{ "id": 4328447, "name": "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. MICHAEL PAUL MILLER", "name_abbreviation": "State v. Miller", "decision_date": "2014-12-19", "docket_number": "No. 368PA13", "first_page": "702", "last_page": "714", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "367 N.C. 702" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C.", "id": 9292, "name": "Supreme Court of North Carolina" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "746 S.E.2d 421", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 2013, "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "133 S. Ct. 1409", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "S. Ct.", "case_ids": [ 12696458 ], "weight": 6, "year": 2013, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1413" }, { "page": "1417" }, { "page": "1414" }, { "page": "1417-18" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/569/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "291 S.E.2d 618", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1982, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "619" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "306 N.C. 132", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8567694 ], "year": 1982, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "134" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/306/0132-01" ] }, { "cite": "533 U.S. 27", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 9312742 ], "weight": 3, "year": 2001, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "33", "parenthetical": "brackets, citation, and internal quotation marks omitted" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/533/0027-01" ] }, { "cite": "389 U.S. 347", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11339173 ], "year": 1967, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/389/0347-01" ] }, { "cite": "132 S. Ct. 945", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "S. Ct.", "case_ids": [ 12446025, 12186415 ], "weight": 8, "year": 2012, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "950" }, { "page": "951" }, { "parenthetical": "citation and quotation marks omitted" }, { "page": "952" }, { "page": "948" }, { "page": "949" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/l-ed-2d/181/0911-01", "/us/565/0400-01" ] }, { "cite": "140 F.3d 1328", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.3d", "case_ids": [ 1318695 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1998, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f3d/140/1328-01" ] }, { "cite": "866 F.2d 359", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 10526946 ], "weight": 6, "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "361" }, { "page": "363" }, { "page": "364" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/866/0359-01" ] }, { "cite": "558 U.S. 903", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "year": 2009, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "555 F.3d 923", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.3d", "case_ids": [ 5581723 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "930" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f3d/555/0923-01" ] }, { "cite": "622 F.3d 209", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.3d", "case_ids": [ 3787670 ], "weight": 3, "year": 2010, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "214" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f3d/622/0209-01" ] }, { "cite": "133 S. Ct. 777", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "S. Ct.", "year": 2012, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "689 F.3d 616", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.3d", "case_ids": [ 3501960 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "619", "parenthetical": "citations omitted" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f3d/689/0616-01" ] }, { "cite": "543 U.S. 405", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 5902584 ], "weight": 3, "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "410" }, { "page": "408", "parenthetical": "citation omitted" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/543/0405-01" ] }, { "cite": "531 U.S. 32", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 9505377 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "40" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/531/0032-01" ] }, { "cite": "462 U.S. 696", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6193241 ], "weight": 5, "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "707" }, { "page": "707" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/462/0696-01" ] }, { "cite": "417 S.E.2d 502", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "510" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "331 N.C. 491", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2502284 ], "year": 1992, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/331/0491-01" ] }, { "cite": "496 U.S. 128", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 12122066 ], "year": 