{ "id": 4355908, "name": "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. KEVIN EARL GRIFFIN", "name_abbreviation": "State v. Griffin", "decision_date": "2013-04-12", "docket_number": "No. 451PA12", "first_page": "473", "last_page": "484", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "366 N.C. 473" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C.", "id": 9292, "name": "Supreme Court of North Carolina" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "732 S.E.2d 394", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 2012, "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "658 S.E.2d 643", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "case_ids": [ 12640657 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "645" }, { "page": "645", "parenthetical": "alterations in original" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/se2d/658/0643-01" ] }, { "cite": "162 L. Ed. 2d 309", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 2005, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "125 S. Ct. 2925", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "S. Ct.", "year": 2005, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "545 U.S. 1122", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 8228290, 8228387, 8228166, 8228439, 8227944, 8227881, 8228203, 8228078, 8227695, 8227602, 8228340, 8228246, 8228118, 8228026, 8227997, 8227806 ], "year": 2005, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/545/1122-13", "/us/545/1122-15", "/us/545/1122-10", "/us/545/1122-16", "/us/545/1122-05", "/us/545/1122-04", "/us/545/1122-11", "/us/545/1122-08", "/us/545/1122-02", "/us/545/1122-01", "/us/545/1122-14", "/us/545/1122-12", "/us/545/1122-09", "/us/545/1122-07", "/us/545/1122-06", "/us/545/1122-03" ] }, { "cite": "396 F.3d 579", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.3d", "case_ids": [ 9035860 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f3d/396/0579-01" ] }, { "cite": "528 U.S. 119", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 9476180 ], "weight": 3, "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "124" }, { "page": "676" }, { "page": "576" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/528/0119-01" ] }, { "cite": "527 S.E.2d 921", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 4, "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "922" }, { "page": "922" }, { "page": "923" }, { "page": "924" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "351 N.C. 627", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 1155623 ], "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "629" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/351/0627-01" ] }, { "cite": "665 S.E.2d 438", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 2008, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "440", "parenthetical": "citations omitted" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "362 N.C. 412", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4150881 ], "year": 2008, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "415", "parenthetical": "citations omitted" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/362/0412-01" ] }, { "cite": "172 L. Ed. 2d 198", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 2008, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "129 S. Ct. 264", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "S. Ct.", "year": 2008, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "555 U.S. 914", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "year": 2008, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "440 U.S. 648", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6187389 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "653" }, { "page": "1396" }, { "page": "667" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/440/0648-01" ] }, { "cite": "362 N.C. 244", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4149866 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "246" }, { "page": "247" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/362/0244-01" ] }, { "cite": "734 S.E.2d 861", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 2012, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "2012 WL 4501653", "category": "reporters:specialty_west", "reporter": "WL", "year": 2012, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "*3", "parenthetical": "unpublished" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "732 S.E.2d 394", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 2012, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "unpublished" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "666 S.E.2d 205", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "case_ids": [ 12641846 ], "year": 2008, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "206", "parenthetical": "reversing and remanding where the officer \"decided to go ahead and do an investigatory traffic stop\" when \"the vehicle was not violating any traffic laws, was not trespassing, speeding, or making any erratic movements, and was on a public street\" at 3:41 a.m." } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/se2d/666/0205-01" ] }, { "cite": "662 S.E.2d 683", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "case_ids": [ 12641411 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2008, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/se2d/662/0683-01" ] }, { "cite": "612 S.E.2d 336", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "case_ids": [ 12632813 