{ "id": 4356842, "name": "MARK W. WHITE v. ROBERT J. TREW", "name_abbreviation": "White v. Trew", "decision_date": "2013-01-25", "docket_number": "No. 33PA12", "first_page": "360", "last_page": "366", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "366 N.C. 360" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C.", "id": 9292, "name": "Supreme Court of North Carolina" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "720 S.E.2d 713", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 2011, "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "643 S.E.2d 566", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "case_ids": [ 12638095 ], "year": 2007, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "570" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/se2d/643/0566-01" ] }, { "cite": "516 S.E.2d 610", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1998, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "349 N.C. 241", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 571558, 571657, 571536, 571508, 571643 ], "year": 1998, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/349/0241-05", "/nc/349/0241-01", "/nc/349/0241-04", "/nc/349/0241-03", "/nc/349/0241-02" ] }, { "cite": "500 S.E.2d 470", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "472" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "129 N.C. App. 836", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 11653533 ], "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "839" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/129/0836-01" ] }, { "cite": "495 S.E.2d 721", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 9, "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "723" }, { "page": "725" }, { "page": "724" }, { "page": "724-25" }, { "page": "723" }, { "page": "724-25" }, { "page": "725" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "347 N.C. 548", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 551074 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "554" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/347/0548-01" ] }, { "cite": "530 S.E.2d 829", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "837", "parenthetical": "stating that in a defamation action, \"the [defendant]'s state of mind, motive, or subjective intent is an element of [the] plaintiff's claim\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "352 N.C. 77", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 684915 ], "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "87", "parenthetical": "stating that in a defamation action, \"the [defendant]'s state of mind, motive, or subjective intent is an element of [the] plaintiff's claim\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/352/0077-01" ] }, { "cite": "94 S.E.2d 577", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1956, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "244 N.C. 560", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2219472 ], "year": 1956, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/244/0560-01" ] }, { "cite": "473 S.E.2d 1", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "3", "parenthetical": "citing Jenkins v. N.C. Dep't of Motor Vehicles, 244 N.C. 560, 94 S.E.2d 577 (1956)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "344 N.C. 179", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 867546 ], "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "183", "parenthetical": "citing Jenkins v. N.C. Dep't of Motor Vehicles, 244 N.C. 560, 94 S.E.2d 577 (1956)" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/344/0179-01" ] }, { "cite": "388 S.E.2d 439", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 3, "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "442-43" }, { "page": "443" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "326 N.C. 231", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 5306084 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "237-38" }, { "page": "238" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/326/0231-01" ] }, { "cite": "489 S.E.2d 880", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 3, "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "883-90" }, { "page": "884" }, { "page": "889", "parenthetical": "quotation marks omitted" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "347 N.C. 97", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 551301 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "104-14" }, { "page": "104" }, { "page": "113" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/347/0097-01" ] }, { "cite": "361 N.C. 265", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 3738344 ], "year": 2007, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "271" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/361/0265-01" ] }, { "cite": "720 S.E.2d 713", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 6, "year": 2011, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "720" }, { "page": "718" }, { "page": "720" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "411 S.E.2d 916", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "920" } ], "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "330 