{ "id": 3745043, "name": "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. MICHAEL IVER PETERSON", "name_abbreviation": "State v. Peterson", "decision_date": "2007-11-09", "docket_number": "No. 547A06", "first_page": "587", "last_page": "609", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "361 N.C. 587" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C.", "id": 9292, "name": "Supreme Court of North Carolina" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "634 S.E.2d 594", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "case_ids": [ 12636660 ], "year": 2006, "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/se2d/634/0594-01" ] }, { "cite": "179 N.C. App. 437", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. 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MICHAEL IVER PETERSON" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "BRADY, Justice.\nDefendant Michael Iver Peterson was found guilty by a jury of the first-degree murder of his wife, Kathleen Peterson. Defendant appealed his conviction to the Court of Appeals, which determined, in a divided opinion, that defendant received a fair trial, free of prejudicial error. Defendant has appealed three issues as of right to this Court on the basis of a dissent in the Court of Appeals. First, we must determine whether the trial court\u2019s erroneous admission of evidence seized pursuant to an invalid search warrant was harmless beyond a reasonable, doubt. We hold the admission of the evidence was harmless. Second, we must determine whether the trial court erred in admitting evidence concerning the 1985 death of Elizabeth Ratliff. We hold that the trial court did not err in admitting this evidence. Third, we must determine whether particular statements made during the prosecution\u2019s closing argument warrant a new trial. We hold that these statements do not entitle defendant to a new trial. Accordingly, we affirm the decision of the Court of Appeals.\nPROCEDURAL AND FACTUAL BACKGROUND\nOn 20 December 2001, the Durham County Grand Jury returned a true bill of indictment charging defendant with first-degree murder. Following a lengthy trial that spanned five months, defendant was convicted on 10 October 2003 of the first-degree murder of Kathleen Peterson, and on that same day the trial court entered judgment against defendant and sentenced him to life imprisonment without parole. Defendant appealed to the Court of Appeals, a majority of which affirmed defendant\u2019s conviction. However, one judge dissented and would have held that defendant was entitled to a new trial.\nDefendant filed a notice of appeal with this Court on 17 October 2006 and contemporaneously filed a petition for discretionary review of additional issues which were not the subject of the dissenting opinion in the Court of Appeals. This Court denied defendant\u2019s petition on 25 January 2007.\nState\u2019s Evidence\nThe State presented evidence tending to show that defendant\u2019s wife, Kathleen Peterson (the victim), had worked for Nortel Networks nearly seventeen years at the time of her death. During her career at Nortel, she rose steadily through the corporate ranks and by 1999 she held an executive position. The victim was to travel to Canada on 10 December 2001 to meet with Helen Prislinger, a Nortel process analyst. On 7 December 2001, Prislinger telephoned the victim, informed her of a planning conference call that was to take place on 9 December 2001, and told her that on 8 December 2001 Prislinger would inform her of the time of the conference call. On 8 December 2001$ Prislinger left messages for the victim indicating the conference call would take place at 10:00 a.m. on Sunday, 9 December 2001. The victim later returned Prislinger\u2019s telephone calls and advised her to send a document relating to the conference call via e-mail to an address that Prislinger assumed was defendant\u2019s e-mail address.\nAt 2:40 a.m. on 9 December 2001, Durham Emergency Response received a 911 call from an apparently distressed defendant. He informed the operator that his wife \u201chad an accident\u201d and that she was \u201cstill breathing.\u201d He told the operator that she had fallen down the stairs and that she was unconscious. In response to questioning from the 911 operator, defendant answered that the victim had fallen down \u201c15, 20 [stairs], I don\u2019t know.\u201d Defendant terminated the call and then again telephoned 911 moments later and told the'operator the victim was no longer breathing. Defendant again disconnected the call.\nInitial Observations of the Crime Scene\nFirst responders arrived at the scene less than eight minutes after defendant made the initial 911 call. When they arrived, defendant\u2019s son Todd Peterson, who had just entered the residence, told defendant that the victim was dead and to \u201cstep aside, move, the paramedic\u2019s [sic] here.\u201d Paramedic James Rose testified that there was an \u201cenormous amount of blood\u201d at the scene and \u201c[a] lot of the blood that [was] on the walls [was] dry. The blood under her head was . . . coagulated. It had already clotted and started to harden.\u201d He additionally testified that there was dried blood on the stairs and stairwell, and it \u201clooked like it had been wiped away or wiped on. It had been smeared, instead of just blood droplets just soaking down the wall.\u201d Defendant told the paramedics \u201che had just [gone] outside to turn off the lights, and came back in and found her at the bottom of the steps.\u201d While defendant had indicated at 2:41 a.m. to the 911 operator that the victim was still breathing, Rose examined her at approximately 2:50 a.m. and discovered her pupils were dilated six millimeters \u2014 indicating a substantial time period in which she was without oxygen. Rose also testified that he had been to thirty or forty incidents involving falls and the worst injury he had observed was a broken neck. He had never \u201cseen wounding to the back of the head like was present in this case.\u201d\nParamedic Ron Paige gave similar testimony concerning the amount of blood, and he noted that the blood on the victim\u2019s clothes appeared to be dry. Both paramedics indicated that defendant had blood on his shirt and hands. Rose testified that defendant\u2019s \u201cshirt was partially blood-soaked with [spatter] spots, there were speckles of blood over his shirt. Blood on his hands and arms, and I believe his legs and feet.\u201d Later observation of defendant\u2019s clothing indicated blood spatter on defendant\u2019s tennis shoes and inside the right leg of his shorts.\nShortly after the arrival of the paramedics and firefighters, a man and a woman were admitted into the residence. According to a first responder, the woman described herself as a \u201cdoctor or something.\u201d In addition, other individuals entered the residence. Eventually, the first responders determined that the area should be secured until the arrival of police investigators. Therefore, a police officer stationed at the door was instructed to stop all civilian traffic into the residence until it was determined whether the area was a crime scene.