatte, 346 N.C. 162, 484 S.E.2d 377 (1997).\nIn Davis the principal witness against defendant was on probation after having been adjudicated a delinquent for burglarizing two cabins. Davis, 415 U.S. at 310-11, 39 L. Ed. 2d at 350. The trial court did not allow defendant to cross-examine the witness about his probationary status, and the Court in Davis held this violated defendant\u2019s Sixth Amendment right \u201cto be confronted by the witnesses against him.\u201d Id. at 315, 39 L. Ed. 2d at 353.\nIn Prevatte the State\u2019s principal witness was under indictment in another county on nine charges of forgery and uttering forged checks. Prevatte, 346 N.C. at 163, 484 S.E.2d at 378. The trial court denied defendant\u2019s requests to cross-examine the witness about these charges and whether the witness had been promised anything in return for testifying against defendant. Id. Relying on Davis, this Court held that the refusal of the trial court to allow cross-examination of the State\u2019s principal witness was constitutional error warranting a new trial. Id. at 163-64, 484 S.E.2d at 378-79.\nThe State contends the facts in the instant case are more analogous to our recent holding in Hoffman, 349 N.C. 167, 505 S.E.2d 80. In Hoffman the trial court did not allow defendant to cross-examine Donald Pearson, a State\u2019s witness, about charges pending against him for breaking and entering. Id. at 179, 505 S.E.2d at 87-88. On appeal, defendant argued this was a violation of his rights under the Sixth Amendment Confrontation Clause. Id. at 179, 505 S.E.2d at 88.\nThe Court in Hoffman held that the trial court\u2019s error in failing to allow defendant to cross-examine Pearson was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at 181, 505 S.E.2d at 89. Distinguishing the facts in Hoffman from those of Davis and Prevatte, this Court reasoned that Hoffman was not denied the right of \u201ceffective\u201d cross-examination under the Sixth Amendment. Id. at 180-81, 505 S.E.2d at 88-89. Pearson\u2019s testimony was not central to the defendant\u2019s guilt, and thus Pearson was classified not as a principal witness, but as a corroborating witness. Id. at 180, 505 S.E.2d at 88. \u201c[E]ven without inquiry into any pending charges, Pearson was thoroughly impeached on cross-examination\u201d about his prior convictions and conduct. Id. at 180, 505 S.E.2d at 88-89. \u201cPearson was also cross-examined about several prior inconsistent statements.\u201d Id. at 181, 505 S.E.2d at 89. Finally, there was substantial additional evidence and testimony presented by the State demonstrating defendant\u2019s guilt aside from Pearson\u2019s testimony. Id.\nWe conclude the facts in the present case are more analogous to Hoffman than to Davis and Prevatte. In Davis and Prevatte, the principal witnesses\u2019 testimony was critical in determining defendants\u2019 guilt. In the present case, defendant entered guilty pleas to both counts of first-degree murder on the first day of trial. Consequently, the context in which this issue arises is a sentencing hearing, rather than a trial to determine guilt or innocence.\nIn addition, as in Hoffman, defendant here thoroughly impeached Penny regarding her prior inconsistent statements and prior convictions. Penny admitted on direct and on cross-examination that she initially lied to the police during questioning. Furthermore, defendant thoroughly questioned Penny about her prior criminal convictions, regardless of their age. Accordingly, we are inclined to believe that the trial court\u2019s exclusion of defendant\u2019s proposed cross-examination was well within the \u201cbroad discretion of a trial judge to preclude repetitive and unduly harassing interrogation.\u201d Davis, 415 U.S. at 316, 39 L. Ed. 2d at 353. In any event, it is clear that any error in denying defendant\u2019s request to question Penny about her unresolved warrants was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Hoffman, 349 N.C. at 181, 505 S.E.2d at 89. This assignment of error fails.\nIn defendant\u2019s next assignment of error, he argues the trial court erred by allowing the State\u2019s pathologist, Dr. Gordon LeGrand, to testify that fecal matter was found inside Stallings\u2019 vaginal area after her death.\nDuring the sentencing proceeding, the State called Dr. LeGrand as an expert witness to describe Stallings\u2019 autopsy findings to the jury. Prior to Dr. LeGrand\u2019s testimony, defendant made a motion in limine to suppress any evidence related to fecal matter found inside Stallings\u2019 vagina. Defendant argued that this evidence was irrelevant to statutory aggravating circumstance (e)(9) and that any relevance was outweighed by its prejudicial effect on the jury. The trial court denied defendant\u2019s motion and held that \u201cthe State could bring out evidence of fecal material matter, that it was present, that a jury might consider that as it relates to any trauma or force or struggle or stress or anything else that she under if \u2014 as far as it being at the time of the killing.\u201d\nDr. LeGrand testified that fecal matter was found in Stallings\u2019 vagina about a \u201chalf inch or so beyond the actual vaginal entrance.\u201d He opined that the presence of fecal matter in Stallings\u2019 vagina was caused, by a sudden, traumatic event such as the beating she received by defendant or the gunshot wound to her head resulting in her death.\nBy failing to object at the time the State questioned Dr. LeGrand regarding the fecal matter, defendant waived this assignment of error. \u201cIn order to preserve a question for appellate review, a party must have presented to the trial court a timely request, objection or motion, stating the specific grounds for the ruling the party desired the court to make if the specific grounds were not apparent from the context.\u201d N.C. R. App. P. 10(b)(1). The trial court\u2019s denial of defendant\u2019s motion in limine is insufficient to preserve for appeal the question of the admissibility of the challenged evidence. State v. Hayes, 350 N.C. 79, 80, 511 S.E.2d 302, 303 (1999) (per curiam). We note that defendant failed to assign plain error to the trial court\u2019s admission of the challenged evidence. Accordingly, defendant\u2019s argument is not properly before this Court. See N.C. R. App. P. 10(c)(4); State v. Frye, 341 N.C. 470, 496, 461 S.E.2d 664, 677 (1995), cert. denied, 517 U.S. 1123, 134 L. Ed. 2d 526 (1996).\nIn another assignment of error, defendant argues that the trial court erred by admitting hearsay testimony of Cecil Collins, a retired member of the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department, who testified that defendant\u2019s wife, Cynthia McNeil (Cynthia), died as a result of defendant drowning her.\nThe State presented Collins\u2019 testimony to establish the existence of the (e)(3) statutory aggravating circumstance: \u201cThe defendant had been previously convicted of a felony involving the use or threat of violence to the person . . . .\u201d N.C.G.S. \u00a7 15A-2000(e)(3). Collins testified that Cynthia\u2019s body was recovered from Lake Wylie on 13 July 1976 and, after making several untruthful statements, that defendant admitted to the police that he threw his wife\u2019s body over Buster Waters Bridge into Lake Wylie.\nOn cross-examination, defendant asked Collins:\nQ. And the only thing anybody could ever determine with respect to the cause of death would be consistent with, with a drug overdose, isn\u2019t that true?\nA. I can\u2019t answer that. I don\u2019t have the knowledge of that. I do know what was on the autopsy for, you know, cause of death, and beyond that after 20 years, I can\u2019t \u2014 I haven\u2019t seen it, so I don\u2019t recall.\nOn redirect by the State, the following colloquy occurred:\nQ: Cause of death on the autopsy was drowning, wasn\u2019t it?\nA: Yes, sir, it was.\nBy questioning Collins about the cause of Cynthia\u2019s death, defendant \u201copened the door\u201d for the State to ask Collins similar or related questions. \u201cThe law \u2018wisely permits evidence not otherwise admissible to be offered to explain or rebut evidence elicited by the defendant himself.\u2019 \u201d State v. Warren, 347 N.C. 309, 317, 492 S.E.2d 609, 613 (1997) (quoting State v. Albert, 303 N.C. 173, 177, 277 S.E.2d 439, 441 (1981)), cert. denied, 523 U.S. 1109, 140 L. Ed. 2d 818 (1998). \u201cWhere one party introduces evidence as to' a particular fact or transaction, the other party is entitled to introduce evidence in explanation or rebuttal thereof, even though such latter evidence would be incompetent or irrelevant had it been offered initially.\u201d Albert, 303 N.C. at 177, 277 S.E.2d at 441. Thus, by raising the issue of the cause of Cynthia\u2019s death on cross-examination, defendant \u201copened the door\u201d for the State to elicit hearsay statements from Collins concerning the cause of her death in rebuttal.\nNevertheless, defendant argues that Collins\u2019 testimony was inadmissible hearsay under the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I, Sections 18, 19, 23, 24, and 27 of the North Carolina Constitution because Collins did not perform the autopsy and is reciting information developed by someone else.