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "342-43" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/se2d/612/0336-01" ] }, { "cite": "637 S.E.2d 868", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "case_ids": [ 12637331 ], "year": 2006, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "872" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/se2d/637/0868-01" ] }, { "cite": "658 S.E.2d 643", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "case_ids": [ 12640657 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "645" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/se2d/658/0643-01" ] }, { "cite": "192 N.C. App. 684", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 4160748 ], "year": 2008, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "685", "parenthetical": "reversing and remanding where the officer \"decided to go ahead and do an investigatory traffic stop\" when \"the vehicle was not violating any traffic laws, was not trespassing, speeding, or making any erratic movements, and was on a public street\" at 3:41 a.m." } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/192/0684-01" ] }, { "cite": "704 S.E.2d 563", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 2011, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "567", "parenthetical": "reversing and remanding where the officer had only a \"hunch\" based on the time of night - 12:50 a.m. - and had not received reports of copper thefts in the neighborhood" } ], "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "209 N.C. App. 358", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 4182059 ], "year": 2011, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "364", "parenthetical": "reversing and remanding where the officer had only a \"hunch\" based on the time of night - 12:50 a.m. - and had not received reports of copper thefts in the neighborhood" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/209/0358-01" ] }, { "cite": "274 S.E.2d 361", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "363-64", "parenthetical": "holding that an officer had reasonable suspicion based on activity at 9:40 p.m. in a seasonally unoccupied area where there had been recent reports of illegal hunting activity" } ], "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "50 N.C. App. 520", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 2673989 ], "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "523-24", "parenthetical": "holding that an officer had reasonable suspicion based on activity at 9:40 p.m. in a seasonally unoccupied area where there had been recent reports of illegal hunting activity" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/50/0520-01" ] }, { "cite": "298 S.E.2d 388", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "307 N.C. 460", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8562773 ], "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nc/307/0460-01" ] }, { "cite": "294 S.E.2d 410", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1982, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "411-12", "parenthetical": "holding that an officer had reasonable suspicion when he observed the defendant at 12:50 a.m. in a high crime area when nearby businesses were closed" } ], "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "58 N.C. App. 692", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8525996 ], "year": 1982, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "692, 694-95", "parenthetical": "holding that an officer had reasonable suspicion when he observed the defendant at 12:50 a.m. in a high crime area when nearby businesses were closed" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/58/0692-01" ] }, { "cite": "590 S.E.2d 437", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "441", "parenthetical": "\"Officer Smith's observation of defendant's weaving within his lane for three-quarters of a mile at 1:43 a.m. in an area near bars was sufficient to establish a reasonable suspicion of impaired driving.\"" } ], "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "162 N.C. App. 251", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8916310 ], "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "255", "parenthetical": "\"Officer Smith's observation of defendant's weaving within his lane for three-quarters of a mile at 1:43 a.m. in an area near bars was sufficient to establish a reasonable suspicion of impaired driving.\"" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/162/0251-01" ] }, { "cite": "446 S.E.2d 67", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "70", "parenthetical": "finding reasonable suspicion when officer observed activity at 3:00 a.m. in a rural area when nearby businesses were closed" } ], "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "337 N.C. 437", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2549311 ], "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "442", "parenthetical": "finding reasonable suspicion when officer observed activity at 3:00 a.m. in a rural area when nearby businesses were closed" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nc/337/0437-01" ] }, { "cite": "280 S.E.2d 912", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "920" } ], "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "303 N.C. 551", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8574927 ], "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "560" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nc/303/0551-01" ] }, { "cite": "134 N.C. 131", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 11272713 ], "year": 1903, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nc/134/0131-01" ] }, { "cite": "15 N.C. 