\nSoon, investigators from the Durham Police Department Criminal Investigations Division arrived at the scene. Sergeant Francis J. Borden noted a large amount of blood and blood spatter. Sergeant Borden and Detective Art Holland conferred after viewing the crime scene and made a decision to apply for a search warrant for the premises. Detective Holland left the scene to obtain the warrant, which was issued by a magistrate. Dan George of the Forensic Services Unit of the City of Durham observed \u201clarge quantities of blood all over the floor, all over the victim, her hands, feet, her clothing, the walls, the stair.\u201d He also testified that the blood on the stairway \u201cappeared to have either been wiped or smeared.\u201d\nMedical and Forensic Evidence\nKenneth Snell, M.D., the local medical examiner, examined the victim\u2019s body and discovered a four-inch laceration to the back of the skull and what appeared to be three or four injuries that may have been caused by a fall. He advised the investigators to look for som\u00e9 sort of instrument that may have been used to cause the lacerations. He was uncertain whether a fall was the cause of the injuries and withheld final determination until an autopsy could be performed. After the autopsy, Dr. Snell opined that the \u201ciryuries [were] not consistent with a fall,\u201d but were \u201cconsistent with an assaultive, beating-type pattern.\u201d\nNorth Carolina State Bureau of Investigation Special Agent Duane Deaver was contacted to perform a blood spatter analysis. Dan George, who assisted Deaver, observed a large amount of blood, with the blood being found \u201con the steps, blood on the risers, blood in the comers . . . blood all over the walls and on the molding, both the inside and out.\u201d Forensic unit supervisor Eric Campden also assisted Deaver in his investigation. Campden sprayed luminol, a preliminary indicator of blood, in various portions of the crime scene, being careful not to spray visible blood. Luminol testing revealed barefoot tracks leading to the laundry room and two footprints facing the \u201cjanitorial sink.\u201d Testing revealed no bloody shoe prints; only bloody barefoot prints were found.\nThe autopsy of the victim\u2019s body was performed by Deborah Radisch, M.D., a forensic pathologist in the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner. She observed multiple blunt traumatic injuries on the victim\u2019s body, including bmises, abrasions, and lacerations\u2014 many of which were found on the victim\u2019s head and face. Dr. Radisch opined that the braises and abrasions to the victim\u2019s face were inconsistent with a fall against a flat surface and that the injuries to her head were primarily found on the back and side of the head. Seven lacerations were present on the back and side of the victim\u2019s head, each of which were caused by separate impacts. According to Dr. Radisch, the lacerations were inconsistent with a fall but were consistent with being struck by an object that would have lacerated the flesh without fracturing the skull. While some of the injuries may have been caused by a fall, the collective nature of the injuries was inconsistent with a fall. Dr. Radisch opined that the injuries were consistent with being struck with an object like a blow poke \u2014 a fireplace tool \u2014 because a blow poke is not solid. The bruises on the victim\u2019s arms and hands were considered defensive injuries by Dr. Radisch. In Dr. Radisch\u2019s opinion, the victim\u2019s death was the result of a homicide, with the cause of death being blunt force trauma to the head and with blood loss as a significant factor. Dr. Radisch testified that she reviewed two hundred eighty-seven cases in North Carolina involving deaths attributed to falls down stairs and that she particularly studied twenty-nine such deaths in the victim\u2019s age range. Of those twenty-nine deaths, seventeen had no scalp lacerations and twelve showed one, as compared to the victim\u2019s seven scalp lacerations.\nThomas Bouldin, M.D., a neuropathologist consulting with the Medical Examiner\u2019s Office, observed evidence of blunt force trauma to Kathleen\u2019s brain. He noted evidence consistent with a significant decrease in blood flow to the victim\u2019s brain at least two hours before death, which could have been caused by the extensive bleeding from the lacerations.\nEvidence as to Motive\nThe prosecution additionally presented evidence of defendant\u2019s and the victim\u2019s financial situation, including the victim\u2019s stress arising from her position at Nortel. The financial evidence indicated that defendant and the victim had more money leaving their accounts than coming in, as well as a substantial amount of credit card debt, and that the victim had significant amounts of life insurance and other assets which would benefit defendant upon the victim\u2019s death. The prosecution also presented evidence of defendant\u2019s extramarital sexual interests, including e-mails in which defendant attempted to arrange a sexual encounter with a male prostitute.\nThe trial court also admitted, over defense objections, evidence of the circumstances of the death of Elizabeth Ratliff, defendant\u2019s friend who died in the Federal Republic of Germany in 1985. The factual background of this evidence will be more thoroughly discussed in conjunction with our analysis of whether the trial court erred in its admission.\nDefendant\u2019s Evidence\nDefendant presented testimony from Jan Leestma, M.D., who was tendered as an expert in forensic neuropathology. Dr. Leestma disagreed with Dr. Radisch\u2019s opinion and testified that the wounds to the victim\u2019s head were more characteristic of impacts upon a relatively flat and immovable surface, such as the stairs; however, he could not completely rule out that the victim sustained the injuries by being struck with an object.\nDr. Henry Lee, a forensic scientist, testified that the scene of the crime was not consistent with a beating-type death. He explained that medium velocity blood spatter could be caused by a variety of actions, including the coughing of blood. He noted there were over 10,000 blood drops at the scene of the crime, and those drops appeared to be moving in different directions which would be inconsistent with a typical beating. Dr. Lee testified that he saw evidence of blood in the victim\u2019s mouth from scene photographs and that some of the blood at the scene may have been caused by coughing.\nDr. Faris Bandak, a professor of biomechanics at George Washington University, testified that, applying biomechanical principles, the victim\u2019s injuries were inconsistent with being struck with an object like a blow poke, but consistent with a fall. He explained how various surfaces in the stairway could have caused the injuries found on the victim\u2019s head and then utilized a sequence of illustrations to demonstrate how the victim could have fallen backwards after walking up a few of the stairs, stood up after her first fall, and then fallen once again. According to Dr. Bandak, the two falls would have produced four impacts, which would account for the injuries found.