\nEven assuming that Collins\u2019 response in rebuttal to the line of questioning defendant initiated was barred by the Confrontation Clause, we conclude the trial court\u2019s admission of the challenged testimony was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Prior to Collins\u2019 testimony, the parties stipulated that defendant had pled guilty to voluntary manslaughter for Cynthia\u2019s death and had received an active prison term for the offense. The State also introduced a certified copy of the criminal judgment and a copy of defendant\u2019s guilty plea for voluntary manslaughter. Consequently, competent evidence of Cynthia\u2019s death was before the jury in the form of Collins\u2019 testimony, certified copies of defendant\u2019s voluntary manslaughter conviction, and defendant\u2019s guilty plea. This evidence adequately supports the trial court\u2019s submission of the (e)(3) statutory aggravating circumstance. See State v. Richmond, 347 N.C. 412, 437, 495 S.E.2d 677, 691 (where this court held that \u201cerror, if any, in the admission of [testimony of the father of the victim regarding the cause of the victim\u2019s death] was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt because clearly competent evidence of defendant\u2019s first-degree murder conviction for this offense was admitted in the form of a certified copy of his criminal judgment\u201d), cert. denied, - U.S.--, 142 L. Ed. 2d 88 (1998). Accordingly, any error in admitting the challenged testimony was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.\nBy defendant\u2019s next assignment of error, he contends the trial court should have submitted the (f)(1) statutory mitigating circumstance: \u201cThe defendant has no significant history of prior criminal activity.\u201d N.C.G.S. \u00a7 15A-2000(f)(l).\n\u201cThe trial court is required to submit to the jury any statutory mitigating circumstance supported by the evidence regardless of whether the defendant objects to it or requests it.\u201d State v. Bonnett, 348 N.C. 417, 443, 502 S.E.2d 563, 580 (1998), cert. denied,-U.S. \u2022-, 142 L. Ed. 2d 907 (1999). Prior to submitting the (f)(1) statutory mitigating circumstance, \u201cthe trial court is required to determine whether a rational jury could conclude that defendant had no significant history of prior criminal activity.\u201d State v. Wilson, 322 N.C. 117, 143, 367 S.E.2d 589, 604 (1988). Defendant\u2019s prior criminal activity is considered \u201csignificant\u201d under N.C.G.S. \u00a7 15A-2000(f)(l) if it is \u201clikely to have influence or effect upon the determination by the jury of its recommended sentence.\u201d State v. Walls, 342 N.C. 1, 56, 463 S.E.2d 738, 767 (1995), cert. denied, 517 U.S. 1197, 134 L. Ed. 2d 794 (1996).\nDefendant argues that State v. McNeil, 327 N.C. 388, 395 S.E.2d 106, the opinion issued by this Court after defendant\u2019s first trial, provides support for this assignment of error. In McNeil we noted, \u201cwe are unable to say beyond a reasonable doubt that no juror could reasonably have found that a defendant\u2019s commission of a single very serious noncapital crime years before was not a significant history of prior criminal activity.\u201d Id. at 395, 395 S.E.2d at 110-11. Nonetheless, during defendant\u2019s second sentencing hearing, the State, in addition to offering evidence of defendant\u2019s voluntary manslaughter conviction, also presented evidence of numerous other serious offenses committed by defendant which were not introduced during the first trial.\nAt the most recent sentencing proceeding, the State introduced evidence revealing defendant\u2019s 1959 conviction for house burglary where defendant was sentenced to six months probation in Washington, D.C. Defendant later violated this probation. Defendant served time in Savannah, Georgia, for larceny of a television. In 1975 defendant was arrested for hit-and-run and property damage. As discussed earlier, in 1977 defendant pled guilty to voluntary manslaughter for throwing his wife, Cynthia, over a bridge into Lake Wylie. This evidence of defendant\u2019s prior criminal activity is more extensive and significant than the evidence presented at defendant\u2019s first trial.\nIn support of his argument, defendant cites several cases where, under similar circumstances, he alleges this Court held it was appropriate to submit the (f)(1) statutory mitigating circumstance. See Wilson, 322 N.C. at 143, 367 S.E.2d at 604 (prior history included second-degree kidnaping conviction, theft, and storing illegal drugs); State v. Lloyd, 321 N.C. 301, 312, 364 S.E.2d 316, 324 (prior history included convictions of \u201cassault with intent to rob not being armed,\u201d \u201cbreaking and entering a business place with intent to commit larceny,\u201d and alcohol-related misdemeanors), sentence vacated on other grounds, 488 U.S. 807, 102 L. Ed. 2d 18 (1988); State v. Brown, 315 N.C. 40, 62, 337 S.E.2d 808, 824 (1985) (prior history included felonious breaking and entering, felonious larceny, armed robbery, and felonious assault), cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1164, 90 L. Ed. 2d 733 (1986), overruled on other grounds by State v. Vandiver, 321 N.C. 570, 364 S.E.2d 373 (1988). None of the cases defendant cites, however, involve a prior criminal history which includes a violent felony involving death, as is present in the instant case.\nConsequently, the trial court properly found that no reasonable juror could have concluded that defendant\u2019s criminal history was insignificant under N.C.G.S. \u00a7 15A-2000(f)(l). Accordingly, this assignment of error is meritless.\nIn defendant\u2019s next assignment of error, he argues the trial court failed to intervene ex mero motu to preclude the prosecutor from making numerous improper statements to the jury during closing arguments. We disagree.\nDuring the sentencing hearing, defendant failed to object to any portion of the prosecutor\u2019s closing argument. When a party fails to object during closing arguments, \u201cthe trial court is not required to intervene ex mero motu unless the argument strays so far from the bounds of propriety as to impede defendant\u2019s right to a fair trial.\u201d Atkins, 349 N.C. at 84, 505 S.E.2d at 111. Therefore, the appropriate standard of review for defendant\u2019s arguments is one of \u201cgross impropriety.\u201d State v. Green, 336 N.C. 142, 188, 443 S.E.2d 14, 41, cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1046, 130 L. Ed. 2d 547 (1994).\n\u201cTrial counsel is allowed wide latitude in argument to the jury and may argue all of the evidence which has been presented as well as reasonable inferences which arise therefrom.\u201d State v. Guevara, 349 N.C. 243, 257, 506 S.E.2d 711, 721 (1998), cert. denied,-U.S. -,-L. Ed. 2d-, 67 U.S.L.W. 3716 (1999). \u201cWhether counsel abuses this privilege is a matter ordinarily left to the sound discretion of the trial judge, and we will not review the exercise of this discretion unless there be such gross impropriety in the argument as would be likely to influence the verdict of the jury.\u201d State v. Covington, 290 N.C. 313, 328, 226 S.E.2d 629, 640 (1976).\nDefendant first argues that the prosecutor placed undue emphasis upon the personal qualities and future prospects of Stallings and Fore and sought to improperly invoke sympathy for the victims. The pertinent part of the prosecutor\u2019s closing argument included:\nIf you want to feel sympathy, you want to have some emotion in this case, if it\u2019s based on the evidence, that\u2019s okay. If it\u2019s rooted in the evidence, that\u2019s okay.\n... If you could ask Faye Stallings at this time would you want to work at a clothes house, I\u2019ll bet she\u2019d say, yeah, I\u2019ll do that compared to where she is right now. Give Deborah Fore that chance, no question, living in a maximum facility, small, small cell, is that a bad life? It\u2019s not a good life. But is it enough punishment in this case based on what you\u2019ve heard? No, it\u2019s not. It\u2019s absolutely flat out not enough, and there\u2019s no question about that.\nFaye \u2014 do you think Faye and Deborah would trade for that? Of course they would. Do you think they would trade for the 13 years that they\u2019ve been buried somewhere? Of course they would. Is life imprisonment enough? No, it is not.\nIn State v. Larry, 345 N.C. 497, 481 S.E.2d 907, cert. denied,U.S.-, 139 L. Ed. 2d 234 (1997), this Court addressed a claim that the prosecutor\u2019s argument was improperly designed to appeal to the jury\u2019s sympathy for the victim. Id. at 529, 481 S.E.2d at 926. In rejecting defendant\u2019s claim, this Court stated:\n[i]n Payne v. Tennessee, 501 U.S. 808, 825, 115 L. Ed. 2d 720, 735-36 (1991), the United States Supreme Court upheld the use of victim-impact statements during closing arguments unless the victim-impact evidence is so unduly prejudicial that it renders the trial fundamentally unfair.