{
  "id": 1961028,
  "name": "STATE v. PETER, a Slave",
  "name_abbreviation": "State v. Peter",
  "decision_date": "1860-12",
  "docket_number": "",
  "first_page": "19",
  "last_page": "24",
  "citations": [
    {
      "type": "nominative",
      "cite": "8 Jones 19"
    },
    {
      "type": "official",
      "cite": "53 N.C. 19"
    }
  ],
  "court": {
    "name_abbreviation": "N.C.",
    "id": 9292,
    "name": "Supreme Court of North Carolina"
  },
  "jurisdiction": {
    "id": 5,
    "name_long": "North Carolina",
    "name": "N.C."
  },
  "cites_to": [],
  "analysis": {
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  "last_updated": "2023-07-14T21:05:38.635812+00:00",
  "provenance": {
    "date_added": "2019-08-29",
    "source": "Harvard",
    "batch": "2018"
  },
  "casebody": {
    "judges": [],
    "parties": [
      "STATE v. PETER, a Slave."
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "Pearson, C. J.\nThe -fact that the witness, Marcissa, did aiot make known or complain of the outrage which had been perpetrated on her, for two weeks, was presented to the jury by his Honor, as a circumstance whieh affected her .credibility. This portion of the charge is excepted to, on the ground, that he ought to have gone further, and told the jury, that her not making an earlier disclosure, raised a presumption of falsehood, to be acted on by the jury in the absence of any proof to rebut it.\nIt is net*\u00bb rule of law that silence, under such circumstances, raises a .presumption that the witness has sworn falsely. The passages in the books, to whieh reference was made on the argument, \u00bbuse the word \u201c presumption,\u201d not as a rule of law, but \u00a1a\u00ae inference of fact, and treat of silence, as a .circumstance tending strongly to impeach the credibility of the witness ; on the ground that .a forcible violation of her person so outrages the'female instinct, that a woman, not only will make an outcry for aid at the time,) but will instantly, and involuntarily, after its perpetration, seek some one to whom she can make known the injury and give vent to her feelings. The want of this demonstration of feeling or \u201c involuntary-outburst,\u201d is treated of as a circumstance tending to show consent on her part; but it is no where held that this female instinct is so strong and unerring as to have been made- the foundation of a rule of law, as distinguished from a rule in respect to evidence, and the weight to which it is entitled : which is a matter for the jury. So that,, although we think his Honor would have been sustained by the authorities in presenting this circumstance to- the jury more forcibly than he did, still the omission is not an error in law which- this Court has the power to review..\nTlie motion,'in arrest of judgment, cannot be sustained. It i's based upon the idea that the word \u201c person\u201d in the statute, in respect to the crime of rape, Rev. Code, chap. 34, sec. 5, does not embrace a slave, and that the case of slaves is only provided for in the statute, Rev. Code, chap. 207, section 44, which- enacts, \u201c Any slave or free negro, or free person of color, convieted by due course of law, of an assault with an intent to- commit a rape upon the body of a white female, shall suffer death.\u201d If this position was- granted, the conclusion would not follow; for still, it would- seem, that a verdict finding a slave guilty of a rape upon the- body of a white female, would authorise a judgment; on the ground that a rape must of necessity include an assault with an intent to commit it; the greater includes the less.\nBnt this Court is of opinion that the word \u201c person\u201d in chapter 34, section 5, does embrace a slave. The word \u201c person\u201d and the word \u201c man,\u201d in their ordinary signification, include slaves, free negroes and free persons of color, as well' as- white men, and are to bo taken in that sense in construing statutes, unless there is something showing that it was not the intention of the law-makers to use these word's in their ordinary signification, and that it was not intended to. apply to slaves. It is said that the intention not to include slaves, in our statute, is to be inferred from the fact, that by the other, even assault with an intent, subjects the slave to the penalty of death, and it was a matter of supererogation to include him also in the former. This argument proves too much; for it excludes free negroes and free persons of color, as well as slaves, from the operation of the former statute, and it is a non sequitur, that the latter statute makes the former a matter of supererogation. It is clear the intention was to denounce the penalty of death against any person, no matter to which of the classes he belonged, who was guilty of rape, and in respect to. the last three classes, the intention was to go further, and to denounce the penalty of death against all who even committed an assault on a white female with an intent to ravish her.\nThat it was the intention to include a slave by the word, \u201cperson,\u201d in the 5th section, is manifest from the sections which immediately precede and follow it: section 4: \u201c if any person shall castrate, &c.:\u201d section 7: \u201cif any person shall burn the state-house, any court-house, &c.: section 8: \u201cif any person shall enter any dwelling-house with intent, &c.,\u201d \u201c he shall suffer death.\u201d Can it be seriously contended that, as our statute law now stands, a slave may commit any and all of these deeds, without being guilty of a criminal offense ?\nThe counsel for the prisoner rested his position, mainly, on the authority of Tom\u2019s ease, Busbee\u2019s Rep. 214. It is there decided that the word, \u201c person,\u201d as used in the act of 1819, Rev. Code, chap. 34, sec. 60, forbidding any person passing counterfeit bank bills, did not embrace a slave. The decision is put on the authority of State v. Small, June Term, 1844. That was an indictment under the statute, Rev. Statutes, ch. 34, sec. 48, which provides that \u201c when any man shall take a woman into his house, or a woman a man,\u201d \u201c and bod and cohabit together,\u201d and it was held that from the subject matter, and from the punishment, to wit, a fine not exceeding $200, it was to be inferred that the law-makers did not use the words \u201c man\u201d and \u201c woman\u201d in their ordinary sense ; for if so, all of our slaves could be indicted, as none of them are married according to law, and there is no law by which they can be married, and the idea of intending to fine a slave was absurd; as slaves have no property.