\nState\u2019s Rebuttal Evidence\nJohn Butts, M.D., the Chief Medical Examiner for the State of North Carolina, testified as a rebuttal witness. He stated that his experience led him to conclude that it would be unusual to find multiple lacerations across the back and top of the victim\u2019s head caused merely by a fall. Additionally, Dr. Butts testified that no blood was found in the victim\u2019s mouth or airway and that, in his opinion, there was no significant aspiration of blood. Other than a microscopic amount, there was an absence of blood in the victim\u2019s lungs, which indicated that it was unlikely she coughed blood.\nDr. James McElhaney, a former professor of biomedical engineering and surgery at Duke University, testified as a rebuttal witness for the prosecution concerning the biomechanics of a possible fall. In his opinion, the injuries were inconsistent with a fall and were consistent with those that might be caused by a beating with a blunt instrument. Dr. McElhaney based his opinion on six factors: (1) location of the lacerations; (2) length of the lacerations; (3) number of lacerations; (4) direction of the lacerations; (5) the velocity of either the victim\u2019s head during a possible fall or of an object striking the victim\u2019s head; and (6) the amount of energy associated with the injury. Taking these factors into account, Dr. McElhaney opined that while a couple of the lacerations could be attributed to a fall, the other lacerations were not, consistent with a fall down the stairs. Moreover, the velocity which would have been necessary to cause the lacerations during a fall would have been likely to cause skull fracturing. According to Dr. McElhaney, the victim would have had to sustain at least fifteen separate impacts to account for all her injuries.\nANALYSIS\nI. The Admission of Evidence Seized Pursuant to the Third Search Warrant\nThree search warrants authorizing the search of defendant\u2019s residence were applied for and issued, one each on 9 December 2001, 10 December 2001, and 12 December 2001. Only the 12 December 2001 warrant (third warrant) is at issue before this Court. Both the majority and the dissent at the Court of Appeals determined that this warrant, which authorized the search and seizure of items of evidentiary value from defendant\u2019s \u201ccomputers, CPUs, files, software, [and] accessories,\u201d was \u201cwoefully\u201d inadequate insofar as the probable cause affidavit failed to set out sufficient factual allegations to support the affiant\u2019s averment that probable cause existed to support issuance of a warrant. 197 N.C. App. at 450, 634 S.E.2d at 606. However, the majority of the Court of Appeals panel found that the erroneous admission of evidence from this search warrant was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. The dissent disagreed with this conclusion. Accordingly, the sole determination which we must make is whether the admission of evidence obtained by execution of the third search warrant was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. See N.C. R. App. P. 16(b). We conclude that, because the State presented overwhelming evidence of defendant\u2019s guilt, independent and separate from the tainted evidence, no reversible error occurred.\nBecause admission of the evidence illegally obtained through the invalid third search warrant is an error of constitutional magnitude, we must determine whether the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. See Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 24 (1967). The General Assembly has codified this rule and articulated the proper burden of proof as follows: \u201cA violation of the defendant\u2019s rights under the Constitution of the United States is prejudicial unless the appellate court finds that it was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. The burden is upon the State to demonstrate, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the error was harmless.\u201d N.C.G.S. \u00a7 15A-1443(b) (2005). One way this Court has determined whether an error is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt is by viewing the totality of the evidence against the defendant and determining if the independent non-tainted evidence is \u201coverwhelming.\u201d See State v. Tirado, 358 N.C. 551, 581, 599 S.E.2d 515, 536 (2004) (citing State v. Spaulding, 288 N.C. 397, 407-08, 219 S.E.2d 178, 185 (1975), vacated in part on other grounds, 428 U.S. 904 (1976)), cert. denied, 544 U.S. 909 (2005). The evidence seized pursuant to the invalid third search warrant pertained to two potential motives: (1) the financial situation of defendant and the victim and stress arising from that situation; and (2) defendant\u2019s extramarital sexual interests and dialogue with a male homosexual prostitute.\nIn order to convict a defendant of premeditated, first-degree murder, the State must prove: (1) an unlawful killing; (2) with malice; (3) with the specific intent to kill formed after some measure of premeditation and deliberation. See N.C.G.S. \u00a7 14-17 (2005); State v. Hamby, 276 N.C. 674, 678, 174 S.E.2d 385, 387 (1970), judgment vacated in part on other grounds, 408 U.S. 937 (1972). While motive is often an important part of the State\u2019s evidence, \u201c[m]otive is not an element of first-degree murder, nor is its absence a defense.\u201d State v. Elliott, 344 N.C. 242, 273, 475 S.E.2d 202, 216 (1996) (citing State v. Gainey, 343 N.C. 79, 84, 468 S.E.2d 227, 230 (1996), and State v. Van Landingham, 283 N.C. 589, 600, 197 S.E.2d 539, 546 (1973)), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1106 (1997). The prosecution in the instant case presented copious amounts of evidence relating not only to the elements of premeditated first-degree murder, but to motives defendant may have had to kill his wife. While the evidence seized pursuant to the third search warrant pointed to motive, the evidence was of a cumulative nature and the non-tainted evidence of the same motives is overwhelming. .\nThe prosecution presented evidence from defendant\u2019s computer, obtained pursuant to the third warrant, of e-mails between defendant and Brent Wolgamott, a male prostitute, along with other evidence that defendant had viewed sexually explicit photographs of men and visited pornographic websites. Further, defendant had used computer software designed to scrub information from the computer\u2019s hard drive. Defendant asserts that the evidence presented of the e-mail exchanges found on the computer between defendant and Wolgamott must have been used by the jury in determining a possible motive because \u201cthere is no evidence that Wolgamott\u2019s identify [sic] and knowledge of Defendant was discovered independent of the discovery of the e-mails on the computer.\u201d Therefore, defendant argues, \u201cthe State cannot carry its burden of proving that the search of the computer was harmless as to the discovery of Wolgamott.