\nState v. Bishop, 343 N.C. [518,] 554, 472 S.E.2d [842,] 861 [(1996), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1097, 136 L. Ed. 2d 723 (1997)]. In State v. Bishop, we held that the prosecutor\u2019s arguments about the victim and what she could have accomplished served to inform the jury about the specific harm caused by the crime and did not render the trial fundamentally unfair.\nLarry, 345 N.C. at 529-30, 481 S.E.2d at 926.\nIn the instant case, the prosecutor\u2019s argument about the promising \u00f1atee of Stallings\u2019 and Fore\u2019s lives served to inform the jury about the specific harm caused by defendant\u2019s crime. See State v. Gregory, 340 N.C. 365, 427, 459 S.E.2d 638, 674 (1995), cert. denied, 517 U.S. 1108, 134 L. Ed. 2d 478 (1996). Consequently, the prosecutor\u2019s argument was not so \u201cgrossly improper\u201d as to require the trial court to intervene ex mero motu.\nDefendant next argues that the prosecutor\u2019s references to Cynthia\u2019s death as the third person killed urged the jury to return a death sentence based on the (e)(ll) statutory aggravating circumstance, which the trial court refused to submit to the jury. N.C.G.S. \u00a7 15A-2000(e)(ll) (\u201cThe murder for which the defendant stands convicted was part of a course of conduct....\u201d).\nCynthia\u2019s death, however, was relevant to the (e)(3) statutory aggravating circumstance, and therefore, relevant to the decision of the jury. Accordingly, the prosecutor\u2019s statements relating to Cynthia\u2019s death did not constitute gross impropriety requiring intervention ex mero motu by the trial court. See State v. Holden, 321 N.C. 125, 156, 362 S.E.2d 513, 532 (1987) (prosecutor\u2019s statement, \u201cHow many more women are we going to have to see this man rape before we say enough is enough?\u201d was not held to be so \u201cgrossly improper\u201d as to require the trial court to intervene ex mero motu), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1061, 100 L. Ed. 2d 935 (1988).\nDefendant further argues that the prosecutor\u2019s closing argument attempted to defend the imposition of the death penalty on general deterrence grounds. In his closing argument, the prosecutor stated:\nThe death penalty is a strong extreme measure, no question about it. It is proper in a civilized society. It is not society committing murder, it is the contrary. It is society protecting life. It is society making a statement that life is the proper thing. We\u2019re going to, we\u2019re going to enforce the laws and if you kill three people, that\u2019s enough. That is beyond enough. That\u2019s way beyond enough, and in this case, ladies and gentlemen, a decision of life imprisonment for the defendant is just not proper.\nDefendant is correct in noting it is improper for the prosecutor to argue the \u201cgeneral deterrent\u201d effect of capital punishment to the jury. Bishop, 343 N.C. at 555, 472 S.E.2d at 862; State v. Hill, 311 N.C. 465, 475, 319 S.E.2d 163, 169-170 (1984); State v. Kirkley, 308 N.C. 196, 215, 302 S.E.2d 144, 155 (1983), overruled on other grounds by State v. Shank, 322 N.C. 243, 367 S.E.2d 639 (1988). This Court, however, has approved prosecutorial arguments urging the jury to sentence a particular defendant to death to specifically deter that defendant from engaging in future murders. See, e.g., State v. Locklear, 349 N.C. 118, 164, 505 S.E.2d 277, 304 (1998), cert. denied,-U.S.-\u2022, 143 L. Ed. 2d 559 (1999).\nNonetheless, even assuming the prosecutor\u2019s statements were improper, they were not so \u201cgrossly improper\u201d as to warrant action by the trial court ex mero motu. Hill, 311 N.C. at 475, 319 S.E.2d at 170 (prosecutor\u2019s argument referring to the \u201cdeterrent effect\u201d of the death penalty did not warrant ex mero motu action by the court); Kirkley, 308 N.C. at 215, 302 S.E.2d at 155 (improper \u201cgeneral deterrent\u201d argument by prosecutor was not grossly improper). Defendant\u2019s argument is without merit.\nDefendant also contends the prosecutor improperly informed the jury that community sentiment urged the death penalty and that the jury is effectively an arm of the State in the prosecution of defendant. The prosecutor argued:\nLaw enforcement has done all they can. We have done all we can. There comes a time in society, and this is the only real civic duty we have anymore, is serving on a jury. That you\u2019ve got to stand up, you got to throw out your chest, you got to take on the oath and you\u2019ve got to say, by gosh, I ain\u2019t standing for this anymore, this is not right, and it\u2019s not.\nThe State must not ask the jury \u201c \u2018to lend an ear to the community rather than a voice.\u2019 \u201d State v. Scott, 314 N.C. 309, 312, 333 S.E.2d 296, 298 (1985) (quoting Prado v. State, 626 S.W.2d 775, 776 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982)). It is not, however, improper to remind the jurors that \u201cthey are the voice and conscience of the community.\u201d State v. Brown, 320 N.C. 179, 204, 358 S.E.2d 1, 18, cert. denied, 484 U.S. 970, 98 L. Ed. 2d 406 (1987).\nWe have held on several prior occasions that similar arguments advising jurors that law enforcement and the State can do no more are not prejudicial. See State v. Barrett, 343 N.C. 164, 180-81, 469 S.E.2d 888, 897 (\u201cThe buck stops here, ladies and gentlemen, and you cannot pass it along. It\u2019s in your laps. The police can\u2019t do anymore, the Judge can do no more. It\u2019s up to you to decide.\u201d), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 953, 136 L. Ed. 2d 259 (1996); State v. Artis, 325 N.C. 278, 329, 384 S.E.2d 470, 499 (1989) (\u201cThe officers can do no more. The State can do no more. The Judge can do no more. Now, it\u2019s entirely up to you. The eyes of Robeson County are on you. You speak for Robeson County .. ..\u201d), sentence vacated on other grounds, 494 U.S. 1023, 108 L. Ed. 2d 604 (1990); Brown, 320 N.C. at 203, 358 S.E.2d at 18 (\u201cThe officers can\u2019t do any more. The State can\u2019t do any more. You speak for all the people of the State of North Carolina . . . .\u201d).\nAccordingly, the prosecutor\u2019s comments were not \u201cgrossly improper,\u201d and thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in not intervening ex mero mo tu.\nDefendant next claims the prosecutor repeatedly urged the jury to reject proposed mitigating circumstances based upon defendant\u2019s failure to demonstrate he lacked moral culpability for the Stallings and Fore murders. Defendant contends that the prosecutor\u2019s argument improperly implied that the jury could ignore credible mitigating evidence concerning defendant\u2019s age, character, education, environment, habits, mentality, and prior record.\nIn the present case, the prosecutor\u2019s definition and statements concerning defendant\u2019s moral culpability are substantially similar to those found in the North Carolina pattern jury instructions. See N.C.P.I. \u2014 Crim. 150.10 (1996) (amended 1997). In any event, this Court has upheld virtually identical prosecutorial arguments in State v. Bishop, 343 N.C. 518, 552, 472 S.E.2d 842, 860 (1996), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1097, 136 L. Ed. 2d 723 (1997), and State v. McLaughlin, 341 N.C. 426, 443-44, 462 S.E.2d 1, 10 (1995), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1133, 133 L. Ed. 2d 879 (1996). Defendant\u2019s argument fails.\nDefendant further argues that the prosecutor improperly suggested to the jury that defendant took the victims\u2019 lives without due process. The prosecutor argued, \u201cWhere was due process? LeRoy McNeil, he\u2019s her judge, jury, executioner] all wrapped in one. Where is Faye Stallings\u2019 due process? Who was her advocate?\u201d This Court has repeatedly held it is not improper to argue that defendant, as judge, jury, and executioner, single-handedly decided the victim\u2019s fate. Hoffman, 349 N.C. at 189, 505 S.E.2d at 93; State v. Smith, 347 N.C. 453, 466-67, 496 S.E.2d 357, 365, cert. denied,-U.S.-, 142 L. Ed. 2d 91 (1998); Walls, 342 N.C. at 64, 463 S.E.2d at 772. Defendant\u2019s argument is without merit.\nDefendant also contends that the prosecutor either materially misstated the evidence or based his arguments on facts not in evidence. Specifically, defendant contends the following arguments were improper: (1) that defendant did not rebut any evidence offered regarding Cynthia\u2019s death; and (2) that [defendant] \u201calmost got away with [Fore\u2019s murder] but for good police work, but for the fact that they had fingerprints on file from the 1976 killing and were able to match them when they ran these prints found at the Stallings\u2019 murder scene and compared them and made that match.\u201d\n\u201cA jury argument is proper as long as it is consistent with the record and not based on conjecture or personal opinion.\u201d Robinson, 336 N.C. at 129, 443 S.E.2d at 331-32. \u201cCounsel is permitted to argue from the evidence which has been presented, as well as reasonable inferences that can be drawn therefrom.\u201d State v. McCollum, 334 N.C. 208, 227, 433 S.E.2d 144, 154 (1993), cert. denied, 512 U.S. 1254, 129 L. Ed. 2d 895 (1994).