1990, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/496/0128-01" ] }, { "cite": "403 U.S. 443", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 12027286 ], "year": 1971, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "487", "parenthetical": "concluding that instruments and agents of the State are State actors for Fourth Amendment purposes" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/403/0443-01" ] }, { "cite": "957 F.2d 615", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 10520233 ], "weight": 5, "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "617" }, { "page": "616" }, { "page": "617" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/957/0615-01" ] }, { "cite": "141 F.3d 644", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.3d", "case_ids": [ 191485 ], "weight": 5, "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "650" }, { "page": "646" }, { "page": "647" }, { "page": "650" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f3d/141/0644-01" ] }, { "cite": "480 U.S. 321", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1131527 ], "weight": 9, "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "323" }, { "page": "325" }, { "page": "325" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/480/0321-01" ] }, { "cite": "746 S.E.2d 421", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 7, "year": 2013, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "427" }, { "page": "426" }, { "page": "427" }, { "page": "427" }, { "page": "427" } ], "opinion_index": 0 } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1241, "char_count": 31608, "ocr_confidence": 0.733, "pagerank": { "raw": 7.258948220811064e-08, "percentile": 0.43259298128964274 }, "sha256": "bd7a76893e81d0914e156edf450a111a1b43634272f28c940204df6151c20453", "simhash": "1:7eaa6a4b4600a97c", "word_count": 5201 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T22:06:46.212757+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Justice BEASLEY did not participate in the consideration or decision in this case." ], "parties": [ "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. MICHAEL PAUL MILLER" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "HUNTER, Justice.\nA police dog\u2019s instinctive action, unguided and undirected by the police, that brings evidence not otherwise in plain view into plain view is not a search within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution or Article I, Section 20 of the North Carolina Constitution.\nI\nIn May 2009, the Spencer Police Department received a burglar alarm report indicating a possible break in at defendant Michael Paul Miller\u2019s residence. Officer Brian Hill was the first officer to arrive at the scene. Officer Hill surveyed the exterior of the home and noticed a broken window on the back side of the house having an opening large enough for a person to gain entry into the residence. The doors of the residence were locked. Concerned that an intruder was in the house, Officer Hill called for backup and the assistance of a canine officer to perform a protective sweep.\nShortly thereafter, additional backup arrived, including Officer Jason Fox and his police dog, \u201cJack.\u201d Officer Hill explained the situation to Officer Fox and the two began discussing how to proceed next. As the officers were preparing to search the home, defendant\u2019s mother, Ms. Gwen Weant, arrived at the scene with a key to the house.. She gave Officer Hill and Officer Fox the key, as well as permission to search the premises for intruders.\nOfficer Fox began the search by deploying Jack inside the house. At Officer Fox\u2019s command, Jack began methodically working his way through the house searching for intruders. Jack went from room to room until he reached a side bedroom, where he remained. Officer Fox, fearing for Jack\u2019s safety, entered the house and went to the bedroom to investigate. Jack was sitting on the bedroom floor staring at a dresser drawer, thereby alerting Officer Fox to the presence of narcotics. Officer Fox opened the drawer and discovered a brick of marijuana. He then called for Officer Hill, who also observed the drugs. Leaving the brick of marijuana undisturbed, Officer Fox, Officer Hill, and Jack continued their protective sweep of the house.\nAs Jack neared the back of the house, he stopped in front of a closet at the end of the main hallway and began barking at'the closet door, this time alerting Officer Fox to the presence of a human suspect behind the closet door. Unlike the passive sit and stare alert that Jack used to signal for the presence of narcotics, Jack was trained to bark to signal the presence of human suspects. Officer Fox and Officer Hill drew their firearms and opened the closet door, revealing two large black trash bags on the closet floor. No intruder was found in the closet.