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 11275271 ], "year": 1833, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "7-8", "parenthetical": "discussing the supremacy of the constitution over acts of the legislature and the role of the courts" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nc/15/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "191 N.C. App. 181", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 4159195 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2008, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "191" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/191/0181-01" ] }, { "cite": "170 N.C. App. 284", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 9005095 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "295" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/170/0284-01" ] }, { "cite": "531 U.S. 32", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 9505377 ], "year": 2000, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/us/531/0032-01" ] }, { "cite": "443 U.S. 47", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6179718 ], "year": 1979, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/us/443/0047-01" ] }, { "cite": "496 U.S. 444", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 12123840 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1990, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/us/496/0444-01" ] }, { "cite": "592 S.E.2d 543", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 6, "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "545", "parenthetical": "\"Police officers effectuate a seizure when they stop a vehicle at a checkpoint.\"" }, { "page": "546" }, { "page": "547" }, { "page": "547" }, { "page": "548", "parenthetical": "Brady, J., dissenting" } ], "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "358 N.C. 63", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2987590 ], "weight": 3, "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "66", "parenthetical": "\"Police officers effectuate a seizure when they stop a vehicle at a checkpoint.\"" }, { "page": "69-70" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nc/358/0063-01" ] }, { "cite": "361 N.C. 53", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 3743190 ], "year": 2006, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "58" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nc/361/0053-01" ] }, { "cite": "396 F.3d 579", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.3d", "case_ids": [ 9035860 ], "weight": 4, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "581, 585-86" }, { "page": "585-87" }, { "page": "586-87" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/f3d/396/0579-01" ] }, { "cite": "527 S.E.2d 921", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 7, "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "923" }, { "page": "924" }, { "page": "922-23" }, { "page": "925", "parenthetical": "Frye, J., concurring" }, { "page": "923" } ], "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "351 N.C. 627", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 1155623 ], "weight": 4, "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "631" }, { "page": "629" }, { "page": "631" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nc/351/0627-01" ] }, { "cite": "362 N.C. 244", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4149866 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "246" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nc/362/0244-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1064, "char_count": 27405, "ocr_confidence": 0.741, "pagerank": { "raw": 5.506334562832956e-08, "percentile": 0.344277793801878 }, "sha256": "269daf5edf8898d1a9b43965147fbe8f4bac05c4d0bbf2cae2b80f757ace9e9a", "simhash": "1:a1ad476e654f5446", "word_count": 4399 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T15:35:25.873086+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. KEVIN EARL GRIFFIN" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "NEWBY, Justice.\nIn this case we must determine whether defendant\u2019s constitutional rights were violated by the traffic stop that led to his conviction for driving while impaired. Based on the totality of the circumstances, we conclude that defendant\u2019s stopping in the middle of the roadway and turning away from a license checkpoint gave rise to a reasonable suspicion that defendant may have been violating the law. Because the subsequent stop of defendant\u2019s vehicle is constitutional, we reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals.\nOn the night of 5 January 2009, Trooper Scott Casner of the North Carolina Highway Patrol was conducting a license checkpoint on Highway 306 close to two intersections. The checkpoint was marked and illustrated by activated blue lights of patrol cars. Trooper Casner and at least one other law enforcement officer were present at the checkpoint at all times. At approximately 9:55 p.m. Trooper Casner observed a vehicle approaching the checkpoint from the west on Seafarer Road. Then the vehicle, although not at an intersection, stopped in the middle of the road and appeared to initiate a three-point turn by beginning to turn left and continuing onto the shoulder of the road. Trooper Casner testified that these actions caused him to suspect that the driver was attempting to avoid the checkpoint. Trooper Casner was able to stop the driver before he could complete the turn and leave the area. Trooper Casner approached the vehicle and asked for the driver\u2019s operator\u2019s license, at which time the trooper detected the odor of alcohol on defendant, the driver. Trooper Casner subsequently charged defendant with, inter alia, driving while impaired.