N.C. 487", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2513373 ], "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "491" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nc/330/0487-01" ] }, { "cite": "495 S.E.2d 721", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "724-25", "parenthetical": "advising, but not requiring, that a complaint state the capacity in which a defendant is being sued" } ], "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "347 N.C. 548", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 551074 ], "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "554", "parenthetical": "advising, but not requiring, that a complaint state the capacity in which a defendant is being sued" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nc/347/0548-01" ] }, { "cite": "489 S.E.2d 880", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "887-88", "parenthetical": "allegations in complaint reviewed to determine capacity in which a defendant is sued" } ], "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "347 N.C. 97", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 551301 ], "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "110-11", "parenthetical": "allegations in complaint reviewed to determine capacity in which a defendant is sued" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nc/347/0097-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 809, "char_count": 17109, "ocr_confidence": 0.763, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.409573605429886e-07, "percentile": 0.6466938806084833 }, "sha256": "2bede892f9b8bfda390893fb3a00a1d94fc9782042ce1efd60ebff4c35d70697", "simhash": "1:090230a055ed979c", "word_count": 2708 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T15:35:25.873086+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Justice BEASLEY did not participate in the consideration or decision, of this case.", "Justice HUDSON joins in this dissenting opinion." ], "parties": [ "MARK W. WHITE v. ROBERT J. TREW" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JACKSON, Justice.\nIn this appeal we consider whether sovereign immunity bars a libel suit by a tenured public university professor against his department head for an unfavorable annual review when the complaint does not specify whether the department head is being sued in his official or individual capacity. We hold that when the complaint does not specify the capacity in which a public official is being sued for actions taken in the course and scope of his employment, we will presume that the public official is being sued only in his official capacity. Accordingly, we reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals.\nDuring the 2006-2007 academic year, defendant Robert J. Trew was head of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at North Carolina State University (\u201cN.C. State\u201d). Plaintiff Mark W. White was a tenured associate professor in the department. At that time N.C. State required that every faculty member receive an annual review. N.C. State, Reg. 05.20.3(1) (2005). Specifically, the University\u2019s regulation stated: \u201cIt is the responsibility of each department head to review the performance of each faculty member and to keep the appropriate dean apprised of the status of the reviews.\u201d Id. The regulation further provided that when writing the annual review, the department head \u201cmay consult with the tenured faculty of the department and may seek such other advice as the department head deems appropriate in the conduct of the review.\u201d Id. 05.20.3(2.3) (2005). The regulation also stated: \u201cThe department head will provide a written summary of the review and the faculty member may provide a written response. The written summary and any response will become part of the personnel file.\u201d Id. 05.20.3(2.4) (2005). Once it became part of the personnel file, this information was \u201copen for inspection and examination\u201d by \u201cany individual in the chain of administrative authority above\u201d the faculty member. 25 NCAC 1C .0304(d) (June 2008); see also N.C.G.S. \u00a7 126-24 (2011).\nIn accordance with N.C. State\u2019s regulations, defendant, in his role as department head, wrote an annual review of plaintiff for the 2006-2007 academic year. In the annual review defendant concluded that plaintiff did not meet the department\u2019s expectations and had \u201cengaged in extremely disruptive behavior and conduct.\u201d Defendant also listed \u201c[s]pecific instances of unprofessional behavior\u201d by plaintiff. Defendant shared the annual review with College of Engineering Dean Louis Martin-Vega and N.C. State\u2019s in-house counsel.\nOn 17 September 2007, plaintiff received a copy of the annual review. In response, plaintiff sent a \u201crebuttal letter\u201d to Dean Martin-Vega, demanding that the dean correct alleged \u201cfalsities\u201d in the annual review. Dean Martin-Vega took no action. As a result, on 14 November 2007, plaintiff filed a university grievance petition pursuant to section 126-25 of the North Carolina General Statutes, alleging that defendant had made \u201chighly inaccurate and misleading\u201d statements in the annual review and demanding that the review be corrected or removed from plaintiff\u2019s personnel file.