\nEach officer characterized the ensuing events somewhat differently at a later hearing held on defendant\u2019s motion to suppress. Officer Hill testified that as soon as they opened the closet door, he could see marijuana in the opening of the trash bags and that the marijuana was plainly visible. Officer Fox initially testified that he could see what appeared to be marijuana inside a partially opened bag and that he did not manipulate the bag in any way at that time. But later, on cross examination he testified that as soon as they opened the closet door, Jack \u201cimmediately\u201d stuck his nose inside one of the trash bags and nuzzled the bag open; Officer Fox then indicated that the marijuana was visible to him only after Jack nuzzled the bag open.\nThe officers did not immediately seize the marijuana. Instead, they finished their protective sweep of the house, still finding no intruders, and locked and secured the residence. Defendant arrived at the scene shortly thereafter, and, after questioning from Officer Hill, disclosed that a gun was in his vehicle. The handgun was immediately seized. Based on the information gathered by Officers Hill and Fox during their initial sweep, Sergeant Eric Ennis, an investigator for the Spencer Police Department, applied for a search warrant to recover the drugs observed in defendant\u2019s residence. When the search warrant arrived, the officers reentered defendant\u2019s home and seized the drugs.\nDefendant was subsequently indicted on charges of possession with the intent to sell or deliver marijuana, maintaining a dwelling house for keeping, storing, using or selling marijuana, and carrying a handgun concealed in his vehicle. At a preliminary hearing, defendant moved to suppress all evidence seized during the search of his house, arguing that the search and seizure violated his rights under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I, Section 20 of the North Carolina Constitution.\nAfter considering the testimonies of Officer Hill, Officer Fox, and Sergeant Ennis, as well as other documentary exhibits offered into evidence, the trial court entered an order granting defendant\u2019s motion in part and denying the motion in part. With respect to the brick of marijuana seized from defendant\u2019s dresser drawer, the trial court found that \u201cthe officers deviated from the . . . search [for intruders] when they opened\u201d the drawer. Consequently, the trial court found that defendant\u2019s constitutional rights were violated by that action and ordered that this evidence be suppressed; however, with respect to the marijuana seized from the trash bags in the hall closet, the trial court denied defendant\u2019s motion. The trial court recognized the conflict between the testimonies of Officers Hill and Fox regarding whether the marijuana was in plain view before Jack nuzzled into the trash bag, but, rather than resolving the conflict, summarily found that the discovery of the marijuana in the closet did not violate defendant\u2019s constitutional rights. Defendant entered an Alford plea of guilty to all charges while reserving the right to appeal the trial court\u2019s decision allowing the marijuana seized from the closet into evidence. Defendant then appealed the order and subsequent judgments to the Court of Appeals.\nThe Court of Appeals reversed the judgments and remanded the case to the trial court for further proceedings. State v. Miller, _ N.C. App._, 746 S.E.2d 421 (2013). Citing Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 324 25 (1987), the Court of Appeals concluded that \u201cJack was an instrumentality of the police, and his actions, regardless of whether they are instinctive or not, are no different than those undertaken by an officer. If he opened the bags and exposed the otherwise hidden marijuana, it would not be admissible under the plain view doctrine.\u201d Miller,_N.C. App. at_, 746 S.E.2d at 427. In reaching its holding, the Court of Appeals rejected persuasive precedent from two federal circuit courts of appeal that had rejected Fourth Amendment challenges by defendants under analogous factual circumstances. Id. at_, 746 S.E.2d at 426; see United States v. Reed, 141 F.3d 644, 650 (6th Cir. 1998); United States v. Lyons, 957 F.2d 615, 617 (8th Cir. 1992). But, because the trial court failed to resolve in its order whether the marijuana was in plain view without Jack\u2019s nuzzling of the bags, the Court of Appeals remanded the question to the trial court with instructions to suppress the evidence if the trial court found that Jack brought the marijuana into plain view. Miller, _ N.C. App. at_, 746 S.E.2d at 427.\nOn a petition for discretionary review to this Court, we ordered briefing and argument on the following question submitted by the State: \u201cDid the Court of Appeals err by holding that the canine was an instrumentality of the police and his actions, whether instinctive or not, are no different than those undertaken by an officer?