\nIn the present case, the record reveals the State introduced, and defendant stipulated to, defendant\u2019s guilty plea of voluntary manslaughter for Cynthia\u2019s death in 1977. It can be reasonably inferred that defendant was fingerprinted after his arrest for this crime. It can also be reasonably inferred that law enforcement used defendant\u2019s fingerprints from their files in the investigation of the deaths of Stallings and Fore. Consequently, the prosecutor\u2019s comments were not grossly improper.\nIn any event, we note that the trial court properly instructed the jurors that they were the sole judge of the evidence and should be guided by their own recollection of the evidence, not counsel\u2019s arguments. See State v. Call, 349 N.C. 382, 420, 508 S.E.2d 496, 520 (1998). Jurors are presumed to follow the trial court\u2019s instructions. State v. Jennings, 333 N.C. 579, 618, 430 S.E.2d 188, 208; cert. denied, 510 U.S. 1028, 126 L. Ed. 2d 602 (1993). Accordingly, the trial court did not err in failing to intervene ex mero motu.\nBy defendant\u2019s next assignment of error, he argues that the trial court erroneously instructed the jury with respect to the (e)(3) statutory aggravating circumstance by reading the first bracketed sentence of N.C.P.I. \u2014 Crim. 150.10, which states, \u201cvoluntary manslaughter is by definition a felony involving the use or threat of violence to the person.\u201d Defendant contends the offense of voluntary manslaughter does not fall within this definition and the evidence does not show that Cynthia\u2019s death involved an inherently violent act.\nTo instruct the jury on the (e)(3) statutory aggravating circumstance, \u201cthe felony for which the defendant has been convicted must be one involving threat or use of violence to the person. It cannot, under this provision, be a crime against property.\u201d State v. Goodman, 298 N.C. 1, 23, 257 S.E.2d 569, 584 (1979). Voluntary manslaughter is defined as \u201cthe unlawful killing of a human being without malice, express or implied, and without premeditation and deliberation.\u201d State v. Rinck, 303 N.C. 551, 565, 280 S.E.2d 912, 923 (1981). \u201cGenerally, voluntary manslaughter occurs when one kills intentionally but does so in the heat of passion suddenly aroused by adequate provocation or in the exercise of self-defense where excessive force is utilized or the defendant is the aggressor.\u201d State v. Barts, 316 N.C. 666, 692, 343 S.E.2d 828, 845 (1986). Consequently, within the meaning and intent of N.C.G.S. \u00a7 15A-2000(e)(3), voluntary manslaughter is a felony involving the use or threat of violence to the person. Therefore, the trial court\u2019s instructions to the jury were proper.\nIn a related assignment of error, defendant contends that the trial court improperly suggested, in charging the jury on the (e)(3) statutory aggravating circumstance, that defendant engaged in some acts of violence against Cynthia at or prior to her death. Defendant argues the trial court erred by instructing the jury as follows:\nIf you find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant had been convicted of voluntary manslaughter and that the defendant used violence to the, or threatened violence to the person in order to accomplish his criminal act, and that the defendant killed the victim after he had thrown her off of a bridge, you would find [the (e)(3)] aggravating circumstance and would so indicate by having your foreperson write \u201cyes\u201d in the space after this aggravating circumstance on the Issue and Recommendation form.\nIf you do not so find or have a reasonable doubt as to one or more of these things, you will not find [the (e)(3)] aggravating circumstance and will so indicate by having your foreperson write \u201cno\u201d in that space.\nDefendant claims the trial court gave improper instructions concerning the circumstances under which the jury could find the (e)(3) statutory aggravating circumstance.\nWe note that defendant waived this argument by failing to properly object during the charge conference.\nA party may not assign as error any portion of the jury charge or omission therefrom unless he objects thereto before the jury retires to consider its verdict, stating distinctly that to which he objects and the grounds of his objection; provided, that opportunity was given to the party to make the objection out of the hearing of the jury, and, on request of any party, out of the presence of the jury.\nN.C. R. App. P. 10(b)(2).\nDuring the charge conference, defendant objected only to the trial court\u2019s reading of the first bracketed sentence of N.C.P.I. \u2014 Crim. 150.10. Defendant\u2019s objection was not directed to the circumstances under which the jury could find the (e)(3) statutory aggravating circumstance. Accordingly, defendant has waived appellate review of this assignment of error. N.C. R. App. P. 10(b)(2).\nNonetheless, defendant has assigned plain error to this alleged instructional error. See N.C. R. App. P. 10(c)(4). \u201cIn order to rise to the level of plain error, the error in the trial court\u2019s instructions must be so fundamental that (i) absent the error, the jury probably would have reached a different verdict; or (ii) the error would constitute a miscarriage of justice if not corrected.\u201d State v. Holden, 346 N.C. 404, 435, 488 S.E.2d 514, 531 (1997) (citing State v. Collins, 334 N.C. 54, 62, 431 S.E.2d 188, 193 (1993)), cert. denied,-U.S.-, 140 L. Ed. 2d 132 (1998).\nThe record shows, within the meaning and intent of the (e)(3) statutory aggravating circumstance, that defendant used violence or the threat of violence to throw Cynthia over a bridge into a lake while she was still alive. In accordance with the evidence presented, the trial court gave jury instructions that were substantially similar to those recommended in N.C.P.I. \u2014 Crim. 150.10. \u201cInstructions determined by the trial judge to be warranted by the evidence shall be given by the court in its charge to the jury prior to its deliberation . . . .\u201d N.C.G.S. \u00a7 15A-2000(b). We conclude that the trial court\u2019s instructions did not constitute plain error and, accordingly, reject defendant\u2019s assignment of error.\nIn his next assignment of error, defendant contends the trial court erred in its jury instruction concerning the (e)(9) statutory aggravating circumstance: \u201cThe capital felony was especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel.\u201d N.C.G.S. \u00a7 15A-2000(e)(9). Specifically, defendant argues that the trial court\u2019s instructions impermissibly allowed the jury to find the existence of the (e)(9) statutory aggravating circumstance for Stallings\u2019 murder based upon the combined actions of defendant and Penny.\nDefendant relies on Enmund v. Florida, 458 U.S. 782, 73 L. Ed. 2d 1140 (1982), to assert that the statutory aggravating circumstances must focus on defendant\u2019s culpability and cannot include accomplice behavior. Defendant\u2019s reliance is misplaced. In discussing the holding of Enmund in State v. Robinson, 342 N.C. 74, 463 S.E.2d 218 (1995), cert. denied, 517 U.S. 1197, 134 L. Ed. 2d 793 (1996), this Court observed:\n[The United States Supreme Court in Enmund] held that the Eighth Amendment forbids the imposition of the death penalty on a defendant who aids and abets in the commission of a felony in the course of which a murder is committed by others, when the defendant does not himself kill, attempt to kill, or intend that a killing take place or that lethal force will be employed. Thus, an Enmund issue only arises when the State proceeds on a felony murder theory.\nId. at 87, 463 S.E.2d at 226 (citation omitted) (emphasis added).\nIn Enmund there was no direct evidence showing that defendant either planned to murder the victim or was physically present when the killing occurred. Enmund, 458 U.S. at 786, 73 L. Ed. 2d 1144-45. In the present case, defendant admitted that he planned to kill Stallings so there would be no witnesses. Defendant further admitted shooting Stallings and in fact pled guilty to her murder. Accordingly, Enmund has no application to the facts at hand.\nThe trial court\u2019s instructions to the jury concerning the (e)(9) statutory aggravating circumstance were almost verbatim from the North Carolina pattern jury instructions. N.C.P.I. \u2014 Grim. 150.10. The trial court instructed:\nFourth. Was this murder especially heinous, atrocious or cruel? This aggravating circumstance is limited to acts done during the commission of the murder, but not after the death. In this context \u201cheinous\u201d means extremely wicked or shockingly evil. \u201cAtrocious\u201d means outrageous, wicked and vile. And \u201ccruel\u201d means designed to inflict a high degree of pain with utter indifference to or even enjoyment of the suffering of others. However, it is not enough that this murder be heinous, atrocious or cruel as those terms have just been defined to you. This murder must have been especially heinous, atrocious or cruel, and not every murder is especially so. For this murder to have been especially heinous, atrocious or cruel, any brutality which was involved in it must have exceeded that which is normally present in any killing, or this murder must have been a [conscienceless] or pitiless crime which was unnecessarily [torturous] to the victim.