\nOn 4 June 2010, defendant moved to suppress the evidence from the stop, arguing that his attempt to turn around did not provide reasonable suspicion for Trooper Casner to stop defendant\u2019s vehicle because the checkpoint was unconstitutional. The trial court concluded that the checkpoint was valid and that \u201cTrooper Casner clearly had reasonable and articulable suspicion to stop the defendant,\u201d finding that Trooper Casner observed defendant approach the checkpoint, then \u201cstop in the roadway and turn his vehicle around.\u201d As a result, the trial court denied defendant\u2019s motion to suppress. Defendant pled \u201cno contest\u201d to driving while impaired, reserving his right to appeal under N.C.G.S. \u00a7 15A-979(b). The Court of Appeals reversed the trial court\u2019s denial of defendant\u2019s motion to suppress and vacated the resulting judgment, holding the checkpoint to be unconstitutional. State v. Griffin, \u2014 N.C. App. \u2014, 732 S.E.2d 394, 2012 WL 4501653, at *3 (2012) (unpublished). The Court of Appeals, however, did not comment on whether reasonable suspicion for the stop existed.\nWe allowed the State\u2019s petition for discretionary review to determine, inter alia, whether there was reasonable suspicion to initiate a stop of defendant\u2019s vehicle. State v. Griffin, \u2014 N.C. \u2014, 734 S.E.2d 861 (2012). The State argues that, regardless of the checkpoint\u2019s constitutionality, defendant\u2019s attempt to evade the checkpoint gave Trooper Casner the requisite level of suspicion to further investigate the situation. As such, the State contends that the trial court was correct in denying defendant\u2019s motion to suppress the evidence from the stop. Defendant, on the other hand, argues that there was nothing unusual about his turn and therefore, there was no independent basis for making the stop.\nBoth the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and the North Carolina Constitution protect individuals \u201cagainst unreasonable searches and seizures.\u201d U.S. Const. amend. IV; accord N.C. Const, art. I, \u00a7 20. \u201cA traffic stop is a seizure \u2018even though the purpose of the stop is limited and the resulting detention quite brief.\u2019 \u201d State v. Barnard, 362 N.C. 244, 246, 658 S.E.2d 643, 645 (quoting Delaware v. Prouse, 440 U.S. 648, 653, 99 S. Ct. 1391, 1396, 59 L. Ed. 2d 660, 667 (1979)), cert. denied, 555 U.S. 914, 129 S. Ct. 264, 172 L. Ed. 2d 198 (2008). Our Court has held that \u201creasonable suspicion is the necessary standard for traffic stops.\u201d State v. Styles, 362 N.C. 412, 415, 665 S.E.2d 438, 440 (2008) (citations omitted).\nReasonable suspicion is a \u201cless demanding standard than probable cause and requires a showing considerably less than preponderarme of the evidence.\u201d Only \u201c \u2018some minimal level of objective justification\u2019 \u201d is required. This Court has determined that the reasonable suspicion standard requires that \u201c[t]he stop ... be based on specific and articulable facts, as well as the rational inferences from those facts, as viewed through the eyes of a reasonable, cautious officer, guided by his experience and training.\u201d Moreover, \u201c[a] court must consider \u2018the totality of the circumstances \u2014 the whole picture\u2019 in determining whether a reasonable suspicion\u201d exists.\nBarnard, 362 N.C. at 247, 658 S.E.2d at 645 (alterations in original) (internal citations omitted).\nWe examined a similar issue in State v. Foreman, in which an officer observed a vehicle travelling towards a checkpoint make a \u201cquick left turn\u201d onto a connecting street, after which the officer found the car parked in a residential driveway. 351 N.C. 627, 629, 527 S.E.2d 921, 922 (2000). In Foreman the defendant driver was charged with DWI, and she moved to suppress the evidence obtained from the stop. Id. at 628, 527 S.E.2d at 922. We concluded that, \u201c[although a legal turn, by itself, is not sufficient to establish a reasonable, articulable suspicion, a legal turn in conjunction with other circumstances, such as the time, place and manner in which it is made, may constitute a reasonable, articulable suspicion which could justify an investigatory stop.\u201d Id. at 631, 527 S.E.2d at 923. This Court noted that \u201c \u2018flight \u2014 wherever it occurs \u2014 is the consummate act of evasion: [i]t is not necessarily indicative of wrongdoing, but it is certainly suggestive of such.\u2019 \u201d Id. at 631, 527 S.E.2d at 924 (quoting Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119, 124, 120 S. Ct. 673, 676, 145 L. Ed. 2d 570, 576 (2000)).\nOur decision in Foreman is in accord with precedent from the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals. See United States v. Smith, 396 F.3d 579 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 545 U.S. 1122, 125 S. Ct. 2925, 162 L. Ed. 2d 309 (2005). In Smith law enforcement officers conducting a license checkpoint observed a vehicle driving \u201cabout 985 feet from the checkpoint\u201d appear to \u201c \u2018slam on its brakes,\u2019 \u201d and then \u201cturn left onto a private gravel driveway leading to a single residence.