\u201d\nAs formulated, the question presented focuses on two discrete inquiries: (1) whether Jack was an instrumentality of the police, and (2) whether Jack\u2019s actions are analytically different under the Fourth Amendment or Article I, Section 20 from similar actions performed by the police. With respect to the first inquiry, the \u201cinstrumentality\u201d question implies that a material issue in this case is whether Jack was a State actor for the purpose of invoking the Fourth Amendment. We note that a police dog assisting officers in the search of a home for intruders is clearly acting as an instrumentality of the police. See Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443, 487 (1971) (concluding that instruments and agents of the State are State actors for Fourth Amendment purposes), abrogated in part on other grounds by Horton v. California, 496 U.S. 128 (1990). Therefore, whether Jack was a State actor is not the issue here. Rather, the dispositive issue in this case is whether Jack\u2019s actions are analytically different under the Fourth Amendment or Article I, Section 20 from similar actions performed by the police. Stated precisely, we must decide whether a police dog\u2019s instinctive action, unguided and undirected by the police, that brings evidence not otherwise in plain view into plain view is a search within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment or Article I, Section 20 of the North Carolina Constitution.\nII\nThe Fourth Amendment states in pertinent part that the \u201cright of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated.\u201d U.S. Const, amend. IV. Our State\u2019s analogous constitutional provision, Article I, Section 20, declares that \u201c[g]eneral warrants, whereby any officer or other person may be commanded to search suspected places without evidence of the act committed, or to seize any person or persons not named, whose offense is not particularly described and supported by evidence, are dangerous to liberty and shall not be granted.\u201d N.C. Const, art. I, \u00a7 20. In construing these analogous provisions together, we have held that nothing in the text of Article I, Section 20 calls for broader protection than that of the Fourth Amendment. State v. Garner, 331 N.C. 491, 506 07, 417 S.E.2d 502, 510 (1992). Accordingly, our Article I, Section 20 jurisprudence generally comports with the Supreme Court of the United States\u2019 interpretation of the Fourth Amendment.\nA\nMan\u2019s best friend is no stranger to Fourth Amendment jurisprudence. The Supreme Court of the United States has decided several cases involving police dog sniffs that indicate the extent to which police may use these four legged crime fighters without running afoul of constitutional safeguards. In United States v. Place, 462 U.S. 696, 707 (1983), the Court concluded that a dog sniff of a person\u2019s luggage in a public place (an airport) is not a \u201csearch\u201d within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment. In reaching its decision, the Court acknowledged that \u201ca person possesses a privacy interest in the contents of personal luggage,\u201d but supported its conclusion by noting that a dog sniff for the purpose of identifying the presence of narcotics is \u201csui generis,\" that is, unique in the sense that \u201cthe sniff discloses only the presence or absence of narcotics, a contraband item.\u201d Id. Focusing on the intrusiveness of the dog\u2019s action, the Court stated that a dog sniff for narcotics conducted in a public place\ndoes not expose noncontraband items that otherwise would remain hidden from public view, as does, for example, an officer\u2019s rummaging through the contents of the luggage.. .. Thus, despite the fact that the sniff tells the authorities something about the contents of the luggage, the information obtained is limited. This limited disclosure also ensures that the owner of the property is not subjected to the embarrassment and inconvenience entailed in less discriminate and more intrusive investigative methods.\nId. By drawing a contrast between a \u201ccanine sniff\u2019 and other conduct that may \u201cexpose noncontraband items that otherwise would remain hidden from public view,\u201d the Court in Place limited its permissive holding to sniffs that can reveal no more than the presence of contraband.\nThe applicability of the holding in Place in other factual contexts has since been confirmed in City of Indianapolis v. Edmond, 531 U.S. 32, 40 (2000), and Illinois v. Caballes, 543 U.S. 405, 408 10 (2005). In Edmond the Court stated that a dog sniff of the exterior of a vehicle stopped at a highway checkpoint \u201cdoes not transform the seizure into a search.\u201d 531 U.S. at 40 (citing Place, 462 U.S. at 707). The Court explained, \u201cJust as in Place, an exterior sniff of an automobile does not require entry into the car and is not designed to disclose any information other than the presence or absence of narcotics.\u201d Id. In Caballes the Court observed that \u201c[a] dog sniff conducted during a concededly lawful traffic stop that reveals no information other than the location of a substance that no individual has any right to possess does not violate the Fourth Amendment.