\nSubsequently, on 11 September 2008, while the grievance process-was on hold, plaintiff filed a complaint in Superior Court, Wake County, alleging that the annual review \u201ccontained numerous false and defamatory statements.\u201d Plaintiff alleged that these \u201cstatements ha[d] been published and made available to faculty and administrators at NCSU.\u201d Plaintiff further alleged that \u201cdefendant\u2019s false accusations about the plaintiff . . . were willful, unjustified and malicious, and were motivated by personal hatred, spite or ill-will visa-vis the plaintiff.\u201d On 13 October 2008, defendant filed an answer and motion to dismiss pursuant to various provisions of Rule 12(b) of the North Carolina Rules of- Civil Procedure. Defendant denied the material allegations of the complaint and asserted a number of defenses, including qualified privilege and sovereign immunity. After a hearing the trial court denied defendant\u2019s motion to dismiss on 22 December 2010.\nDefendant appealed to the Court of Appeals, which unanimously affirmed the trial court\u2019s order denying defendant\u2019s motion to dismiss. White v. Trew, \u2014 N.C. App. \u2014, \u2014, 720 S.E.2d 713, 720 (2011). The court concluded that sovereign immunity did not bar plaintiff\u2019s claim because \u201cplaintiff sought to sue defendant in his individual capacity and drafted the complaint in such a way that clearly indicated this intent.\u201d Id. at \u2014, 720 S.E.2d at 718. The court also held that \u201cgiving the review to the Dean and the staff of the office of'general counsel constitute^] publication for the purposes of libel.\u201d Id. at \u2014, 720 S.E.2d at 720. We allowed defendant\u2019s petition for discretionary review.\nDefendant argues that the trial court erred by denying his motion to dismiss because the complaint indicates that plaintiff filed suit against defendant in his official, rather than individual, capacity, and thus, sovereign immunity bars plaintiff\u2019s claim. Previously we have not set forth the appropriate standard of review for a trial court\u2019s denial of a motion to dismiss that raises sovereign immunity as grounds for dismissal; however, we have reviewed de novo a trial court\u2019s denial of other Rule 12 motions to dismiss that also were immediately appealable. See Harris v. Matthews, 361 N.C. 265, 271, 643 S.E.2d 566, 570 (2007). Moreover, although not explicitly stated previously, it is apparent that we have employed a de novo standard of review in other cases involving sovereign immunity. See, e.g., Meyer v. Walls, 347 N.C. 97, 104-14, 489 S.E.2d 880, 883-90 (1997); Harwood v. Johnson, 326 N.C. 231, 237-38, 388 S.E.2d 439, 442-43 (1990). Therefore, we review the trial court\u2019s denial of defendant\u2019s motion to dismiss de novo.\nIt is well settled that pursuant to \u201cthe doctrine of sovereign immunity, the State is immune from suit absent waiver of immunity.\u201d Meyer, 347 N.C. at 104, 489 S.E.2d at 884. The North Carolina Torts Claims Act provides a limited waiver of immunity and authorizes recovery against the State for negligent acts of its \u201cofficer[s], employee[s], involuntary servants] or agent[s].\u201d N.C.G.S. \u00a7 143-291(a) (2011). But intentional acts of these individuals are not compensable. Collins v. N.C. Parole Comm\u2019n, 344 N.C. 179, 183, 473 S.E.2d 1, 3 (1996) (citing Jenkins v. N.C. Dep\u2019t of Motor Vehicles, 244 N.C. 560, 94 S.E.2d 577 (1956)). A suit against a public official in his official capacity \u201cis a suit against the State.\u201d Harwood, 326 N.C. at 238, 388 S.E.2d at 443. Therefore, sovereign immunity bars an intentional tort claim against a public official in his official capacity. See id.\nIn the case sub judice defendant, as head of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at N.C. State, a public university position that certainly requires \u201cdeliberation, decision and judgment,\u201d falls within the definition of a public official. Meyer, 347 N.C. at 113, 489 S.E.2d at 889 (quotation marks omitted) (distinguishing a public official who \u201cexercise[s] a certain amount of discretion\u201d from an employee who \u201cperform[s] ministerial duties\u201d (quotation marks omitted)). Plaintiff is suing defendant for libel, an intentional tort. See Dobson v. Harris, 352 N.C. 77, 87, 530 S.E.2d 829, 837 (2000) (stating that in a defamation action, \u201cthe [defendant]\u2019s state of mind, motive, or subjective intent is an element of [the] plaintiff\u2019s claim\u201d). Therefore, plaintiff\u2019s claim is barred by sovereign immunity if it is one against defendant in his official capacity.\nIn Mullis v. Sechrest, 347 N.C. 548, 495 S.E.2d 721 (1998), we considered whether the \u201cdefendant Sechrest [wa]s being sued in his official capacity, individual capacity, or both\u201d when both the initial and amended complaints \u201cfailed to specify in the caption whether [the] plaintiffs were suing [the] defendant Sechrest in his individual or official capacity.