\u201d\nHowever, contrary to defendant\u2019s assertion, the State presented evidence in the form of printed e-mails obtained from defendant\u2019s desk drawer pursuant to the prior valid search warrants that contained not only Wolgamott\u2019s e-mail address, but his photograph and telephone number. Additionally, these printed e-mails and photographs were commingled with other important papers through which the victim may have searched, such as an itemized telephone bill and a Nortel Flex Benefit Statement. Also contained in the desk drawer was a printed \u201creview\u201d of Wolgamott\u2019s services. The printed emails between defendant and Wolgamott indicate that an arrangement for sexual services existed \u201cfor the set price.\u201d This evidence of defendant\u2019s planned sexual encounter with Wolgamott, standing apart from any of the tainted evidence found on defendant\u2019s computer, unquestionably established that the victim may have found out about defendant\u2019s activity and that this discovery led to an ensuing altercation resulting in the victim\u2019s death. The evidence found on the computer was merely cumulative evidence of defendant\u2019s sexual proclivities and arranged rendezvous with Wolgamott.\nThe evidence of the financial stress of defendant and the victim found on the computer was likewise cumulative. E-mails written by defendant indicated that the victim was experiencing stress as a. result of company layoffs which her employer called \u201coptimization.\u201d Additionally, the e-mails showed defendant requested his former wife\u2019s assistance in providing living expenses for his adult son and that defendant asked a Ratliff family relative to assist one of the Ratliff daughters with her educational expenses. The properly admitted evidence of the financial stress in the relationship was extensive and overwhelming. Katherine Kayser of Nortel\u2019s Human Resources Department testified that defendant received $346,998.59 from the victim\u2019s deferred compensation due to the victim\u2019s death, and that defendant claimed another $1,450,000.00 in insurance proceeds which were awaiting final approval by the insurance company. Therefore, Ms. Kayser testified that defendant stood to receive a total of $1,796,998.59 as a result of the victim\u2019s death. Moreover, after conducting a financial analysis of defendant\u2019s situation, Special Agent Raymond Lawrence Young of the State Bureau of Investigation\u2019s Financial Crimes Unit, who is also a certified public accountant, testified as to the cash flow problems present in the household and the couple\u2019s substantial credit card debt that surpassed $140,000.00. All of Young\u2019s testimony was derived from evidence obtained independently of the evidence seized pursuant to the third warrant. Additionally, the victim\u2019s sister, Candace Zamperini, testified extensively concerning the tension the victim was under and how the victim relayed to her that \u201c[a]ll I ever do is talk to [defendant] about the stresses at Nortel. I just don\u2019t know how to turn things around.\u201d The evidence that financial stress existed in the relationship between defendant and the victim, and that defendant stood to gain from the victim\u2019s death, is overwhelming even without considering the cumulative evidence retrieved from defendant\u2019s computer pursuant to the third warrant.\nBecause the evidence of defendant\u2019s guilt and possible motives is overwhelming, the admission of evidence seized pursuant to the third warrant was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt and \u201cthe guilty verdict actually rendered in this trial was surely unattributable to the error.\u201d Sullivan v. Louisiana, 508 U.S. 275, 279 (1993).\nII. The Admission of Evidence Concerning the Death of Elizabeth Ratliff\nDefendant asserts that the trial court committed prejudicial error in admitting, over his objection, evidence concerning the death of Elizabeth Ratliff in the Federal Republic of Germany in 1985, in violation of Rules 401, 402, 403, and 404 of the North Carolina Rules of Evidence. The trial court, after having evidence presented to it outside the presence of the jury, made the following findings of fact in ruling upon defendant\u2019s motion in limine seeking exclusion of this evidence:\n1. The Defendant was present and represented by his counsels of record, David Rudolf and Thomas Maher. The State of North Carolina was represented by District Attorney James Hardin, Jr. and Assistant District Attorneys Freda Black and David Saacks.\n2. A voir dire hearing was held outside the presence of the jury on August 18, 2003 and August 20-22, 2003. Live testimony was given by Cheryl Appel-Schumacher, a friend of Elizabeth Ratliff, Margaret Blair, a sister of Elizabeth Ratliff, and Dr. Deborah Radisch, a forensic pathologist with the North Carolina Office of the Chief Medical Examiner. The Court also received into evidence several photographs, documents, and a written proffer regarding the testimony of Margaret Blair.\n3. Elizabeth Ratliff was a close friend and neighbor of the Defendant and his former wife, Patricia Peterson, when they lived in Germany in 1985. She had two young daughters named Margaret and Martha. Her husband, George Ratliff, was in the U.S. Air Force and he had passed away while away on assignment in October, 1983.\n4. On the morning of November 25, 1985, Elizabeth Ratliff was found dead on the floor at the bottom of her open stairway in her home in Germany. The Defendant was summoned to the scene as were several other friends and associates.\n5. The Defendant was with Ms. Ratliff the night before for dinner, and went back with her to her house to help with the children and a household chore.\n6. Ms. Ratliff was found wearing her yellow plastic type boots that she would normally wear outdoors. It had snowed in that location two days before.\n7. A large amount of blood was present at the scene, including bloodstains on the wall next to the stairway from the top of the stairs to the bottom, and underneath as well. The blood-. stains at the top of the stairs contained smaller drops and appeared as if flicked on the wall by a small paintbrush. Bloodstains were also present on the wall opposite the staircase in the foyer area and on a refrigerator in the nearby kitchen. A pool of blood was found on the floor where Ms. Ratliff was found.\n8. The Defendant dealt with the German authorities who responded that morning, and later handled the relations with the American military investigators who came to the scene. He also informed the friends and associates that Ms. Ratliff had died from a fall down the stairs.\n9. An autopsy performed in Germany at a U.S. Army hospital, .with a later review by the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, determined that Ms. Ratliff died naturally of spontaneous intracranial bleeding and her physical trauma injuries were secondary due to her fall down the stairs.\n10.Ms. Ratliff was exhumed in April, 2003 and brought to North Carolina\u2019s Office of the Chief Medical Examiner for a subsequent forensic autopsy, which determined her death to be a homicide. During that autopsy, Dr. Radisch found seven severe lacerations to the scalp of Ms. Ratliff, with a linear skull fracture underneath one of the lacerations. Evidence of other intracranial bleeding was present as well.