\u201d Id. at 581. As a result, the police approached the vehicle and eventually charged the defendant driver with possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. Id. at 582. The federal district court denied the defendant\u2019s motion to suppress the evidence resulting from the stop. Id. The Fourth Circuit affirmed the district court, holding that \u201cwhen law enforcement officers observe conduct suggesting that a driver is attempting to evade a police roadblock \u2014 such as . . . behavior indicating the driver is trying to hide from officers \u2014 police may take that behavior into account in determining whether there is reasonable suspicion to stop the vehicle and investigate the situation further.\u201d 396 E3d at 585 (citations omitted).\nThis case presents a situation comparable to the facts the courts encountered in Foreman and Smith. Defendant approached a checkpoint marked with blue flashing lights. Once the patrol car lights became visible, defendant stopped in the middle of the road, even though he was not at an intersection, and appeared to attempt a three-point turn by beginning to turn left and continuing onto the shoulder. From the checkpoint Trooper Casner observed defendant\u2019s actions and suspected defendant was attempting to evade the checkpoint. Defendant\u2019s turn in the middle of the road and onto the shoulder was more suspicious than the defendant\u2019s turn onto a connecting street in Foreman and the defendant\u2019s turn into a private driveway in Smith. It is clear that this Court and the Fourth Circuit have held that even a legal turn, when viewed in the totality of the circumstances, may give rise to reasonable suspicion. Given the place and manner of defendant\u2019s turn in conjunction with his proximity to the checkpoint, we hold there was reasonable suspicion that defendant was violating the law; thus, the stop was constitutional. Therefore, because the trooper had sufficient grounds to stop defendant\u2019s vehicle based on reasonable suspicion, it is unnecessary for this Court to address the constitutionality of the driver\u2019s license checkpoint. Accordingly, we reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals.\nREVERSED.", "type": "majority", "author": "NEWBY, Justice." }, { "text": "Justice BEASLEY,\ndissenting.\nBecause I disagree with the majority\u2019s holding that the stop of defendant\u2019s vehicle was justified by reasonable suspicion, I would remand the case to the trial court for further findings of fact regarding the constitutional and statutory validity of the checkpoint. Therefore, I respectfully dissent.\nIt is first necessary to clarify the facts surrounding defendant\u2019s left turn. The majority states several times that defendant \u201cappeared to initiate a three-point turn\u201d and notes that defendant was not at an intersection at the time in what appears to suggest that defendant\u2019s actions were illegal. However, a review of the transcript from the hearing on defendant\u2019s Motion to Supress reveals that, upon cross-examination, Trooper Casner himself stated that defendant\u2019s actions were not illegal:\nQ. But he just made a left turn; is that correct?\nA. Onto the shoulder, yes.\nQ. That\u2019s not an illegal turn; is it?\nA. A left turn is not an illegal turn.\nQ. And you never gave him a moving violation for that; did you not?\nA. No.\n(T. 25) Further, Trooper Casner in no way suggests that defendant was making a three-point turn. The trial court asked Trooper Casner if defendant\u2019s turn was \u201cin the form of making a three-point turn like making a 180 degree direction change,\u201d and Trooper Casner replied, \u201cIt could have been. I\u2019m not exactly sure what his intentions were.\u201d (T. 10) And, while it is clear that defendant did not turn at a major intersection of roadways, Trooper Casner\u2019s recollection of the point on the road at which defendant turned was inconsistent. On direct examination, he stated that he could not \u201cremember if there was a driveway right there or not.\u201d (T. 10) Then on cross-examination,- he stated, \u201cI said when he traveled off the road \u2014 when he made that left turn into the open field that\u2019s when we made the traffic stop to find out why he was turning in there.\u201d (T. 26) Thus, defendant\u2019s turn was legal, and, by Trooper Casner\u2019s own admission, it was unclear whether defendant was indeed attempting to turn around. These facts help to frame a proper analysis of whether Trooper Casner\u2019s suspicions were reasonable.\nThough State v. Foreman, 351 N.C. 627, 527 S.E.2d 921 (2000), is factually distinguishable, Foreman provides the rule to resolve this case. We held that \u201c [although a legal turn, by itself, is not sufficient to establish a reasonable, articulable suspicion, a legal turn in conjunction with other circumstances, such as the time, place and manner in which it is made, may constitute a reasonable, articulable suspicion which could justify an investigatory stop.\u201d Id. at 631, 527 S.E.2d at 923. Perhaps, implicitly, the majority believes that the checkpoint itself is relevant to the \u201ctime, place, and manner\u201d of defendant\u2019s turn. Id. I would agree that the existence of the checkpoint can be used in the trial court\u2019s determination of whether there is reasonable suspicion; however, the trial court must also determine the validity of the checkpoint if it is to be used in determining whether there was reasonable suspicion to stop a vehicle because it turned away from the checkpoint. See State v. Barnard, 362 N.C. 244, 246, 658 S.E.2d 643, 645 (2008) (\u201cThe Fourth Amendment protects individuals \u201cagainst unreasonable searches and seizures.