\u201d 543 U.S. at 410. The Court reasoned that \u201cany interest in possessing contraband cannot be deemed \u2018legitimate,\u2019 and thus, governmental conduct that only reveals the possession of contraband \u2018compromises no legitimate privacy interest.\u2019 \u201d Id. at 408 (citation omitted). Taken together, these cases stand for a generally permissive view of public dog sniffs under the Fourth Amendment.\nNonetheless, insofar as Place, Edmond, and Caballes encourage police to utilize dog sniffs in the public sphere, the Court\u2019s recent decision in Florida v. Jardines, 133 S. Ct. 1409 (2013), places police on a much shorter leash when employing dog sniffs in and around the home. In Jardines police brought a drug sniffing dog onto the defendant\u2019s front porch, where the dog alerted to the presence of narcotics at the defendant\u2019s front door. Id. at 1413. Police used the dog\u2019s positive alert to obtain a warrant to search the residence for narcotics. Id. Delivering the opinion of the Court, Justice Scalia emphasized that \u201cthe officers learned what they learned only by physically intruding on Jardines\u2019 property to gather evidence,\u201d which \u201cis enough to establish that a search occurred.\u201d Id. at 1417. Noting that the home is \u201cfirst among equals\u201d when it comes to the Fourth Amendment, id. at 1414, the Court stated that \u201c[t]he government\u2019s use of trained police dogs to investigate the home and its immediate surroundings is a \u2018search\u2019 within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment,\u201d id. at 1417-18.\nWhile each of these cases is instructive on the question presented here, each falls short of being determinative. First, unlike the above-mentioned cases, Jack\u2019s action here is not properly classified as a dog \u201csniff,\u201d but rather a dog \u201cnuzzle.\u201d While Jack likely sniffed the marijuana in defendant\u2019s closet, it is his nuzzling of the trash bags that has triggered the Fourth Amendment inquiry at issue here. Second, although Jack was in the privacy of defendant\u2019s home when he nuzzled the bags, the exigency of the situation meant that the officers and Jack were lawfully in the house and in front of the open closet searching for intruders.\nAlthough the case did not involve a dog, the Court of Appeals believed that Arizona v. Hicks was determinative of the question presented by defendant\u2019s Fourth Amendment challenge. In Hicks a bullet was fired through the floor of the defendant\u2019s apartment, injuring a man in the apartment below. 480 U.S. at 323. Police entered the defend-ant\u2019s apartment to search for the shooter, for other victims, and for weapons. Id. During the search, one of the officers noticed expensive stereo equipment that \u201cseemed out of place in the squalid and otherwise ill appointed four room apartment.\u201d Id. The officer read and recorded the serial numbers of the items, moving some of the equipment to do so. Id. Upon confirmation that the items were stolen, the equipment was seized. Id. In analyzing whether the officer\u2019s movement of the equipment to read the serial numbers constituted a Fourth Amendment search, the Court stated that\ntaking action, unrelated to the objectives of the authorized intrusion, which exposed to view concealed portions of the apartment or its contents, did produce a new invasion of [the defendant\u2019s] privacy unjustified by the exigent circumstance that validated the entry. ... It matters not that the search uncovered nothing of any great personal value to [the defendant] \u2014 serial numbers rather than (what might conceivably have been hidden behind or under the equipment) letters or photographs. A search is a search, even if it happens to disclose nothing but the bottom of a turntable.\nId. at 325.\nAnalogizing the officer\u2019s actions in Hicks to Jack\u2019s actions here, the Court of Appeals determined that Jack\u2019s nuzzling of the bags was an action \u201c \u2018unrelated to the objectives of the authorized intrusion\u2019 \u201d that created \u201c \u2018a new invasion of [defendant\u2019s] privacy unjustified by the exigent circumstance that validated the entry.\u2019 \u201d Miller,_N.C. App. at_, 746 S.E.2d at 427 (quoting Hicks, 480 U.S. at 325). To bridge the gap between an officer\u2019s action in Hicks and a dog\u2019s action here, the Court of Appeals stated, without authority, that \u201cJack was an instrumentality of the police, and his actions, regardless of whether they are instinctive or not, are no different than those undertaken by an officer.\u201d Id. at_, 746 S.E.2d at 427. The problem with this analogy, however, is that Jack\u2019s actions are different from the actions of an officer, particularly if the dog\u2019s actions were instinctive, undirected, and unguided by the police.