\nThis Court has upheld virtually identical jury instructions to those set out above in State v. Syriani, 333 N.C. 350, 390-91, 428 S.E.2d 118, 140-41, cert. denied, 510 U.S. 948, 126 L. Ed. 2d 341 (1993), and State v. Lemons, 348 N.C. 335, 370-71, 501 S.E.2d 309, 330-31 (1998), sentence vacated on other grounds, - U.S. \u2014, - L. Ed. 2d-, 67 U.S.L.W. 3771 (1999). \u201cBecause these jury instructions incorporate narrowing definitions adopted by this Court and expressly approved by the United States Supreme Court, or are of the tenor of the definitions approved, we reaffirm that these instructions provide constitutionally sufficient guidance to the jury.\u201d Syriani, 333 N.C. at 391-92, 428 S.E.2d at 141.\nNevertheless, defendant argues that these instructions impermissibly allowed the jury to find the (e)(9) statutory aggravating circumstance based on Penny\u2019s, not defendant\u2019s, behavior. \u201cIn determining whether the evidence is sufficient to support the trial court\u2019s submission of the especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel aggravator, we must consider the evidence \u2018in the light most favorable to the State, and the State is entitled to every reasonable inference to be drawn therefrom.\u2019 \u201d State v. Flippen, 349 N.C. 264, 270, 506 S.E.2d 702, 706 (1998) (quoting Lloyd, 321 N.C. at 319, 364 S.E.2d at 328), cert. denied, \u2014 U.S.-,-L. Ed. 2d \u2014, 67 U.S.L.W. 3716 (1999). \u201c [Contradictions and discrepancies are for the jury to resolve; and all evidence admitted that is favorable to the State is to be considered.\u201d Robinson, 342 N.C. at 86, 463 S.E.2d at 225.\nWhether the trial court properly submitted the (e)(9) statutory aggravating circumstance depends upon the particular facts of a given case. State v. Gibbs, 335 N.C. 1, 61, 436 S.E.2d 321, 356 (1993), cert. denied, 512 U.S. 1246, 129 L. Ed. 2d 881 (1994). Defendant\u2019s capital offense must not be merely heinous, atrocious, or cruel; it must be especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel. State v. Stanley, 310 N.C. 332, 336, 312 S.E.2d 393, 396 (1984). \u201cA murder is [especially] \u2018heinous, atrocious, or cruel\u2019 when it is a \u2018conscienceless or pitiless crime which is unnecessarily torturous to the victim.\u2019 \u201d State v. Rouse, 339 N.C. 59, 97, 451 S.E.2d 543, 564 (1994) (quoting Goodman, 298 N.C. at 25, 257 S.E.2d at 585), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 832, 133 L. Ed. 2d 60 (1995). \u201cThe defendant\u2019s acts must be characterized by \u2018excessive brutality, or physical pain, psychological suffering, or dehumanizing aspects not normally present\u2019 in a first degree murder case.\u201d Stanley, 310 N.C. at 336, 312 S.E.2d at 396 (quoting State v. Blackwelder, 309 N.C. 410, 414, 306 S.E.2d 783, 786 (1983)).\nThe evidence presented in this case, when considered in the light most favorable to the State, was sufficient to warrant the submission of the \u201cespecially heinous, atrocious, or cruel\u201d statutory aggravating circumstance. The record reveals defendant tricked Stallings into a back bedroom of a vacant house by pretending to offer her drugs; defendant grabbed her around her neck, pulled out his knife, and asked for her money and food stamps; defendant had previously agreed to kill Stallings so there would be no witnesses; Stallings asked defendant and Penny if they were going to hurt her and then cried and begged for them not to do so; Stallings cooperated and gave them her food stamps; Stallings was cut on the chest and forced to lift her top to see if she had any money in her bra; defendant strangled Stallings until her eyes rolled back and her tongue came out of her mouth; and defendant shot Stallings in the head with an Ml.22 rifle. The autopsy revealed that Stallings was severely beaten prior to her death and that she had a stab wound to her chest; a deep cut across the distal phalanx which extended to the bone described as a painful wound; a large premortem contusion above her left eye, with a corresponding linear abrasion below the eye caused by a narrow, blunt object; and a premortem blunt-trauma contusion of her liver. Defendant\u2019s fingerprints were found on a stick the pathologist testified could have caused the victim\u2019s contusions. Hair impressions consistent with Stallings\u2019 hair type were found on the other end of the stick. Defendant\u2019s bloody palm prints were found above the victim\u2019s body. There was blood on the bottom of Stallings\u2019 feet and barefoot impressions in the room.\nThe State\u2019s evidence clearly showed defendant murdered Stallings and was an active participant in severely beating and strangling her prior to her death. We therefore hold the evidence was sufficient to warrant the submission of the (e)(9) statutory aggravating circumstance in this case. See McCollum, 334 N.C. at 222, 433 S.E.2d at 151 (defendant\u2019s presence and active participation in the rape and murder of the victim justified submission of the (e)(9) statutory aggravating circumstance). This assignment of error is devoid of merit.\nIn his next assignment of error, defendant contends the trial court improperly excluded evidence of his organic brain damage when instructing the jury on the (f)(2) statutory mitigating circumstance \u2014 \u201cThe capital felony was committed while the defendant was under the influence of mental or emotional disturbance\u201d \u2014 and the (f)(6) statutory mitigating circumstance \u2014 \u201cThe capacity of the defendant to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of law was impaired.\u201d N.C.G.S. \u00a7 15A-2000(f)(2), (6).\nAt the charge conference, defendant requested submission of the (f)(2) and (f)(6) statutory mitigating circumstances. After agreeing to submit both of the statutory mitigating circumstances, the trial court asked defense counsel:\nCourt: Under number two, the contentions of the defendant as to that mitigating circumstances [sic], that the defendant suffered from alcoholism, as well as chronic alcoholism and personality disorder?\nMr. Kingsberry: Yeah, personality disorder and I can\u2019t \u2014 not otherwise specified.\nThereafter, the trial court instructed the jury in connection with the (f)(2) statutory mitigating circumstance as follows:\nYou will find this mitigating circumstance if you find that the defendant suffered from chronic alcoholism or personality disorder not otherwise specified, and that as a result, the defendant was under the influence of mental or emotional disturbance when he killed the victim.\nSimilarly, the trial court instructed the jury regarding the (f)(6) statutory mitigating circumstance as follows:\nYou would find this mitigating circumstance if you find that the defendant was a chronic alcoholic or suffered from personality disorder not otherwise specified and that this impaired his capacity to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law.\nAfter the trial court instructed the jury, and the jury had retired to begin its deliberations at the direction of the trial court, defendant raised the issue that organic brain damage should have been included as a third possibility under the (f)(2) and (f)(6) statutory mitigating circumstances. In response, the trial court stated, \u201cI believe we had a discussion on that as to what was, those items were and I thought we did arrived [sic] at the evidence being chronic alcoholic and personality disorder.\u201d\nThe State argues that defendant waived this objection by failing to make a timely request to include evidence of organic brain damage when specifically asked by the trial court at the charge conference. We agree.\nRule 21 of the General Rules of Practice for the Superior and District Courts provides in pertinent part:\nAt the conclusion of the charge and before the jury begins its deliberations, and out of the hearing, or upon request, out of the presence of the jury, counsel shall be given the opportunity to object on the record to any portion of the charge, or omission therefrom, stating distinctly that to which he objects and the grounds of his objection.\nGen. R. Pract. Super, and Dist. Ct. 21, 1999 Ann. R. N.C. 16. Once the jury has been charged, however, defendant may only ask the trial court to correct or withdraw an erroneous instruction or to inform the jury on a point of law which should have been covered in the original instructions. Id.\nDefendant\u2019s request following the trial court\u2019s charge did not fall within the provisions of Rule 21. Defendant asked the trial court to give new instructions to the jury regarding evidence of defendant\u2019s alleged organic brain damage. The record shows defendant did not ask for any such instruction during the charge conference. Once the jury has been charged, a defendant is not permitted under Rule 21 to propose a new evidentiary matter if he previously had the opportunity to raise any such argument at the charge conference. Accordingly, defendant has waived this assignment of error. Moreover, as defendant did not assign plain error to challenge the alleged instructional error, the waiver rule precludes plain error review. See N.C. R. App. P. 10(c)(4); Frye, 341 N.C. at 496, 461 S.E.2d at 677.