\u201d Id. at 551, 495 S.E.2d at 723. Ultimately, we concluded that \u201c[t]aken as a whole, the amended complaint, along with the course of proceedings . . . indicate [d] an intent by [the] plaintiffs to sue [the] defendant Sechrest in his official capacity.\u201d Id. at 554, 495 S.E.2d at 725. We recognized that North Carolina is a notice pleading state and observed that \u201cin order for [the] defendant Sechrest to have [had] an opportunity to prepare a proper defense, the pleading should have clearly stated the capacity in which he was being sued.\u201d Id. at 554, 495 S.E.2d at 724. We added:\nIt is a simple matter for attorneys to clarify the capacity in which a defendant is being sued. Pleadings should indicate in the caption the capacity in which a plaintiff intends to hold a defendant liable. For example, including the words \u201cin his official capacity\u201d or \u201cin his individual capacity\u201d after a defendant\u2019s name obviously clarifies the defendant\u2019s status. In addition, the allegations as to the extent of liability claimed should provide further evidence of capacity. Finally, in the prayer for relief, plaintiffs should indicate whether they seek to recover damages from the defendant individually or as an agent of the governmental entity. These simple steps will allow future litigants to avoid problems such as the one presented to us by this appeal.\nId. at 554, 495 S.E.2d at 724-25. Given the rationale underlying this language \u2014 namely, affording the defendant proper notice to prepare a defense \u2014 and our goal of avoiding similar uncertainty for future litigants, we conclude that Mull\u00eds\u2019s directive is mandatory, rather than precatory. Therefore, we further conclude that if such clarity is lacking, we must presume that the defendant is being sued only in his official capacity. See id. at 552, 495 S.E.2d at 723; see also Warren v. Guilford Cnty., 129 N.C. App. 836, 839, 500 S.E.2d 470, 472, disc. rev. denied, 349 N.C. 241, 516 S.E.2d 610 (1998).\nIn this case the complaint does not specify whether plaintiff is suing defendant in his individual or official capacity. The caption does not include the words \u201cin his official capacity\u201d or \u201cin his individual capacity,\u201d nor do the allegations \u201cprovide further evidence of capacity.\u201d Mullis, 347 N.C. at 554, 495 S.E.2d at 724-25. In addition, plaintiff does not indicate in the prayer for relief whether he \u201cseekfs] to recover damages from . . . defendant individually or as an agent of the governmental entity.\u201d Id. at 554, 495 S.E.2d at 725. Instead, the caption and prayer for relief merely name \u201cROBERT J. TREW, Defendant\u201d and \u201cDr. Trew,\u201d respectively. Furthermore, the allegations detail actions taken by defendant in his capacity as department head and make no mention of \u201cindividual capacity.\u201d Because the indicia of capacity mandated by Mull\u00eds are absent from the caption, allegations, and prayer for relief, we must presume that defendant is being sued in only his official capacity. Consequently, plaintiff\u2019s claim is barred by sovereign immunity.\nEven if defendant had been sued in his individual capacity, we note that deference must be paid to the statutory scheme that the General Assembly has put in place regarding state employees and the documents pertaining to their employment. The General Statutes mandate that each department of the State \u2014 including public universities \u2014 \u201cshall maintain a record of each of its employees.\u201d N.C.G.S. \u00a7 126-23 (2011). These records are accessible to employee supervisors, and department heads may, in their discretion, allow others to read the records if doing so \u201cis essential to maintaining the integrity of such department or to maintaining the level or quality of services provided by such department.\u201d N.C.G.S. \u00a7 126-24. It is clear that section 126-24 contemplates the circumstances when a department, or in this case a university, may release otherwise confidential information to the public in order to \u201cmaintain[ ] the integrity of such department or to maintain [ ] the level or quality of services provided by such department.\u201d Id. However, that is not the situation we confront in this case. Instead, the question presented is whether one individual in the employee\u2019s direct chain of command \u2014 the dean of the College of Engineering \u2014 may review plaintiff\u2019s performance review and whether the University\u2019s in-house counsel may be involved in the review as well\nAccording to these statutory provisions, as well as the regulatory provisions discussed earlier, defendant, in his capacity as department head, was required to write and maintain a public record of plaintiff\u2019s official status at N.C. State. See N.C.G.S. \u00a7 126-23; N.C. State, Reg. 05.20.3(1). The dean of the College of Engineering had a clear statutory right to review the full contents of that record pursuant to section 126-24(2) and 25 NCAC 1C .0304(d), as well as a mandate to do so according to N.C. State, Reg. 05.20.3(1). In addition, we cannot say that it was unreasonable for defendant to seek guidance from the University\u2019s in-house counsel given the contentious nature of his relationship with plaintiff. In fact, were we to follow plaintiffs line of reasoning, supervisors in state government effectively would be prohibited from seeking legal counsel in preparing performance reviews for state employees without fear of being subjected to a lawsuit for seeking such counsel. This result is untenable.