\nB\nSeveral federal circuit courts of appeal have recognized the distinction between an officer\u2019s actions and the instinctive actions of a police dog, albeit in imprecise terms. See, e.g., United States v. Sharp, 689 F.3d 616, 618 20 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 133 S. Ct. 777 (2012); United States v. Pierce, 622 F.3d 209, 212 15 (3d Cir. 2010); United States v. Vazquez, 555 F.3d 923, 930 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 558 U.S. 903 (2009); Lyons, 957 F.2d at 616 17. The most common factual scenario encountered in the federal circuits has occurred when a lawful traffic stop takes place; a police dog is used to perform a sniff around the exterior of the vehicle; and the dog, without prompting, jumps into an open window or door and alerts to the presence of narcotics\u2019 inside the suspect\u2019s car. For example, in one of the first cases to address this type of situation, United States v. Stone, 866 F.2d 359 (10th Cir. 1989), a police dog jumped into a vehicle\u2019s hatchback that had been opened by the defendant during a traffic stop. Id. at 361. The court stated that \u201c[e]ven though the police could use a trained dog to sniff the exterior of Stone\u2019s automobile, the dog created a troubling issue under the Fourth Amendment when it entered the hatchback.\u201d Id. at 363. The court acknowledged that people have an expectation of privacy in the interiors of their automobiles, id., but concluded that \u201cthe dog\u2019s instinctive actions did not violate the Fourth Amendment,\u201d id. at 364. The Court reasoned that\n[t]here is no evidence, nor does Stone contend, that the police asked Stone to open the hatchback so the dog could jump in. Nor is there any evidence the police handler encouraged the dog to jump in the car. ... In these circumstances, we think the police remained within the range of activities they may permissibly engage in when they have reasonable suspicion to believe an automobile contains narcotics.\nId. The rule of the case has since been articulated clearly by the Sixth Circuit in Sharp: \u201c[A] dog\u2019s instinctive jump into a car does not violate the Fourth Amendment as long as the canine enters the vehicle on its own initiative and is neither encouraged nor placed into the vehicle by law enforcement.\u201d 689 F.3d at 619 (citations omitted). In defining what an \u201cinstinctive\u201d act is, Sharp noted that \u201c \u2018instinctive implies the dog enters the car without assistance, facilitation, or other intentional action by its handler.\u2019 \u201d Id. (quoting Pierce, 622 F.3d at 214). When there is, however, a desire by law enforcement to facilitate a dog sniff in the interior of the vehicle, the Fourth Amendment is implicated. See, e.g., United States v. Winningham, 140 F.3d 1328, 1330 31 (10th Cir. 1998) (affirming the lower court\u2019s decision invalidating a search when \u201cthe officers themselves opened the door, allowing the van to sit on the side of the highway with the sliding door wide open for a period of at least six minutes until the drug dog could arrive . . . [and] then unleashed the dog as the dog neared the open door\u201d).\nThe federal circuit court cases that are close to being on all fours with respect to the instant case are United States v. Reed and United States v. Lyons. In Reed, a Sixth Circuit decision, police responded to a possible break in at the defendant\u2019s flat and called in a canine unit to perform a protective sweep for intruders. 141 F.3d at 646. \u201cCheddy,\u201d the police dog tasked with performing the search, was trained to alert for narcotics and intruders upon command. Id. at 647. After being commanded to search for intruders (not for drugs),\nCheddy entered the master bedroom, and alerted on a dresser by scratching at the right hand dresser drawers. [The officer], upon hearing the commotion, entered the master bedroom. Although it is unknown whether the dresser drawers were open before Cheddy entered the room, apparently the dog had knocked the top drawer off its runners and into the second drawer, which was also open.... [The officer] pulled the dog away, and noticed a bag of cocaine plainly visible in his bright mag light beam.\nId. Citing, inter alia, Stone, the court determined that \u201cthere was no illegal search in this instance, even assuming that Cheddy moved the drawers ... because the movement of the drawers, if any, would have been occasioned by Cheddy\u2019s instinctive reactions to the nature of the contraband.\u201d Id. at 650.\nIn Lyons police were called to the airport to investigate a suspicious package addressed to the defendant. 957 F.2d at 615 16. \u201cGrady,\u201d the trained police dog tasked with sniffing the package, suddenly and without prompting, \u201cbecame agitated and tore the package in two, spewing the contents on the floor. The contents were white chunks which the police then field tested and .determined to be cocaine.\u201d Id. at 616. Also citing Stone, the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals concluded that \u201c[w]ithout misconduct by the police, the mere fact that the dog tore the package does not constitute a \u2018search.\u2019 \u201d Id. at 617.