\nPRESERVATION\nDefendant raises twenty additional issues which he concedes have been decided contrary to his position previously before this Court. Defendant makes these arguments for the purpose of permitting this Court to reexamine its prior holdings and also for the purpose of preserving these arguments for any possible further judicial review in this case. Specifically, defendant argues: (1) the trial court erred in denying defendant\u2019s motion to suppress his statement to investigating officers on 23 April 1983; (2) the trial court erred by imposing the death penalty upon defendant; (3) the trial court erred by denying defendant\u2019s motion to dismiss the cases against him on speedy-trial grounds; (4) the trial court erred by refusing to suppress all of the State\u2019s physical evidence against defendant; (5), (6), and (7) the trial court erred by refusing to allow defendant to question prospective jurors concerning their ability to consider sentencing defendant to life imprisonment, their ability to consider specific mitigating circumstances, and any misconceptions concerning the parole eligibility of persons sentenced to life imprisonment; (8) the trial court erred by denying defendant\u2019s motion for individual voir dire of prospective jurors; (9) the trial court erred by allowing the State\u2019s challenges for cause; (10) the trial court erred by allowing the State\u2019s peremptory challenge for prospective jurors who expressed reservations about imposition of capital punishment; (11) the trial court erred by refusing to allow defendant to argue the jury could consider the State\u2019s plea agreement with Penny as a mitigating circumstance; (12) defendant\u2019s trial counsel failed to give adequate representation by conceding the existence of statutory aggravating circumstances in his opening statement; (13), (14), (15), and (16) the trial court erred by submitting the (e)(3), (4), (5), and (9) statutory aggravating circumstances; (17) the trial court erred by failing to properly instruct the jury on the (e)(4) statutory aggravating circumstance; (18) the trial court erred by instructing the jury that before they could find the existence of a nonstatutory mitigating circumstance, they must first find that the circumstance has mitigating value; (19) the trial court erred in defining the term \u201cmitigating circumstance\u201d; and (20) the trial court erred by misstating the law in the jury charge.\nWe have considered defendant\u2019s arguments on these issues and find no compelling reason to depart from our prior holdings. Accordingly, defendant\u2019s assignments of error are without merit.\nWe note, however, that several of the issues that defendant has denominated as preservation issues cannot be determined solely by principles of law upon which this Court has previously ruled. Rather, these assignments of error are fact specific requiring review of the transcript and record to determine if they have merit. When counsel determines that an issue of this nature does not have merit, counsel should \u201comit it entirely from his or her argument on appeal.\u201d State v. Barton, 335 N.C. 696, 712, 441 S.E.2d 295, 303 (1994). Nevertheless, we have thoroughly reviewed the transcript and record as to these assignments of error and have determined they are meritless.\nPROPORTIONALITY REVIEW\nHaving concluded that defendant\u2019s trial and capital sentencing proceeding were free of prejudicial error, we are required to review and determine: (1) whether the record supports the jury\u2019s finding of any aggravating circumstances upon which the sentencing court based its sentence of death; (2) whether the death sentence was imposed under the influence of passion, prejudice, or any other arbitrary factor; and (3) whether the death sentence is excessive or disproportionate to the penalty imposed in similar cases, considering both the crime and the defendant. N.C.G.S. \u00a7 15A-2000(d)(2); State v. LeGrande, 346 N.C. 718, 727, 487 S.E.2d 727, 731 (1997); State v. Rich, 346 N.C. 50, 66, 484 S.E.2d 394, 404 (1997).\nIn the present case, defendant pled guilty to the first-degree murders of Stallings and Fore. The jury found four aggravating circumstances in the Stallings murder: (1) defendant had been previously convicted of a felony involving the threat of violence to the person, N.C.G.S. \u00a7 15A-2000(e)(3); (2) the murder was committed for the purpose of avoiding or preventing a lawful arrest, N.C.G.S. \u00a7 15A-2000(e)(4); (3) the murder was committed while defendant was engaged in the commission of robbery with a dangerous weapon, N.C.G.S. \u00a7 15A-2000(e)(5); and (4) the murder was especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel, N.C.G.S. \u00a7 15A-2000(e)(9). The jury found three aggravating circumstances in the Fore murder: (1) defendant had been previously convicted of a felony involving the threat of violence to the person, N.C.G.S. \u00a7 15A-2000(e)(3); (2) the murder was committed for the purpose of avoiding or preventing a lawful arrest, N.C.G.S. \u00a7 15A-2000(e)(4); and (3) the murder was committed while defendant was engaged in the commission of robbery with a dangerous weapon, N.C.G.S. \u00a7 15A-2000(e)(5).\nOf the twelve mitigating circumstances submitted for the Stallings murder, one or more jurors found the following: (1) the murder was committed while defendant was under the influence of mental or emotional disturbance, N.C.G.S. \u00a7 15A-2000(f)(2); (2) defendant was born into a home environment of fear, violence, and abuse; (3) defendant was exposed to alcohol consumption and dependency at an early age; (4) during the thirteen years since these events occurred defendant has changed from the person he was in 1983, as seen in part by his demeanor toward prison staff and fellow inmates; (5) defendant volunteers for extra work, without pay, and accepts any task, no matter how menial; and (6) other circumstances found by the jury deemed to have mitigating value, N.C.G.S. \u00a7 15A-2000(f)(9). Of the twelve mitigating circumstances submitted for the Fore murder, one or more jurors found the same six mitigating circumstances described above, as well as a seventh mitigating circumstance, that defendant never knew his father and was abandoned by his mother.\nAfter thoroughly examining the records, transcripts, and briefs in this case, we conclude the evidence fully supports the aggravating circumstances found by the jury. Further, there is no indication that the death sentence was imposed under the influence of passion, prejudice, or any other arbitrary consideration. We turn then to our final statutory duty of proportionality review.\nIn conducting our proportionality review, it is proper to compare the present case with other cases in which this Court has concluded the death penalty was disproportionate. McCollum, 334 N.C. at 240, 433 S.E.2d at 162. The purpose of proportionality review is to \u201celiminate the possibility that a person will be sentenced to die by the action of an aberrant jury.\u201d Holden, 321 N.C. at 164-65, 362 S.E.2d at 537. We have found the death penalty disproportionate in seven cases. State v. Benson, 323 N.C. 318, 372 S.E.2d 517 (1988); State v. Stokes, 319 N.C. 1, 352 S.E.2d 653 (1987); State v. Rogers, 316 N.C. 203, 341 S.E.2d 713 (1986), overruled on other grounds by State v. Gaines, 345 N.C. 647, 483 S.E.2d 396, cert. denied, 522 U.S. 900, 139 L. Ed. 2d 177 (1997), and by State v. Vandiver, 321 N.C. 570, 364 S.E.2d 373 (1988); State v. Young, 312 N.C. 669, 325 S.E.2d 181 (1985); State v. Hill, 311 N.C. 465, 319 S.E.2d 163 (1984); State v. Bondurant, 309 N.C. 674, 309 S.E.2d 170 (1983); State v. Jackson, 309 N.C. 26, 305 S.E.2d 703 (1983).\nWe conclude that this case is not substantially similar to any of the aforementioned cases in which this Court has found the death penalty disproportionate. The instant case is distinguishable in the following ways: (1) defendant admitted murdering two victims; (2) defendant pled guilty to the premeditated and deliberate first-degree murder of both victims; (3) defendant planned to rob and kill Stallings, deceived her to get her alone in a vacant house, then brutally tortured and murdered her; (4) two days later, defendant planned to rob and kill Fore, lured her to go drinking, drove her to an isolated area, then shot her in the head and left her body on the side of the road; (5) after shooting Fore, defendant went to her apartment and stole several of her belongings; (6) the jury found four statutory aggravating circumstances against defendant in the Stallings murder; and (7) the jury found three statutory aggravating circumstances against defendant in the Fore murder. Accordingly, the facts and circumstances distinguish the instant case from those in which this Court held the death penalty disproportionate.