\n11. Pursuant to the Last Will and Testament of Elizabeth Ratliff, Defendant and his former wife became the guardians of Ms. Ratliffs children, Margaret and Martha, and received certain household goods from her estate. The Defendant also received the benefits payments from the government to the children on their behalf.\n12. Several similarities exist between the death of Elizabeth Ratliff in Germany in 1985 and the subject of this trial, which is the death of Kathleen Peterson in Durham, North Carolina in 2001. These similarities include:\na. The deceased being found at the bottom of a stairway.\nb. No eyewitnesses to either alleged fall down the stairs.\nc. A large amount of blood present.\nd. Blood spatter present high and dried on the wall next to the stairway, including a bloodstain with small drops.\ne. No evidence of any forced entry or exit, or of any property being stolen.\nf. No murder weapon being recovered.\ng. The general time of day (late night to early morning) and general period of the calendar (late November to early December).\nh. Both deceased persons were females in their 40\u2019s who had a close personal relationship with the Defendant.\ni. Both deceased persons were similar in physical characteristics so that they looked alike and reported of severe headaches in the weeks before their death.\nj. Both deceased persons were planning to go on a trip in the near future and had dinner with the Defendant on the night before their death.\nk. Both deceased persons were later determined to have died from blunt force trauma to the head, including the same number of scalp lacerations and same general location of scalp wounds.\nl. Both deceased persons had what could be characterized as defensive wounds on their bodies.\nm. The manner of death for both deceased persons was later determined to be homicide.\nn. The Defendant was the last known person to see both of these persons alive.\no. By being summoned to the scene in Germany and living at the scene in Durham, the Defendant is then present on the scene when the authorities arrive and reports that the death is the result of an accidental fall down the stairs.\np. The Defendant is in charge of the remains, effects, and household after each death, and is potentially in charge of each estate after death.\nq. The Defendant received money or other items of value after each death.\nBecause these findings of fact by the trial court are supported by competent evidence found in the record, we consider them conclusive on appeal. See State v. Cummings, 361 N.C. 438, 471-72, 648 S.E.2d 788, 808 (2007) (citing State v. Wiggins, 334 N.C. 18, 38, 431 S.E.2d 755, 767 (1993)). Based upon these findings of fact, the trial court found the evidence regarding the Ratliff death to be relevant as to intent, knowledge, and absence of accident. Additionally, the trial court found that \u201c [substantial evidence in the form of sufficient similar facts and circumstances exists between the two deaths so that a jury could reasonably find that the Defendant committed both acts,\u201d that the remoteness in time between the two deaths did not diminish its admissibility, that the evidence was admissible under Rules 402 and 404(b) of the Rules of Evidence, and that \u201c[t]he probative value of this evidence outweighs any prejudicial effect on the Defendant.\u201d\nDefendant asserts that the trial' court erred in admitting this evidence because there was no evidence which tended to show that defendant was responsible for the death of Elizabeth Ratliff. In State v. Jeter, this Court stated:\n[Rule 404(b)] includes no requisite that the evidence tending to prove defendant\u2019s identity as the perpetrator of another crime be direct evidence, exclusively. Neither the rule nor its application indicates that examples of other provisions \u2014 such as admissibility of evidence of other offenses to prove motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, or plan \u2014 rest solely upon direct evidence. Under the statutory scheme of Rules 403 and 404, the concern that anything other than direct evidence of a defendant\u2019s identity in a similar offense might \u201cmislead [the jury] and raise a legally spurious presumption of guilt\u201d is met instead by the balancing test required by Rule 403: the critical inquiry regarding evidence of other offenses introduced for purposes of showing defendant\u2019s identity as the perpetrator of the offense for which he is being tried is not whether it is direct or circumstantial, but whether its tendency to prove identity in the charged offense substantially outweighs any tendency unfairly to prejudice the defendant.\n326 N.C. 457, 459, 389 S.E.2d 805, 806-07 (1990) (alteration in original) (internal citation omitted). Thus, the prosecution was not required to present to the trial court direct evidence of defendant\u2019s involvement in the death of Elizabeth Ratliff, but could present circumstantial evidence which tends \u201cto support a reasonable inference that the same person committed both the earlier and later acts.\u201d State v. Stager, 329 N.C. 278, 304, 406 S.E.2d 876, 891 (1991). In other words,\nevidence is admissible under Rule 404(b) of the North Carolina Rules of Evidence if it is substantial evidence tending to support a reasonable finding by the jury that the defendant committed a similar act or crime and its probative value is not limited solely to tending to establish the defendant\u2019s propensity to commit a crime such as the crime charged.\nId. at 303-04, 406 S.E.2d at 890 (citations omitted). The trial court\u2019s findings of fact indicate not only significant similarities between the deaths of the victim and Elizabeth Ratliff, but also indicate sufficient circumstantial evidence that defendant was involved in Ratliff\u2019s death \u2014 such as defendant being the last known person to see Ratliff alive; defendant being with Ratliff the night of her death; and there being no sign of forced entry and nothing missing from the residence, which indicated that Ratliff likely knew her assailant.\nThis case is significantly similar to State v. Stager, in which the defendant was on trial for the first-degree murder of her second husband. Id. at 285, 406 S.E.2d at 879-80. The defendant told emergency responders that she accidently shot her second husband while she was removing a pistol from underneath a pillow. Id. at 286, 406 S.E.2d at 880. During their investigation of the death of defendant\u2019s second husband, investigators became aware that defendant\u2019s first husband died from a gunshot wound ten years earlier. Id. at 291-92, 406 S.E.2d at 883-84. The trial court determined that there were substantial similarities between the two deaths and found as a matter of law that the circumstances surrounding the death of the first husband were admissible \u201cas evidence of intent, plan, preparation, or absence of accident.