\nLyons is a model of precision insofar as it clearly asserts the doctrinal foundation for its holding \u2014 that the dog\u2019s instinctive actions did not constitute a Fourth Amendment search. Id.) see also Pierce, 622 F.3d at 214 15 (\u201c[W]e apply the considerable body of jurisprudence examined above to conclude that [the dog\u2019s] interior sniffs, as a natural migration from his initial exterior sniffs, did not constitute a search requiring a warrant or probable cause.\u201d). Yet, Lyons and similar cases that purport to be decided on search grounds do not engage in a prototypical search analysis (by referring to the Supreme Court\u2019s search cases and doctrine) and fail to fully articulate why a dog\u2019s instinctive, undirected, and unguided action does not constitute a Fourth Amendment search.\nc\nThe determinative question in the instant case is therefore: Whether a police dog\u2019s instinctive action, unguided and undirected by the police, that brings evidence not otherwise in plain view into plain view is a search within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment. Nipping at the heels of near uniformity in the federal circuit courts that have addressed the issue in strictly \u201csearch\u201d terms, we hold that such action is not a search.\nWe reach this holding fully aware that what constitutes a \u201csearch\u201d within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment has expanded in recent years, beginning with the Supreme Court\u2019s decision in United States v. Jones, 132 S. Ct. 945 (2012). Before Jones, the Court\u2019s decision in Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347 (1967), and its progeny defined a Fourth Amendment search in terms of one\u2019s \u201creasonable\u201d or \u201clegitimate\u201d expectation of privacy. See generally 1 Wayne R. LaFave, Search and Seizure: A Treatise on the Fourth Amendment \u00a7 2.1 (5th ed. 2012). The test articulated by the Court for determining whether a Fourth Amendment search occurred under the Katz line of cases is (1) whether \u201cthe individual manifested a subjective expectation of privacy in the object of the challenged search,\u201d and (2) whether \u201csociety is willing to recognize that expectation as reasonable.\u201d Kyllo v. United States, 533 U.S. 27, 33 (2001) (brackets, citation, and internal quotation marks omitted). If the answer to both inquiries is in the affirmative, then a search has occurred. Id.\nIn Jones, however, the Court stated that \u201cFourth Amendment rights do not rise or fall with the Katz formulation.\u201d 132 S. Ct. at 950. Harkening back to traditional property based concepts foundational to the Fourth Amendment, the Court reintroduced the common law \u201ctrespass\u201d theory into the Court\u2019s Fourth Amendment jurisprudence. Id. at 951. The Court indicated that when the government engages in a \u201cphysical intrusion of a constitutionally protected area in order to obtain information, that intrusion may constitute a violation of the Fourth Amendment.\u201d Id. (citation and quotation marks omitted). In discussing reintroduction of the trespass theory into the Court\u2019s Fourth Amendment jurisprudence, the Court stated that \u201cthe Katz reasonable expectation of privacy test has been added to, not substituted for, the common law trespassory test.\u201d Id. at 952.\nImportant, however, in the Court\u2019s search doctrine is the prerequisite that the State or government actor have as his or her purpose a desire to find something or obtain information. \u201cA trespass on \u2018houses\u2019 or \u2018effects,\u2019 or a Katz invasion of privacy, is not alone a search unless it is done to obtain information; and the obtaining of information is not alone a search unless it is achieved by such a trespass or invasion of privacy.\u201d Id. at 951 n.5; see also Kyllo, 533 U.S. at 32 n.l (\u201cWhen the Fourth Amendment was adopted, as now, to \u2018search\u2019 meant \u2018[t]o look over or through for the purpose of finding something; to explore; to examine by inspection; as, to search the house for a book; to search the wood for a thief.\u2019 N. Webster, An American Dictionary of the English Language 66 (1828) (reprint 6th ed. 1989).\u201d). This point is dispositive in this case, and is a point that inherently supports the holdings in those federal circuit court cases that have determined that \"a dog\u2019s instinctive, unguided, and undirected action that leads to the discovery of evidence is not a Fourth Amendment search.\nIf a police dog is acting without assistance, facilitation, or other intentional action by its handler (in the words of Sharp, acting \u201cinstinctively\u201d), it cannot be said that a State or governmental actor intends to do anything. In such a case, the dog is simply being a dog. If, however, police misconduct is present, or if the dog is acting at the direction or guidance of its handler, then it can be readily inferred from the dog\u2019s action that there is an intent to find something or to obtain information. See Winningham, 140 F.3d at 1330 31 (invalidating a search on such grounds). In short, we hold that a police dog\u2019s instinctive action, unguided and undirected by the police, that brings evidence not otherwise in plain view into plain view is not a search within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment or Article I, Section 20 of the North Carolina Constitution. Therefore, the decision of the Court of Appeals that Jack was an instrumentality of the police, regardless of whether his actions were instinctive, is reversed.