\nWe also compare the present case with cases in which this Court has found the death penalty to be proportionate. Although we review all of the cases in the pool of \u201csimilar cases\u201d when engaging in our statutorily mandated duty of proportionality, it is unnecessary to discuss or cite all of these cases for comparison. State v. Gregory, 348 N.C. 203, 213, 499 S.E.2d 753, 760, cert. denied, -U.S. -, 142 L. Ed. 2d 315 (1998); McCollum, 334 N.C. at 244, 433 S.E.2d at 164; State v. Williams, 308 N.C. 47, 81, 301 S.E.2d 335, 355, cert. denied, 464 U.S. 865, 78 L. Ed. 2d 177 (1983).\nAs discussed earlier, defendant pled guilty to two first-degree murders. This Court has never found a death sentence disproportionate where defendant was convicted of murdering more than one victim. See, e.g., State v. Warren, 348 N.C. 80, 129, 499 S.E.2d 431, 459, cert. denied,-U.S.-, 142 L. Ed. 2d 216 (1998); State v. Heatwole, 344 N.C. 1, 30, 473 S.E.2d 310, 325 (1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1122, 137 L. Ed. 2d 339 (1997); McLaughlin, 341 N.C. at 466, 462 S.E.2d at 23; see also Brown, 320 N.C. at 210, 358 S.E.2d at 22 (plea of guilty is the equivalent of conviction).\nFurther, of the four statutory aggravating circumstances found by the jury in the Stallings murder, three, standing alone, have been found sufficient to sustain a death sentence: (1) the (e)(3) statutory aggravating circumstance, see Brown, 320 N.C. at 219, 358 S.E.2d at 27; (2) the (e)(5) statutory aggravating circumstance, see State v. Zuniga, 320 N.C. 233, 274-76, 357 S.E.2d 898, 923-24, cert. denied, 484 U.S. 959, 98 L. Ed. 2d 384 (1987); and (3) the (e)(9) statutory aggravating circumstance, see Syriani, 333 N.C. at 400-06, 428 S.E.2d at 144-49. In the Fore murder, of the three statutory aggravating circumstances found, two, standing alone, have been found sufficient to sustain a death sentence: (1) the (e)(3) statutory aggravating circumstance, see Brown, 320 N.C. at 219, 358 S.E.2d at 27; and (2) the (e)(5) statutory aggravating circumstance, see Zuniga, 320 N.C. at 274-76, 357 S.E.2d at 923-24.\nThe remaining aggravating circumstance in both murders was the (e)(4) statutory aggravating circumstance (witness elimination). \u201c[This Court has] never found a death sentence to be disproportionate in a witness-elimination case. The reason is clear: \u2018[m]urder can be motivated by emotions such as greed, jealousy, hate, revenge, or passion. The motive of witness elimination lacks even the excuse of emotion.\u2019 \u201d State v. McCarver, 341 N.C. 364, 407, 462 S.E.2d 25, 49 (1995) (quoting State v. Oliver, 309 N.C. 326, 375, 307 S.E.2d 304, 335 (1983)), cert. denied, 517 U.S. 1110, 134 L. Ed. 2d 482 (1996).\nAfter comparing this case to \u201csimilar cases\u201d as to the crime and defendant, we conclude that this case has the characteristics of first-degree murders for which we have previously upheld the death penalty as proportionate. Accordingly, we cannot say defendant\u2019s death sentence is excessive or disproportionate.\nNO ERROR.", "type": "majority", "author": "MARTIN, Justice." } ], "attorneys": [ "Michael F Easley, Attorney General, by G. Patrick Murphy, Special Deputy Attorney General, for the State.", "Sam J. Ervin, IV, for defendant-appellant." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. LEROY McNEIL\nNo. 37A87-4\n(Filed 20 August 1999)\n1. Sentencing\u2014 capital \u2014 aggravating circumstances \u2014 course of conduct \u2014 prior plea agreement\nThere was no error in a first-degree murder capital sentencing hearing where defendant contended that a plea agreement in a prior trial for the same offenses resulted in the State being precluded from submitting evidence of another murder in support of the course of conduct aggravating circumstance, in violation of State v. Case, 330 N.C. 161. The denial of the State\u2019s motion to join the additional murder in the prior trial effectively barred the State from introducing any evidence of that murder and that ruling became the law of the case. The unavailability of the evidence relating to the third murder (Kearney) was not the result of a voluntary plea agreement executed between defendant and the State as in Case and the principles enunciated in Case are not applicable. In any event, by opposing the joinder of Kearney\u2019s murder, defendant obtained a benefit which he may not now transform into a claim of error.\n2. Jury\u2014 selection \u2014 capital sentencing \u2014 instructions\u2014failure to request\nDuring jury selection for a capital first-degree murder sentencing proceeding, defendant waived his contention that refusing to instruct prospective jurors to disregard parole-related considerations was error by not requesting the Conner instruction at any point during the questioning of the prospective jurors. Defendant\u2019s argument that his tender of modified jury instructions prior to voir dire was sufficient to constitute a request for the Conner instruction regarding two particular prospective jurors was rejected. Plain error analysis does not apply to situations in which the trial court has failed to give an unrequested instruction regarding jury voir dire.\n3. Jury\u2014 selection \u2014 parole eligibility \u2014 ability to follow instructions\nThere was no error during jury selection for a capital sentencing proceeding for first-degree murder where defendant contended that the court erred by not allowing defendant to question prospective jurors as to whether they could follow the trial court\u2019s instructions regarding parole eligibility. Upon reviewing the record, the Court concluded that defendant was allowed to ask prospective jurors whether they could follow the court\u2019s instruction.\n4. Evidence\u2014 capital sentencing proceeding \u2014 witness\u2019s prior convictions\nThere was no prejudicial error during a capital sentencing proceeding for first-degree murder where defendant contended that the Confrontation Clause had been violated by the Court\u2019s refusal to allow cross-examination of a State\u2019s witness concerning unserved warrants which defendant contended had given the police leverage over the witness during questioning. The court afforded defendant wide latitude to expose the witness\u2019s alleged bias and motive by allowing cross-examination regarding all prior convictions, regardless of age; instructed the jury that the witness was testifying under an agreement with the prosecutor for a charge reduction and that the witness was an accomplice considered to have an interest in the outcome of the case; and further cross-examination to show bias or motive would have been repetitive and cumulative. Unlike the cases relied upon by defendant, the issue in this case arose in the context of a sentencing hearing rather than a trial to determine guilt or innocence.\n5. Appeal and Error\u2014 preservation of issues \u2014 denial of motion in limine\nDefendant in a capital sentencing proceeding waived an assignment of error to testimony regarding autopsy findings where defendant\u2019s previous motion in limine had been denied and defendant did not object at the time the State questioned the witness. The denial of defendant\u2019s motion in limine is insufficient to preserve for appeal the question of the admissibility of the challenged evidence.\n6. Evidence\u2014 capital sentencing \u2014 prior murder \u2014 hearsay\u2014 other evidence \u2014 no prejudice\nThere was no prejudicial error in a capital sentencing proceeding for a first-degree murder in the admission of testimony from a retired police officer that defendant had drowned his wife. Defendant opened the door by raising the issue, and, even assuming that the testimony was barred by the Confrontation Clause, the parties had stipulated that defendant had pled guilty to voluntary manslaughter for his wife\u2019s death, defendant had received an active prison term for the offense, and a certified copy of the plea and judgment were introduced. Competent evidence was before the jury which supported the submission of the prior violent felony aggravating circumstance.\n7. Sentencing\u2014 capital \u2014 mitigating circumstance \u2014 no significant history of prior criminal activity\nThe trial court did not err in a capital sentencing proceeding for a first-degree murder by not submitting the statutory mitigating circumstance of no significant history of prior criminal activity where the State\u2019s evidence revealed a 1959 burglary conviction for which defendant was sentenced to six months probation, defendant later violated his probation, served time in Savannah, Georgia for larceny of a television, was arrested in 1975 for hit and run and property damage, and pled guilty in 1977 to voluntary manslaughter for throwing his wife over a bridge into a lake. None of the cases cited by defendant in which it was held appropriate to submit the circumstance involved a prior criminal history which included a violent felony involving death. N.C.G.S. \u00a7 15A-2000(f)(l).\n8. Criminal Law\u2014 prosecutor\u2019s argument \u2014 capital sentencing \u2014 sympathy for victims\nThe prosecutor\u2019s argument in a capital sentencing proceeding was not so grossly improper as to require the trial court to intervene ex mero motu where defendant contended that the prosecutor placed undue emphasis upon the personal qualities and future prospects of the victims and sought to improperly invoke sympathy for the victims. The prosecutor\u2019s argument about the promising nature of the victim\u2019s lives served to inform the jury about the specific harm caused by defendant\u2019s crime.