#### SAMUEL SMITH v. THOMAS S. DEAVER et al.

Ono who prosecutes another for a peijury, in swearing to a matter that could not amount to a peijury, (being an immaterial fact) cannot be protected by proving the truth of his charge.

ActioN on the oase for á malicious prosecution, tried before Caldwell, Judge, at the Spring Term, 1857, of Madison Superior Court.

The defendant JI. B. 'Deaver had been prosecuted for forgery, in altering the date of a certain note, executed by one Bradley to one Carter, on which a warrant had issued in the name of Carter to the use of said Deaver. The note in question, with the warrant thereon, (which had never been served) came to the hands of the plaintiff by a trade between him and TI. B. Deaver. On the trial of the said Deaver, for the forgery, the warrant above mentioned was produced, and it appearing that the face of the warrant had been altered, so as to make it -read “ to the use of Samuel Smith,” instead of “ to the use of II. B. Deaver,” the plaintiff, who was a witness, was asked, whether he did not make this alteration ; which he denied. Eor this denial, the defendants took out a State’s *514warrant, for perjury, against tlie plaintiff, which, having been returned before a justice of the peace, was dismissed at the defendants’ cost. This action, for a malicious prosecution, was then brought against 'the defendants for suing and prosecuting this warrant.

Upon the trial of the cause below, the defendants offered to show that the plaintiff did make the alteration in the face of the civil warrailt above stated. To which evidence the plaintiff objected, upon the ground that, even if true, it did not amount to probable cause to proceed against him for perjury, for that the statement which he made, in relation to the alteration of the warrant, was not pertinent to the issue then on trial, which was as to the alteration of the note, and that if he had stated untruly, in that respect, he could not be guilty, and therefore it furnished no probable cause for the defendants’ proceeding against him. lie called upon his Honor so to instruct the jury.

The court admitted the evidence, holding that it amounted to probable cause for taking out the warrant against the plaintiff, and refused to charge as requested. Plaintiff excepted.

There was a verdict and judgment for the defendants, and an appeal by the plaintiff.

JSdney, for the plaintiff.

Gaither, for the defendants.

Battle, J.

The question, for the alleged answer to which, the defendants instituted a prosecution for perjury against the plaintiff, was manifestly immaterial, and the enquiry is whether proof, in the present action, that it was false, is sufficient to show a probable cause for the prosecution. What is probable cause is a question of law, to be decided by the court upon the facts, as they may be found by the jury. Beale v. Robinson, 7 Ire. Rep. 280 ; Vickers v. Logan, Busb. Rep. 393. As a guide to the court, it is defined to be “ the existence of circumstances and facts sufficiently strong to excite, in a reasonable mind, suspicion that the person charged with having *515been guilty, was guilty. It is a case of apparent guilt as con-tradistinguished from real’guilt. It is not essential, that there should be positive evidence at the time the action is commenced, but the guilt should be so apparent at the time, as would be sufficient ground to induce a rational and prudent man, who duly regards the rights of others, as well as his own, to institute a prosecution ; not that he knows the facts necessary to ensure a conviction, but that there are known to him sufficient grounds to suspect that the person he charges was guilty of the offence.” See the case of Munns v. Dupont, 2 Brown’s Rep. Ap. 65, cited in Cabiness v. Martin, 3 Dev. Rep. 454.

This reasonable ground of suspicion may involve a question of law as well as of fact; for certainly, no rational and prudent man, having a due regard to the rights of others, as well as his own, would rashly commence a prosecirtion for an act which the law did not hold to be criminal. If he believed that the person suspected had committed an offence, and did not know that it was an indictable offence, he ought to make enquiries of those who did know whether it was so or not. Should he neglect this prudent precaution, he will not be protected by proving the truth of his charge. Thus in the case above referred to of Cabiness v. Martin, a witness on a trial, swore “ that a magistrate, upon the return of a State’s warrant before him, had told the defendant therein, that unless he gave his note, &c., he would send hi/m to jail.” The The magistrate had, in truth, said to the defendant that, “ unless he gave his note, &c., he would bind him to appear at court.” Eor this variance, the witness was prosecuted for perjury, and upon being acquitted, brought an action against the prosecutors for a malicious prosecution.

The court held that, under the circumstances in which the words were spoken, it was immaterial whether the magistrate used the one set of words of the other, and that “ the difference'between the words spoken by the magistrate, and the words which the plaintiff swore he made use of, was not suffi*516cient to excite, in the minds of the defendants, a reasonable suspicion that he had committed perjury.”

In the case now before us, the question which/was put to the plaintiff, whether he had made an alteration in the war-rani, was plainly’¡.immaterial to the enquiry whether the defendant, ' in that trial, had committed forgery by altering the date of a note; and we think no rational and prudent man, who duly-regarded the rights of others, as well as his own, would, without enquiry whether a false answer to such a question was perjury, have instituted a prosecution for that offence. In charging that the defendants had made out a case of probable ca^tse, we are of opinion that his Honor erred. In consequence of-which, the judgment must be reversed, anda venire de novo awarded.

Pee CueiaM, Judgment reversed.