\nIII\nAs defendant indicates in his brief to this Court, the trial court has not made a finding of fact with respect to the instinctive, unguided, and undirected nature of Jack\u2019s nuzzling of the bags in this case. Defendant\u2019s brief does concede, however, that Officer Fox leashed Jack before opening the closet door and that \u201cthere is no evidence to contradict [Officer Fox\u2019s] testimony\u201d that \u201che did not order Jack to sniff the bag to nudge it open.\u201d Nevertheless, our review of the trial court\u2019s suppression order is \u201cstrictly limited to determining whether the trial judge\u2019s underlying findings of fact are supported by competent evidence, in which event they are conclusively binding on appeal, and whether those factual findings in turn support the judge\u2019s ultimate conclusions of law.\u201d State v. Cooke, 306 N.C. 132, 134, 291 S.E.2d 618, 619 (1982). Accordingly, because we have reversed the Court of Appeals\u2019 determination that Jack was an instrumentality of the police, regardless of the instinctive nature of his actions, we remand this matter to the Court of Appeals for further remand to the trial court to resolve whether Jack\u2019s nuzzling of the bags was instinctive, undirected, and unguided by the officers, and to enter new findings of fact and conclusions of law consistent with this opinion.\nREVERSED AND REMANDED.\nJustice BEASLEY did not participate in the consideration or decision in this case.\n. Jardines reaffirmed application of common law trespass theory just last year. 133 S. Ct. at 1414 17.\n. In Jones, government agents attached a GPS tracking device to the undercarriage of the defendant\u2019s car while it was parked in a public place and then subsequently monitored the defendant\u2019s movements for 28 days, collecting evidence eventually supporting a criminal indictment on drug charges. 132 S. Ct. at 948. The Court held that such action constituted a search under the common law trespass analysis. Id. at 949.", "type": "majority", "author": "HUNTER, Justice." } ], "attorneys": [ "Roy Cooper, Attorney General, by Martin T. McCracken and Teresa Posted, Assistant Attorneys General, for the State appellant.", "Staples S. Hughes, Appellate Defender, by Kathleen M. Joyce, Assistant Appellate Defender, for defendant appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. MICHAEL PAUL MILLER\nNo. 368PA13\n(Filed 19 December 2014)\n1. Search and Seizure \u2014 police dog \u2014 search for intruders\u2014 instrumentality of police\nIn a prosecution for offenses involving the sale or delivery of marijuana, it was noted that a police dog assisting officers in the search of a home for intruders is clearly acting as an instrumentality of the police.\n2. Search and Seizure \u2014 police dog \u2014 nuzzling bag open\u2014 instinctive or directed \u2014 remanded for determination\nA police dog\u2019s instinctive action, unguided and undirected by the police, that brings evidence into plain view is not a search within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment or Article I, Section 20 of the North Carolina Constitution. When a dog is simply being a dog, if it acts without assistance, facilitation, or other intentional action by its handler, it cannot be said that a State or governmental actor intends to do anything. If, however, police misconduct is present, or if the dog is acting at the direction or guidance of its handler, then it can be readily inferred from the dog\u2019s action that there is an intent to find something or to obtain information. This case was remanded to the trial court to resolve whether the dog\u2019s nuzzling which opened the bags in which contraband was found was instinctive, undirected, and unguided by the officers.\nJustice BEASLEY did not participate in the consideration or decision in this case.\nOn discretionary review pursuant to N.C.G.S. \u00a7 7A-31 of a unanimous decision of the Court of Appeals, _ N.C. App. _, 746 S.E.2d 421 (2013), reversing judgments entered on 23 May 2011 by Judge Joseph N. Crosswhite in Superior Court, Rowan County, and remanding the case to the trial court to resolve a conflict in the evidence relating to defendant\u2019s motion to suppress and for additional proceedings. Heard in the Supreme Court on 8 September 2014.\nRoy Cooper, Attorney General, by Martin T. McCracken and Teresa Posted, Assistant Attorneys General, for the State appellant.\nStaples S. Hughes, Appellate Defender, by Kathleen M. Joyce, Assistant Appellate Defender, for defendant appellee." }, "file_name": "0702-01", "first_page_order": 742, "last_page_order": 754 }