\n9.Criminal Law\u2014 prosecutor\u2019s argument \u2014 capital sentencing \u2014 prior violent felony\nThe trial court did not err in a capital sentencing proceeding by not intervening ex mero motu to prevent the prosecutor from referring to another murder where defendant contended that the argument urged the jury to return a death sentence based on the course of conduct aggravating circumstance, N.C.G.S. \u00a7 15A-2000(e)(ll), which the court had refused to submit to the jury. The additional death was relevant to the prior violent felony aggravating circumstance, N.C.G.S. \u00a7 15A-2000(e)(3).\n10. Criminal Law\u2014 prosecutor\u2019s argument \u2014 capital sentencing \u2014 general deterrence\nThere was no grossly improper error requiring intervention ex mero motu in a capital sentencing proceeding where defendant contended that the prosecutor attempted to defend the death penalty on general deterrence grounds.\n11. Criminal Law\u2014 prosecutor\u2019s argument \u2014 capital sentencing \u2014 community sentiment\nThere was no error requiring intervention ex mero motu in a capital sentencing proceeding where defendant contended that the prosecutor improperly informed the jury that community sentiment urged the death penalty and that the jury is effectively an arm of the State. It is not improper to remind jurors that they are the voice and conscience of the community.\n12. Criminal Law\u2014 prosecutor\u2019s argument \u2014 capital sentencing \u2014 moral culpability\nThere was no gross error demanding intervention ex mero motu in a capital sentencing proceeding where defendant contended that the prosecutor repeatedly urged the jury to reject proposed mitigating circumstances based on defendant\u2019s failure to demonstrate that he lacked moral culpability, thereby improperly implying that the jury could ignore credible mitigating evidence. The prosecutor\u2019s definition and statements concerning defendant\u2019s moral culpability were substantially similar to those found in the North Carolina Pattern Jury Instructions and upheld in other cases.\n13. Criminal Law\u2014 prosecutor\u2019s argument \u2014 capital sentencing \u2014 lack of due process for victims\nThere was no gross error requiring intervention ex mero motu in a capital sentencing proceeding where the prosecutor argued that defendant took victims\u2019 lives without due process. It has been repeatedly held that it is not improper to argue that defendant acted as judge, jury, and executioner to singlehandedly decide the victim\u2019s fate.\n14. Criminal Law\u2014 prosecutor\u2019s argument \u2014 capital sentencing \u2014 facts in evidence\nThere was no gross error requiring intervention ex mero motu in a capital sentencing proceeding for first-degree murder where defendant contended that the prosecutor either materially misstated the evidence or based his argument on facts not in evidence. The argument at issue concerned fingerprints and the record revealed that defendant had stipulated to his guilty plea in a prior voluntary manslaughter. It can be reasonably inferred that defendant was fingerprinted after his arrest for this crime and that law enforcement used defendant\u2019s fingerprints from their files in the investigation of these deaths; in any event, the trial court properly instructed the jurors that they were the sole judge of the evidence and should be guided by their own recollection of the evidence rather than counsel\u2019s arguments.\n15. Sentencing\u2014 capital \u2014 aggravating circumstances \u2014 voluntary manslaughter as prior violent felony \u2014 instructions\nThere was no error in a capital sentencing proceeding for first-degree murder where the trial court instructed the jury with respect to the prior violent felony aggravating circumstance that voluntary manslaughter is by definition a felony involving the use or threat of violence to the person. N.C.G.S. \u00a7 15A-2000(e)(3).\n16. Sentencing\u2014 capital \u2014 aggravating circumstances \u2014 prior violent felony \u2014 instructions\nThere was no plain error in a capital sentencing proceeding where defendant contended that the court improperly charged the jury in connection with the prior violent felony aggravating circumstance that defendant had engaged in some acts of violence against his wife at or prior to her death (not the subject of this sentencing proceeding). The record shows within the meaning and intent of N.C.G.S. \u00a7 15A-2000(e)(3) that defendant used violence or the threat of violence to throw his wife over a bridge into a lake while she was still alive.\n17. Sentencing\u2014 capital \u2014 aggravating circumstances \u2014 especially heinous, atrocious or cruel \u2014 instructions\nThe trial court did not err in a capital sentencing proceeding by giving almost verbatim the North Carolina Pattern Jury Instruction on the especially heinous, atrocious or cruel aggravating circumstance, N.C.G.S. \u00a7 15A-2000(e)(9). Although defendant contended that the instructions impermissibly allowed the jury to find the existence of this aggravating circumstance based upon the combined actions of defendant and an accomplice, defendant admitted that he planned to kill one victim so that there would be no witnesses, further admitted shooting that victim, and pled guilty to her murder. Enmund v. Florida, 458 U.S. 782, has no application to the facts at hand.\n18. Sentencing\u2014 capital \u2014 aggravating circumstances \u2014 especially heinous, atrocious or cruel \u2014 sufficiency of evidence\nThere was sufficient evidence in a capital sentencing proceeding to warrant submission of the especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel aggravating circumstance despite defendant\u2019s contention that the instructions allowed the jury to find the circumstance based on an accomplice\u2019s behavior. The detailed evidence clearly showed that defendant murdered a victim and was an active participant in severely beating and strangling her prior to her death.\n19. Trials\u2014 instructions \u2014 request following charge\nA defendant in a capital sentencing procedure waived an objection to the court\u2019s exclusion of evidence of organic brain damage from its instructions on the mental or emotional disturbance mitigating circumstance by failing to make a timely request to include evidence of organic brain damage when specifically asked by the court at the charge conference. Once the jury has been charged, a defendant is not permitted to propose new evidentiary matter if he previously had the opportunity to raise any such argument at the charge conference. Rule 21 of the General Rules of Practice for Superior and District Courts.\n20. Sentencing\u2014 capital \u2014 death sentence \u2014 not arbitrary\nThe evidence in a capital sentencing proceeding in which the jury returned a death penalty fully supported the aggravating circumstances found by the jury and there was no indication that the death sentence was imposed under the influence of passion, prejudice, or any other arbitrary consideration.\n21. Sentencing\u2014 capital \u2014 proportionality\nA death sentence was not substantially similar to any of the cases in which a death penalty was found disproportionate and had the characteristics of first-degree murders for which the death penalty has previously been upheld as proportionate. The defendant in this case admitted murdering two victims, pleading guilty to their premeditated and deliberate first-degree murder. He planned to rob and kill one victim, deceived her to get her alone in a vacant house and then brutally tortured and murdered her; he planned to rob and kill the second victim two days later, luring her to go drinking, driving her to an isolated area, shooting her in the head and leaving her body on the side of the road, and then going to her apartment and stealing belongings; and the jury found four statutory aggravating circumstances in the first murder and three in the second. A death sentence has never been found disproportionate where defendant was convicted of murdering more than one victim, three of the four aggravating circumstances found in the first murder have been found sufficient standing alone to sustain a death sentence, two of the three aggravating circumstances found in the second murder have been found sufficient to sustain a death sentence standing alone, and a death sentence has never been found disproportionate in a witness elimination case.\nAppeal of right pursuant to N.C.G.S. \u00a7 7A-27(a) from judgments imposing sentences of death entered by Farmer, J., on 14 November 1996 in Superior Court, Wake County upon defendant\u2019s plea of guilty to two counts of first-degree murder. Heard in the Supreme Court 13 April 1999.\nMichael F Easley, Attorney General, by G. Patrick Murphy, Special Deputy Attorney General, for the State.\nSam J. Ervin, IV, for defendant-appellant." }, "file_name": "0657-01", "first_page_order": 709, "last_page_order": 753 }