\nClearly, requiring defendant to keep information of plaintiff\u2019s allegedly hostile and aggressive workplace behavior to himself is contrary to the General Assembly\u2019s statutory and the regulatory directives that flow therefrom. It cannot be the case that, when state employees have statutory rights and obligations regarding the maintenance of employee records, communication in conformity with those rights and obligations constitutes publication for a libel suit.\nAs we have determined that plaintiffs claim is barred by sovereign immunity, we reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals.\nREVERSED.\nJustice BEASLEY did not participate in the consideration or decision, of this case.", "type": "majority", "author": "JACKSON, Justice." }, { "text": "Justice EDMUNDS\ndissenting.\nAs the majority acknowledges, this Court has never before required that a complaint designate whether a defendant is being sued as an individual or in his or her official capacity. See, e.g., Meyer v. Walls, 347 N.C. 97, 110-11, 489 S.E.2d 880, 887-88 (1997) (allegations in complaint reviewed to determine capacity in which a defendant is sued). While I agree that the best practice is for a complaint to be specific on that point, the Court today mandates what it only suggested yesterday. See Mullis v. Sechrest, 347 N.C. 548, 554, 495 S.E.2d 721, 724-25 (1998) (advising, but not requiring, that a complaint state the capacity in which a defendant is being sued).\nIn light of our deferential review of complaints under notice pleading, see, e.g., Embree Constr. Grp., Inc. v. Rafcor, Inc., 330 N.C. 487, 491, 411 S.E.2d 916, 920 (1992), I believe the complaint provided adequate notice that defendant was being sued in his individual capacity. For instance, the complaint states that \u201c[t]his is an action against a natural person.\u201d Thus, when drafted, filed, and served, this complaint met every pleading requirement set out in the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure and in our cases. Although plaintiff acknowledges that his burden of proof in a libel action is high, I believe he should have the opportunity to make his case. If this Court chooses to impose an additional pleading requirement in future cases of this type, so be it. But I do not believe that plaintiff should lose his day in court because he was unable to predict what the majority would hold. I respectfully dissent.\nJustice HUDSON joins in this dissenting opinion.", "type": "dissent", "author": "Justice EDMUNDS" } ], "attorneys": [ "Stevens Martin Vaughn & Tadych, PLLC, by C. Amanda Martin; and Everett Gaskins Hancock LLP, by James M. Hash, for plaintiff-appellee.", "Roy Cooper, Attorney General, by Thomas J. Ziko, Senior Deputy Attorney General, and Brian R. Berman, Assistant Attorney General, for defendant-appellant.", "Ogletree, Deakins, Nash, Smoak & Stewart, P.G., by C. Matthew Keen, for North Carolina Associated Industries, Inc., amicus curiae." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "MARK W. WHITE v. ROBERT J. TREW\nNo. 33PA12\n(Filed 25 January 2013)\nImmunity\u2014 sovereign immunity \u2014 libel\u2014ambiguous complaint\u2014 suit in official or individual capacity\nThe trial court erred in a libel action by denying defendant\u2019s motion to dismiss plaintiff\u2019s claim because the complaint indicated that plaintiff filed suit against defendant in his official, rather than individual capacity, and thus, sovereign immunity barred plaintiff\u2019s claim. When a complaint does not specify the capacity in which a public official is being sued for actions taken in the course and scope of his employment, the court will presume that the public official is being sued only in his official capacity.\nOn discretionary review pursuant to N.C.G.S. ' 7A 31 of a unanimous decision of the Court of Appeals,_N.C. App._, 720 S.E.2d 713 (2011), affirming an order denying defendant\u2019s motion to dismiss entered on 22 December 2010 by Judge W. Osmond Smith, III in Superior Court, Wake County. Heard in the Supreme Court on 16 October 2012.\nStevens Martin Vaughn & Tadych, PLLC, by C. Amanda Martin; and Everett Gaskins Hancock LLP, by James M. Hash, for plaintiff-appellee.\nRoy Cooper, Attorney General, by Thomas J. Ziko, Senior Deputy Attorney General, and Brian R. Berman, Assistant Attorney General, for defendant-appellant.\nOgletree, Deakins, Nash, Smoak & Stewart, P.G., by C. Matthew Keen, for North Carolina Associated Industries, Inc., amicus curiae." }, "file_name": "0360-01", "first_page_order": 392, "last_page_order": 398 }