\u201d The North Carolina Constitution provides similar protection. A traffic stop is a seizure \u201ceven though the purpose of the stop is limited and the resulting detention quite brief.\u201d (internal citations omitted)); State v. McKinney, 361 N.C. 53, 58, 637 S.E.2d 868, 872 (2006) (\u201cFourth Amendment rights are enforced primarily through the \u2018exclusionary rule,\u2019 which provides that evidence derived from an unconstitutional search or seizure is generally inadmissible in a criminal prosecution of the individual subjected to the constitutional violation. . . . The \u2018fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine,\u2019 a specific application of the exclusionary rule, provides that \u2018[wjhen evidence is obtained as the result of illegal police conduct, hot only should that evidence be suppressed, but all evidence that is the \u2018fruit\u2019 of that unlawful conduct should be suppressed.\u2019 \u201d (internal citations omitted)); State v. Mitchell, 358 N.C. 63, 66, 592 S.E.2d 543, 545 (2004) (\u201cPolice officers effectuate a seizure when they stop a vehicle at a checkpoint.\u201d). Without the checkpoint, Trooper Casner would not have been in a position to observe defendant\u2019s turn and defendant would not have been in a position to allegedly avoid the checkpoint. Thus, because Trooper Casner, and the State, predicate Trooper Casner\u2019s reasonable suspicion to stop defendant upon Trooper Casner\u2019s presence at the checkpoint and defendant\u2019s suspected avoidance of the checkpoint, it is necessary to first determine whether the existence of that checkpoint was constitutional.\nThe constitutionality of the checkpoint, however, cannot be decided by this Court in the present appeal. The trial court concluded that the checkpoint was valid under both the North Carolina and United States Constitutions but failed to make findings of fact that would support this conclusion. Thus, this case must be remanded to the trial court for further findings of fact regarding the constitutional and statutory validity of the checkpoint.\nThis Court has been less than clear on how a trial court should approach a constitutional analysis of a checkpoint. The State contends that State v. Mitchell, 358 N.C. 63, 592 S.E.2d 543 (2004), recognized two factors: whether a supervisor approved the checkpoint and whether the officer conducting the checkpoint abided by the supervisor\u2019s instructions for the checkpoint. Id. at 68, 592 S.E.2d at 546. While Mitchell provides some guidance, a proper and comprehensive analysis includes the rule set out in Foreman: \u201c[T]he United States Supreme Court held that DWI checkpoints are constitutional if vehicles are stopped according to a neutral, articulable standard (e.g., every vehicle) and if the government interest in conducting the checkpoint outweighs the degree of the intrusion.\u201d Foreman, 351 N.C. at 631, 527 S.E.2d at 924 (2000) (citing Michigan Dep\u2019t of State Police v. Sitz, 496 U.S. 444 (1990)). Based on this Court\u2019s reliance on Michigan Dep\u2019t of State Police v. Sitz, 496 U.S. 444 (1990), the trial court should be guided by United States Supreme Court case law on the balancing test to be applied to checkpoints, including Brown v. Texas, 443 U.S. 47 (1979), and Edmond v. City of Indianapolis, 531 U.S. 32 (2000), as well as the two factors identified in Mitchell. I do not read Mitchell to overrule Foreman\u2019s reliance on United State Supreme Court case law.\nThe State also correctly points out that we have not adopted the non-exclusive factors identified by State v. Rose, 170 N.C. App. 284, 612 S.E.2d 336 (2005), and elaborated upon by State v. Veazey, 191 N.C. App. 181, 662 S.E.2d 683 (2008). The Rose/Veazey factors may be relevant to the trial court\u2019s analysis, but I would emphasize that they are non-exclusive. Veazey, 191 N.C. App. at 191, 662 S.E.2d at 690 (citing Rose, 170 N.C. App. at 295, 612 S.E.2d at 342-43).\nFurthermore, the trial court\u2019s order has insufficient findings of fact and conclusions of law regarding the statutory validity of the checkpoint under N.C.G.S. \u00a7 20-16.3A (2011). Such findings and conclusions may be unnecessary, though, if the trial court determines that the checkpoint is unconstitutional. Contrary to the State\u2019s argument, the General Assembly did not define the standards for the constitutionality of a checkpoint in Section 20-16.3A. The General Assembly cannot interpret the North Carolina Constitution or United States Constitution; that is a power that belongs exclusively to the judicial branch. Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137, 177 (1803) (\u201cIt is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is.\u201d); Hoke v. Henderson, 15 N.C. 1, 7-8 (1833) (discussing the supremacy of the constitution over acts of the legislature and the role of the courts), overruled on other grounds, Mial v. Ellington, 134 N.C. 131 (1903). Thus, mere compliance with Section 20-16.3A does not insulate a checkpoint from constitutional scrutiny. If the checkpoint violates the North Carolina Constitution, the United States Constitution, and/or N.C.G.S. \u00a7 20-16.3A, then the trial court should grant the motion to suppress.