\u201d Id. at 303, 406 S.E.2d at 890. This Court rejected the defendant\u2019s arguments that the evidence was irrelevant to prove intent or absence of accident. Id. at 304, 406 S.E.2d at 891. This Court noted eight similarities in Stager:\n(1) each of the defendant\u2019s husbands had died as a result of a single gunshot wound, (2) the weapon in each case was a .25 caliber semi-automatic handgun, (3) both weapons were purchased for the defendant\u2019s protection, (4) both men were shot in the early morning hours, (5) the defendant discovered both victims after their respective shootings, (6) the defendant was the last person in the immediate company of both victims, (7) both victims died in the bed that they shared with the defendant, and (8) the defendant benefited from life insurance proceeds resulting from both deaths.\nId. at 305-06, 406 S.E.2d at 892. Additionally, this Court rejected the defendant\u2019s argument that the temporal proximity of the two deaths weighed against admission of the evidence, stating \u201cremoteness in time is less significant when the prior conduct is used to show intent, motive, knowledge, or lack of accident; remoteness in time generally affects only the weight to be given such evidence, not its admissibility.\u201d Id. at 307, 406 S.E.2d at 893.\nThe similarities in the case sub judice are also striking. The trial court considered all of the evidence and found seventeen similarities between the deaths of Elizabeth Ratliff and the victim. Moreover, remoteness in time between the two deaths could affect the weight the jury might give to the evidence, but did not affect its admissibility. See id.\nWe review the trial court\u2019s decision to admit the evidence pursuant to Rule 403 for an abuse of discretion. State v. Al-Bayyinah, 359 N.C. 741, 747-48, 616 S.E.2d 500, 506-07 (2005) (\u201cWhether to exclude evidence is a decision within the trial court\u2019s discretion.\u201d), cert. denied, 547 U.S. 1076 (2006). An \u201c \u2018[a]buse of discretion results where the court\u2019s ruling is manifestly unsupported by reason or is so arbitrary that it could not have been the result of a reasoned decision.\u2019 \u201d State v. Elliott, 360 N.C. 400, 419, 628 S.E.2d 735, 748 (quoting State v. Hennis, 323 N.C. 279, 285, 372 S.E.2d 523, 527 (1988)), cert. denied, -U.S. -, 127 S. Ct. 505, 166 L. Ed. 2d 378 (2006). \u201cIn our review, we consider not whether we might disagree with the trial court, but whether the trial court\u2019s actions are fairly supported by the record.\u201d State v. Lasiter, 361 N.C. 299, 302, 643 S.E.2d 909, 911 (2007) (citing Wainwright v. Witt, 469 U.S. 412, 434 (1985)). The trial court did not act outside the bounds of reason in determining that the probative value of the evidence was not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. We accordingly hold the trial court did not err in admitting evidence concerning the death of Elizabeth Ratliff.\nIII. The Prosecution\u2019s Closing Arguments\nDefendant asserts that the trial court erred in overruling his objections to certain portions of the prosecution\u2019s closing arguments. In determining possible prejudice arising from improper arguments, we consider an allegedly improper statement in its broader context, as \u201cparticular prosecutorial arguments are not viewed in an isolated vacuum.\u201d State v. Moseley, 338 N.C. 1, 50, 449 S.E.2d 412, 442 (1994), cert. denied, 514 U.S. 1091 (1995). The following exchange took place during the closing argument of Assistant District Attorney Black:\n[Ms. Black:] Agent Deaver, Doctor Radisch, and Doctor Butts. You know what? They\u2019re state employees. Just like most of us that work here in the courthouse. And they work for your state. They work for your state, North Carolina.\nMr. Maher [Defense Counsel]: Objection.\nThe Court: Overruled.\nMs. Black: Not Chicago, Illinois. Not Connecticut. They work for us. They gave you truthful and accurate information. And you know what? They didn\u2019t get paid not one penny extra to come in here. Deaver should have, my goodness what he had to go through on the witness stand, but, no, he didn\u2019t get an extra penny.\nThey might not have written books that they\u2019re signing and autographing for everybody. They might not travel to all of the rest of the states and give seminars and lectures. They\u2019re not allowed to, actually. It\u2019s not that they\u2019re not good enough to, it\u2019s they\u2019re not allowed to. They might not have appeared on Larry King Live or Court TV. But you know what? They are tried and true. Tried and true. Because they work for us.\nMr. Maher: Objection.\nMs. Black: For our state.\nThe Court: Approach the bench.\n(The following bench conference was held on the record:)\nMr. Maher: I\u2019m objecting because the suggestion that these witnesses work for us, including the jurors, is improper. They\u2019re not special employees that came in for these jurors, and the suggestion that somehow because they work for us that they are more believable I think is improper, and that\u2019s why I\u2019m objecting.\nThe Court: Ms. Black.\nMs. Black: They do.\nMr. Maher: They don\u2019t work for the jurors.\nMs. Black: They work for the State of North Carolina and the jurors live in the State of North Carolina.\nMr. Maher: That is exactly the point, is that it\u2019s improper to suggest that because these jurors live in North Carolina, that employees \u2014 or they have no control over \u2014 are somehow more credible, and I\u2019m objecting.\nMs. Black: That\u2019s all I\u2019m going to say about it.\nMr. Maher: That\u2019s the basis for our objection.\nThe Court: It\u2019s overruled in the Court\u2019s discretion.\n(Conclusion of bench conference.)\nThe Court: All right. Objection is overruled.\nMs. Black: Now what further distinctions can be drawn about the experts? Well, one thing about Radisch, Deaver and Butts is they have been in this very courtroom before. They have. They\u2019ve testified in front of people just like you. Durham County juries.\nLee, Leestma, Bandak, Palmbach, they\u2019ve never been to Durham, as far as I know, in this courthouse before to testify, and they\u2019ll probably maybe never come back here again.\nBut after the tents and the vans are removed from outside of the courthouse, after all of the reporters and the cameras are gone, after all these cords and tape and everything are taken up from the floor, after we put \u2014 get the box down, after the microphones are all removed, Court TV goes to cover another case, after we get our courthouse back to normal, Deaver, Radisch, and Butts will be back in this courtroom again. They will. There will be other cases. Other murder cases. They\u2019ll be in that very witness stand again. Because that\u2019s what they do for a living. That\u2019s their livelihood. That\u2019s how they pay their bills.\nMr. Maher: Objection.\nThe Court: Overruled.\nMs. Black: Doing the jobs that they do. And because they have to go face Durham County juries again, they only face juries from Murphy to Manteo, why in the world would they stake their reputation, their integrity, why would they stick their necks out to ruin their reliability when they know they\u2019ve got to face people like you again? The answer to that question is they wouldn\u2019t. They wouldn\u2019t. They wouldn\u2019t come in here and give you inaccurate information. They\u2019re not going to do that.