\nTorres case was governed by this authority, and it was conceived that the reasoning on which it was decided applied with full force, taken in connection with the sections wdiich 'immediately precede and follow it, providing against forgery \u2022and making counterfeit bank bills, which slaves are not, usually, able to do, and in wdiich sections the same word, \u201cperson,\u201d is used. From the two cases, this legal principle may be deduced: Where a statute uses the word \u201c man\u201d or the word \u201c person\u201d in creating an offense, it embraces slaves as \u25a0well as white persons, and all others, unless from the nature \u25a0of the subject matter and the punishment imposed, it appears not to have been the intention to embrace slaves. It is true, the Chief Justice wdio delivered the opinion, in arguing the question, uses the expression \u201cin carrying out this humane policy the courts, in putting a construction upon penal statutes, \u2022have adopted the principle that slaves are not embraced unless mentioned; they are not embraced for punishment, but they are for protection. This principle was declared by the \u2022Court in the case of Small, June Term, 1844.\u201d It is obvious -the learned Judge had in his mind the principle that, by our law, slaves are treated as \u201cproperty,\u201d eiv\u00fcit&r, but are treated as persons criminaliler, and it was not his intention to lay dowm any rule of construction, other than that established by the case of State v. Small, and although his words may seem to go further, the correct principle is that stated above as deducible from the two cases.\nThere is no error.\nPer Curiam,\nJudgment affirmed.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "Pearson, C. J. Per Curiam,"
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Attorney General, for the State.",
      "Balter., for the defendant."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "STATE v. PETER, a Slave.\nThe inference arising against the truth of a charge of rape, from a \u00ed\u00f3'ng silence on the part of the female, is not a presumption amounting to a rule of law, but is a matter of fact, to be passed on by the jury.\nThe word, \u201cperson,\u201d in the 5th section, of the 34 ch. of the Revised Oode, (punishing rape) includes slaves, free negroes and free persons of color, as well as white men.\nIndictment for a bare, tried before Fbench, X, at the last Term of New Hanover Superior Court.\nThe rape was alleged to have been committed by the defendant, who is a slave, on the body of Naroissa Craig. There was also a count, for an assault with ah intent to commit a rape.\nJVaraissa Orcdg swore, that about the first of the preceding May, about daylight in the morning, the prisoner came to her room and had carhal knowledge of her person, forcibly, and against her will; that she had on her night 'clothes at the time, and they were made bloody by the act of the prisoner; that her father went to Smithville before day^ and she was left alone; that she told no one of it until ab\u00f3\u00fat two weeks after-Wards, and then sh\u00e9 told her aunt, Mrs; Spiver; that her fatlier returned home the next day after the offense was committed, and she saw him every day for two or three weeks ;\u25a0 that when the prisoner was committing the act, she cried aloud-; that her cousin, Mrs. Howard, resided one or two hundred yards- distant from her father\u2019s house, and her aunt, Mrs. Spiver, about half a mile; that she and Mrs. Howard were not on friendly terms j that Peter had a wife at Mrs. Howard\u2019s; that she did not like him nor his wife, because- they were saucy to her; that four or five days after the offence was committed, Peter came to the house where she and her father and brother were, and sitting down familiary in the piazza, had a conversation with her father and brother; that she did not tell her father, because she was afraid and ashamed to do so; that her father was drinking when he came home; that she had never had any monthly sickness.\nMrs. Spi/ver testified that Narcissa came to her house about the middle of May, and told her of the offense committed by the prisoner, as she had narrated it before the court; that she showed her, her night clothes, and they were bloody j she stated further, that the witness, Narcissa, had never had her monthly sickness.\nJoseph fif. Bv/rroughs stated, that he arrested the prisoner on the 6th of June, and tied him in his kitchen; that he overheard a conversation between the prisoner and a negro woman, in which the latter said to the former, \u201cwhat did you do it for ? did you not know it would carry you to the gallows ?\u201d to which the prisoner replied, \u201c I am sorry for it.\u201d There was some other testimony, not necessary to be stated.\nThe counsel for the defendant, insisted that the witness, Narcissa Craig, was not to be believed; that the act, if committed at all by the prisoner, was with her consent, and that her motive in- charging the prisoner, was to conceal her disgrace.\nThe Court charged the jury, that if Narcissa was to be believed, the prisoner was guilty; and they might enquire what motive she bad to charge such an offence to have been Committed on her person by a slave, if it were not true. The Court further charged the jury, that in passing on the credibility of the witness, they should take into consideration the length of time between tl^e alleged commission of the offence and the accusation against the prisoner; that within four or five days after the time stated by the witness, the prisoner weut to the house of the witness\u2019 father, and there 'Conversed familiarly with the father and brother in her presence, and that the place where the offense was alleged to have been committed, was within one or two hundred yards of Mrs. Howard\u2019s house, where, also, the wife of the prisoner resided ; that in .passing upon the motive whieh the girl had to make the accusation, and as to the allegation that she -did so to conceal her shame, they would enquire what evidence there was that \u25a0she would .have been disgraced if she had not made the accusation. To this charge, the prisoner\u2019s counsel excepted. He also moved in arrest of judgment on the same grounds relied on in this Court.\nYerdiet, guilty. Judgment and appeal by the prisoner..\nAttorney General, for the State.\nBalter., for the defendant."
  },
  "file_name": "0019-01",
  "first_page_order": 27,
  "last_page_order": 32
}