\nIt is also important to acknowledge, however, since reasonable suspicion may exist independent of the checkpoint. This was the case in Mitchell where we stated that the Court need not decide whether the checkpoint was constitutional because there was independent reasonable suspicion to justify the stop since the defendant disobeyed the officer\u2019s order to stop and nearly ran over the officer. 358 N.C. at 69-70, 592 S.E.2d at 547. Despite this alternative basis for affirming the trial court\u2019s order, I find this case distinguishable from Mitchell since there is no basis for reasonable suspicion independent of the checkpoint.\nThe Mitchell majority believed the dissent to be giving a \u201cmotorist who \u2018guesses\u2019 correctly that a checkpoint is not validly set up . . . carte blanche to ignore the checkpoint absent circumstances unrelated to the checkpoint.\u201d Id. at 70, 592 S.E.2d at 547. The dissenting opinion did not agree that the reasonable suspicion the majority highlighted was, in fact, independent of the checkpoint:\nMotorists do not have carte blanche to ignore checkpoints that they suspect are invalid and to avoid responsibility if they guess correctly. Police officers may certainly develop reasonable articulable suspicion to stop a car based upon their observations, unrelated to the checkpoint, that a crime has been committed. Armed with such suspicion, the officers\u2019 seizure of the vehicle is proper regardless of the constitutionality of the checkpoint.\nId. at 71, 592 S.E.2d at 548 (Brady, J., dissenting) (emphasis added).\nHere, the majority\u2019s holding would give police officers carte blanche to set up illegal checkpoints and stop motorists for no other reason than that they simply turned around. This ability is precisely the sort of unchecked power that the Fourth Amendment seeks to prevent.\nAs the dissenting justices noted in Mitchell, Trooper Casner lacked reasonable suspicion independent of the checkpoint. Unlike Mitchell, Trooper Casner did not identify a moving violation or other violation of law from observing defendant\u2019s turn. Tp 25. Had Trooper Casner been stationed along the highway to check for speeding or other traffic violations, he could not have stopped defendant based solely on his legal turn. Trooper Casner was suspicious only because there was a checkpoint. As discussed above, I believe the constitutionality of the checkpoint must be decided.\nAdditionally, I disagree with the majority\u2019s comparison of this case to Foreman and United States v. Smith, 396 F.3d 579 (2004). Defendant\u2019s behavior in the instant case differs from Foreman and Smith. It was evident in Foreman that, in addition to a legal left turn, the defendant deliberately eluded the pursuing trooper on the streets adjacent to the checkpoint and attempted to hide in a residential driveway at 2:00 a.m., giving rise to reasonable suspicion. 351 N.C. at 629, 527 S.E.2d at 922-23; see also id. at 633, 527 S.E.2d at 925 (Frye, J., concurring) (stating that \u201cthere was more than the left turn which justified the seizure\u201d). The defendant in Smith slammed on his brakes at 3:05 a.m., \u201cturn[ed] suddenly into a private gravel driveway,\u201d stopped, and then proceeded a bit farther down the driveway even after the officer activated his lights. 396 F.3d at 581, 585-86. The Fourth Circuit described Smith\u2019s behavior as \u201cerratic\u201d and \u201cevasive.\u201d Id. at 585-87. The totality of the circumstances supported the district court\u2019s finding that the traffic stop was justified by reasonable suspicion. Id. at 586-87.\nIn contrast to Foreman and Smith, the trial court\u2019s order contains no findings that defendant was driving erratically, slammed on his brakes, or attempted to hide. Defendant was, in fact, not driving erratically, as Trooper Casner testified that defendant\u2019s turn was legal. Tp 25. The trial court found that Trooper Casner described defendant\u2019s driving as \u201ca furtive attempt to avoid the checkpoint,\u201d but the order is devoid of facts that support this conclusion.\nThe time of night at which defendant was stopped also distinguishes the instant case from Foreman and Smith. An \u201cunusual hour\u201d is one factor in determining whether an officer had reasonable suspicion. See State v. Rinck, 303 N.C. 551, 560, 280 S.E.2d 912, 920 (1981). Our courts have used the \u201cunusual hour\u201d in examining reasonable suspicion when there are no businesses open nearby, see, e.g., State v. Watkins, 337 N.C. 437, 442, 446 S.E.2d 67, 70 (1994) (finding reasonable suspicion when officer observed activity at 3:00 a.m. in a rural area when nearby businesses were closed); when the defendant is weaving in his lane near bars, see, e.g., State v. Jacobs, 162 N.C. App. 251, 255, 590 S.E.2d 437, 441 (2004) (\u201cOfficer Smith\u2019s observation of defendant\u2019s weaving within his lane for three-quarters of a mile at 1:43 a.m. in an area near bars was sufficient to establish a reasonable suspicion of impaired driving.