\nMr. Maher: Objection.\nThe Court: Approach the bench, please.\n(The following bench conference was held on the record:)\nMr. Rudolf: I just want to put on the record that I\u2019ve now heard at least ten times when Ms. Black has vouched for the credibility of a witness. I believe that\u2019s reversible error. I think the Court ought to be admonishing the jury that no lawyer ought to be vouching for the credibility of any witness or for their own credibility.\nShe\u2019s vouched for her own credibility, she\u2019s vouched for credibility of a witness. I think that\u2019s reversible error. Just for the record, I\u2019m asking for a mistrial.\nI know the Court is going to deny that, and I\u2019d ask the Court to admonish the jury that Ms. Black ought not be vouching for anybody. Credibility of a witness is for them to decide, not Ms. Black to vouch for.\nThe Court: Well, I think that there were a couple of instances where you gave the Court the impression that you were \u2014 your personal opinion. For instance, you said I don\u2019t think they would do that, meaning they would come in and give improper testimony.\nMs. Black: I didn\u2019t use the words, \u201cI don\u2019t.\u201d\nThe Court: Yeah, I think you did.\nBut anyway, at this point, the motion for a mistrial in the Court\u2019s discretion is denied. I\u2019m not really sure about the \u201cus\u201d and the \u201cthem,\u201d about they\u2019re coming down here, and they\u2019re your witnesses, they work for your state. I think that\u2019s a close issue. So I think you better be careful about that. I will instruct the jury that the personal opinion of counsel is not allowed.\nMr. Rudolf: Thank you.\nThe Court: Anything else?\nMr. Hardin: No, sir.\nMs. Black: No, sir.\n(Conclusion of bench conference.)\nThe Court: Members of the jury, at several points counsel has indicated to the jury what the Court considers to be her personal opinions. Personal opinions about the credibility of witnesses or about anything else is not allowed by counsel and you ought to disregard that. The credibility of witnesses will be for the jury. Counsel can make arguments as to why she believes you should accept her position, but her personal opinions, such as \u201cI believe,\u201d [are] not allowed by counsel.\n\u201cIn a hotly contested trial... \u2018[t]he scope of jury arguments is left largely to the control and discretion of the trial court, and trial counsel will be granted wide latitude.\u2019 \u201d State v. Allen, 360 N.C. 297, 306, 626 S.E.2d 271, 280 (quoting State v. Call, 349 N.C. 382, 419, 508 S.E.2d 496, 519 (1998) (alteration in original)), cert. denied, -U.S. -, 127 S. Ct. 164, 166 L. Ed. 2d 116 (2006). In cases in which counsel makes a contemporaneous objection to opposing counsel\u2019s argument, this Court reviews the decision of the trial court for abuse of discretion. See State v. Jones, 355 N.C. 117, 131, 558 S.E.2d 97, 106 (2002). \u201cIn order to assess whether a trial court has abused its discretion when deciding a particular matter, this Court must determine if the ruling \u2018could not have been the result of a reasoned decision.\u2019 \u201d Id. (quoting State v. Burrus, 344 N.C. 79, 90, 472 S.E.2d 867, 875 (1996)). This Court has articulated a two-part analysis for determining whether the trial court abused its discretion in such cases. \u201c[T]his Court first determines if the remarks were improper . . . . Next, we determine if the remarks were of such a magnitude that their inclusion prejudiced defendant, and thus should have been excluded by the trial court.\u201d Id. (citing Coble v. Coble, 79 N.C. 439, 79 N.C. 589 (1878)).\nIn applying this analysis to the case at bar, we note that the State has conceded that Assistant District Attorney Black\u2019s arguments were both \u201cexcessive and inappropriate.\u201d We will thus assume the statements at issue made by Assistant District Attorney Black to the jury were outside the parameters of acceptable argument and therefore improper. Because we assume the argument was improper, we must determine whether the argument prejudiced defendant to the degree that he is entitled to a new trial.\n\u201c[F]or an inappropriate prosecutorial comment to justify a new trial, it \u2018must be sufficiently grave that it is prejudicial [error].\u2019 \u201d State v. Soyars, 332 N.C. 47, 60, 418 S.E.2d 480, 487-88 (1992) (quoting State v. Britt, 291 N.C. 528, 537, 231 S.E.2d 644, 651 (1977) (alteration in original)). \u201cIn order to reach the level of \u2018prejudicial error\u2019 in this regard, it now is well established that the prosecutor\u2019s comments must have \u2018so infected the trial with unfairness as to make the resulting conviction a denial of due process.\u2019 \u201d State v. Green, 336 N.C. 142, 186, 443 S.E.2d 14, 40 (quoting Darden v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 168, 181 (1986) (quoting Donnelly v. DeChristoforo, 416 U.S. 637 (1974))), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1046 (1994). However, this Court has held that when the trial court instructs the jury to disregard improper arguments and instructs counsel to confine his arguments to those matters contained in evidence, such an instruction renders the error caused by the improper arguments cured. See State v. Sanders, 303 N.C. 608, 618, 281 S.E.2d 7, 13, cert. denied, 454 U.S. 973 (1981).\nDefendant argues that the trial court\u2019s curative instruction did not pertain to the portion of the closing argument in which Ms. Black advised the jurors to believe the prosecution\u2019s expert witnesses because they \u201cwork for us.\u201d Additionally, defendant contends .that this statement amounts to prejudicial error that warrants a new trial. The State argues that the trial court\u2019s instruction did include the statements about which defendant complains and, even in the absence of the curative instruction, the statements did not rise to the level of prejudicial error. We agree with defendant that the curative instruction did not relate to the statements made concerning the State\u2019s experts \u201cworking for\u201d the jury, but we agree with the State that any prejudice arising from these statements did not \u201c \u2018so infect[] the trial with unfairness as to make the resulting conviction a denial of due process.\u2019 \u201d Green, 336 N.C. at 186, 443 S.E.2d at 39 (citations omitted).\nDefense counsel objected three times concerning Ms. Black\u2019s argument that the prosecution\u2019s expert witnesses should be considered credible because they were State employees. All three of those objections were overruled by the trial court. It was not until Ms. Black stated \u201cThey wouldn\u2019t come in here and give you inaccurate information. They\u2019re not going to do that,\u201d and defendant objected a fourth time, that the trial court determined it should instruct the jury to disregard the personal opinions of counsel. Although the trial court expressed some concern over the statements by Ms. Black encouraging the jury to consider that the experts were State employees, the trial court only instructed the jury: \u201cPersonal opinions about the credibility of witnesses or about anything else is not allowed by counsel and you ought to disregard that.\u201d The State\u2019s argument here does not take into account the sequence of events in which the trial court overruled defendant\u2019s objections as to the \u201cthey work for us\u201d statements, but instructed the jury to disregard the statements of personal opinion such as: \u201cThey wouldn\u2019t come in here and give you inaccurate information. They\u2019re not going to do that.\u201d Accordingly, the trial court\u2019s instruction did not cure the error which arose from Ms. Black\u2019s statements that the prosecution\u2019s experts were to be believed because they worked for the State of North Carolina.\nHowever, we cannot say that the statements made by Ms. Black rise to the level of reversible error. Defendant cites the cases of State v. Allen, 353 N.C. 504, 546 S.E.2d 372 (2001) and State v. Jones, 355 N.C. 117, 558 S.E.2d 97 (2002), in support of his position. We determine that these cases are significantly distinguishable so as to warrant a different result.\nIn State v. Allen, this Court reversed the defendant\u2019s convictions because the prosecutor advised the jury that the trial court had \u201cfound\u201d certain hearsay statements to be \u201ctrustworthy and reliable.\u201d 353 N.C. at 509, 546 S.E.2d at 375. We noted that \u201c[t]his argument clearly conveyed an opinion as to the credibility of evidence that was before the jury. This opinion was attributed directly to the trial judge in his presence, and he then overruled defendant\u2019s objection to this revelation.\u201d Id. The.statement was not improper because it gave the opinion of the prosecutor, but because it improperly stated a \u201clegal opinion of the trial court on the admissibility and credibility of evidence, an opinion which was specifically outside the record.\u201d Id. at 510, 546 S.E.2d at 376. In the case sub judice, there is no support to be found in the record for the contention that Ms. Black was asserting that the trial court in some way endorsed the testimony of the prosecution\u2019s witnesses.\nThis case is also significantly different from State v. Jones. In Jones, this Court found it was improper for the prosecutor to invoke the Columbine school shootings and the Oklahoma City bombing as examples of tragedies that were analogous to the tragedy of the victim\u2019s death. 355 N.C. at 132, 558 S.E.2d at 107. These statements could not \u201cbe construed as anything but a thinly veiled attempt to appeal to the jury\u2019s emotions by comparing defendant\u2019s crime with two of the most heinous violent criminal acts of the recent past.\u201d Id. Additionally, this Court found it prejudicial when the prosecutor engaged in unnecessary name-calling. The prosecutor stated, \u201cYou got this quitter, this loser, this worthless piece of \u2014 who\u2019s mean .... He\u2019s as mean as they come. He\u2019s lower than the dirt on a snake\u2019s belly.\u201d 355 N.C. at 133, 558 S.E.2d at 107. There is absolutely no indication in the record that Ms. Black engaged in any name-calling or appealed to the raw emotions of the jurors.\nThis trial spanned five months, and the record contains thousands of pages of transcripts. The offending statements by Ms. Black spanned less than five minutes. We conclude that defendant has not met his burden of showing, in the totality of the trial and closing arguments, that the jury would have reached a different result had the trial court sustained defendant\u2019s objection or instructed the jury in a broader manner so as to preclude consideration of the improper argument. Because this burden has not been met pursuant to N.C.G.S. \u00a7 15A-1443(a), we hold that the statements made by Ms. Black were not so egregious as to require a new trial. See State v. Rosier, 322 N.C. 826, 829, 370 S.E.2d 359, 361 (1988).\nCONCLUSION\nBecause we hold that admission of the evidence seized pursuant to the third search warrant was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt, that the trial court did not err in admitting evidence concerning the death of Elizabeth Ratliff, and that the prosecutor\u2019s closing arguments did not amount to reversible error, we affirm the decision of the Court of Appeals.\nAFFIRMED.", "type": "majority", "author": "BRADY, Justice." } ], "attorneys": [ "Roy Cooper, Attorney General, by John G. Barnwell and William B. Grumpier, Assistant Attorneys General, for the State.", "Thomas K. Maher for defendant-appellant." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. MICHAEL IVER PETERSON\nNo. 547A06\n(Filed 9 November 2007)\n1. Evidence\u2014 seizure under inadequate search warrant \u2014 admission not prejudicial\nAny error in a prosecution for first-degree murder in the admission of evidence of motive seized from defendant\u2019s computers and related material pursuant to an invalid search warrant was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. The prosecution presented copious amounts of evidence relating to the elements of first-degree murder, as well as to motive (which is often important but is not an element).\n2. Evidence\u2014 similar death \u2014 similarities sufficient\nThe trial court did not err in a first-degree murder prosecution by admitting evidence concerning a similar death where the court\u2019s findings indicate significant similarities between the two events and sufficient circumstantial evidence that defendant was involved in the prior death. Remoteness in time between the two deaths might affect the weight of the evidence, but not its admissibility.\n3. Criminal Law\u2014 prosecutor\u2019s closing argument \u2014 credibility of State experts \u2014 improper but not prejudicial\nA prosecutor\u2019s closing argument that State\u2019s experts were to be believed because they worked for the State of North Carolina was conceded on appeal to be improper, but did not prejudice defendant to the point of a new trial. The offending statements spanned less than five minutes in a five month trial and defendant did not meet his burden of showing, within the totality of the trial and closing arguments, that the outcome would have been different had the court sustained defendant\u2019s objection or given a broader curative instruction th\u00e1t applied to these statements.\nAppeal pursuant to N.C.G.S. \u00a7 7A-30(2) from the decision of a divided panel of the Court of Appeals, 179 N.C. App. 437, 634 S.E.2d 594 (2006), finding no prejudicial error in and affirming a judgment entered 10 October 2003 by Judge Orlando F. Hudson, Jr. in Superior Court, Durham County, upon a jury verdict finding defendant guilty of first-degree murder. Heard in the Supreme Court 10 September 2007.\nRoy Cooper, Attorney General, by John G. Barnwell and William B. Grumpier, Assistant Attorneys General, for the State.\nThomas K. Maher for defendant-appellant." }, "file_name": "0587-01", "first_page_order": 645, "last_page_order": 667 }