\u201d); and when there are recent reports of illegal activity in the area, see, e.g., State v. Fox, 58 N.C. App. 692, 692, 694-95, 294 S.E.2d 410, 411-12 (1982) (holding that an officer had reasonable suspicion when he observed the defendant at 12:50 a.m. in a high crime area when nearby businesses were closed), aff\u2019d, 307 N.C. 460, 298 S.E.2d 388 (1983); State v. Tillett, 50 N.C. App. 520, 523-24, 274 S.E.2d 361, 363-64 (1981) (holding that an officer had reasonable suspicion based on activity at 9:40 p.m. in a seasonally unoccupied area where there had been recent reports of illegal hunting activity). Our courts have held that an officer lacked reasonable suspicion when only the hour is late and there are no other suspicious circumstances, such as the ones listed above. See, e.g., State v. Chlopek, 209 N.C. App. 358, 364, 704 S.E.2d 563, 567 (2011) (reversing and remanding where the officer had only a \u201chunch\u201d based on the time of night \u2014 12:50 a.m. \u2014 and had not received reports of copper thefts in the neighborhood); State v. Murray, 192 N.C. App. 684, 685, 666 S.E.2d 205, 206 (2008) (reversing and remanding where the officer \u201cdecided to go ahead and do an investigatory traffic stop\u201d when \u201cthe vehicle was not violating any traffic laws, was not trespassing, speeding, or making any erratic movements, and was on a public street\u201d at 3:41 a.m.).\nHere, defendant was stopped at 9 p.m. Rp 7. Though 9 p.m. is close in time to 9:40 p.m., which the Tillett court found suspicious, this case is distinguishable from Tillett in that here there were no reports of illegal activity in the area. There is also no indication in the trial court\u2019s order or the testimony that this was a high crime area, differentiating the instant case from Fox. To the contrary, Trooper Casner testified that there was no particular reason this area of Pamlico County was selected for the checkpoint. Tp 20. This case is also distinguishable from Watkins and Fox based on Trooper Casner\u2019s description of the area as \u201cresidential and open country\u201d with perhaps one convenience store in the area. Tp 7. There were multiple closed businesses in the area in Watkins and Fox, in contrast to the lone convenience store that Trooper Casner thought might be in the area. We do not know whether this convenience store, if it is in the area at all, was open or closed for business at 9 p.m. Finally, defendant was not weaving in his lane in an area near bars, unlike the defendant in Jacobs.\nThe majority asserts that defendant\u2019s legal turn was \u201cmore suspicious\u201d than the defendant\u2019s turn in Foreman and the defendant\u2019s turn in Smith, but the majority fails to point to evidence in the record to support this assertion. Giving chase through a residential neighborhood (as in Foreman), abruptly stopping (as in Smith), and attempting to use a private driveway to hide from police at an unusual hour (as in Foreman and Smith) is more suspicious than a legal turn that defendant could not even complete before being stopped by Trooper Casner. Though defendant used the shoulder of the road, Trooper Casner did not testify that using the shoulder was illegal or raised his suspicions. In all, there is no evidence to support the trial court\u2019s conclusion that the stop was justified by reasonable suspicion independent of the checkpoint.\nIn summary, I would remand this case to the trial court to make sufficient findings of fact and appropriate conclusions of law regarding the constitutional and statutory validity of the checkpoint. If the trial court were to conclude that the checkpoint was both constitutionally and statutorily valid, then the trial court may use the existence of the checkpoint as part of the \u201ctime, place, and manner\u201d analysis to determine whether Trooper Casner possessed reasonable suspicion to stop defendant. Foreman, 351 N.C. at 631, 527 S.E.2d at 923. If the trial court were to conclude that the checkpoint was either constitutionally invalid or statutorily invalid, then the trial court should grant defendant\u2019s motion to suppress, as there are no facts supporting a finding of reasonable suspicion independent of the checkpoint.\n. I also acknowledge that the checkpoint at issue here is a driver\u2019s license checkpoint rather than a DWI checkpoint. Tp 15.", "type": "dissent", "author": "Justice BEASLEY," } ], "attorneys": [ "Roy Cooper, Attorney General, by Kathryne E. Hathcock, Assistant Attorney General, for the State-appellant.", "Robert G. Raynor, Jr. for defendant-appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. KEVIN EARL GRIFFIN\nNo. 451PA12\n(Filed 12 April 2013)\nSearch and Seizure\u2014 traffic stop \u2014 turning away from checkpoint \u2014 totality of circumstances \u2014 reasonable suspicion\nDefendant\u2019s constitutional rights were not violated by the traffic stop that led to his conviction for driving while impaired. Based on the totality of the circumstances, defendant\u2019s stopping in the middle of the roadway and turning away from a license checkpoint gave rise to a reasonable suspicion that defendant may have been violating .the law.\nJustice BEASLEY dissenting.\n' On discretionary review pursuant to N.C.G.S. \u00a7 7A-31 of a unanimous, unpublished decision of the Court of Appeals, \u2014 N.C. App. -, 732 S.E.2d 394 (2012), reversing an order denying defendant\u2019s motion to suppress entered on 24 June 2011 by Judge Kenneth F. Crow and vacating a judgment entered on 3 October 2011 by Judge Marvin K. Blount, III, both in Superior Court, Pamlico County. Heard in the Supreme Court on 12 March 2013.\nRoy Cooper, Attorney General, by Kathryne E. Hathcock, Assistant Attorney General, for the State-appellant.\nRobert G. Raynor, Jr. for defendant-appellee." }, "file_name": "0473-01", "first_page_order": 505, "last_page_order": 516 }