{
  "id": 1955267,
  "name": "ELIZABETH O. GARRETT v. ABRAM TROTTER and JEREMIAH FIELDS",
  "name_abbreviation": "Garrett v. Trotter",
  "decision_date": "1871-06",
  "docket_number": "",
  "first_page": "430",
  "last_page": "436",
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    {
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      "cite": "65 N.C. 430"
    }
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  "court": {
    "name_abbreviation": "N.C.",
    "id": 9292,
    "name": "Supreme Court of North Carolina"
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    "name_long": "North Carolina",
    "name": "N.C."
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    {
      "cite": "64 N. C. 706",
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  "last_updated": "2023-07-14T18:41:56.423501+00:00",
  "provenance": {
    "date_added": "2019-08-29",
    "source": "Harvard",
    "batch": "2018"
  },
  "casebody": {
    "judges": [],
    "parties": [
      "ELIZABETH O. GARRETT v. ABRAM TROTTER and JEREMIAH FIELDS."
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "Pearson, C. J.\nIt appears by the record, that the controversy between the parties is in regard to a lease for a term of three years, which the defendants allege the plaintiff made to Fields.\nThis allegation is denied by the plaintiff issue is joined and comes on for trial; but a motion is made by the counsel of the defendants in mecidas res, and the action is dismissed, without the merits of the case being touched.\nThe first reflection suggested by this state of facts must be under a Code of Civil Procedure, professing its main object to be, to have every case decided \u201c upon the merits,\u201d and to this end abolishing the distinction between actions at law and suits in equity, and all the forms of such actions and suits, C. C. P., sec. 112; abolishing all the forms of pleading heretofore existing, sec. 91; declaring no variance shall be deemed material, unless it has actually misled the adverse party in maintaining the merits on his side, sec. 128 ; and allowing amendments on a scale so liberal that it may well be said \u201c any thing may be amended at any time;\u201d for, before or after judgment, the pleading, process or judgment may be amended by \u201cinserting other allegations material to the case,\u201d and by \u201c conforming the pleading or proceeding to the facts proved,\u201d sec. 131, 132. How does it happen that a ease could thus go off, without touching merits %\nThere is error on the grounds:\n1. The complaint alleges that the defendants are in possession of the land, and withhold the same to her\u00aedamage, one hundred dollars.\nThe answer admits that the defendants are in possession of the land, but deny that they withhold the same from the plaintiff, illegally, as is alleged in the complaint; and then avers the fact of a lease by her for a term of three years, which is unexpired.\nAdmit that the complaint is defective in this, it does not allege in so many words that the defendants illegally and wrongfully withhold the possession from the plaintiff; although as the the C. C. P. requires a statement of facts to be \u201cplain and concise, without unnecessary repetition,\u201d section 13 ; and a statement in \u201c ordinary and concise language, without repetition,\u201d section 100 ;ait might well be questioned whether the complaint be defective in this particular. But supposing it to be so, the defect is aided by the answer, which shows that defendants understood the complaint to charge an illegal withholding of the possession.\n\u201c A defect in pleading is aided, if the adverse party plead over to, or answer the defective pleading in such a manner, that an omission or informality therein is expressly or impliedly supplied or rendered formal or intelligible.\u201d\nThe following are a few instances of an express aider: In an action of debt on a bond, when the declaration specified no place at which the bond was made, it was held that a plea of duress, \u201c a/pud B.\u201d supplied the omission in the declaration, as such a plea contained a distinct admission that the bond was made at the place where the duress was. In an action for slander, when the declaration averred that the plaintiff was foresworn, without saying how, it was determined that this defect was\u00a1aided by a plea of justification, which alleges that the plaintiff, who was stated in the declaration to be a constable, had taken a false oath at the sessions. And again in an action of trespass for taking a book, when the plaintiff omitted to state that it was his book, or that it was in his possession, and the defendant in his plea, justified the taking the book out of the plaintiff\u2019s hand; the Court held, on motion in arrest, that \u201c the omission in the declaration was supplied by the plea.\u201d 1 Chitty Plead. 671. Our case furnishes another apt illustration of the principle of aider, by admissions express or implied in pleading over. It was said the Code of Civil Procedure no where adopts the doctrine of \u201c aider,\u201d by admissions in pleading over. The principle commends itself so strongly by its good sense? that it must be taken to underlie every system of procedure, professing to aim at the furtherance of justice, and to put controversies upon their merits, and not allow actions to go off upon subtleties and refinements.\nWe have seen also that the Code of Civil Procedure is much more liberal in its provisions to meet the merits of controversies, than the system of procedure in England, even after the statutes of jeofails and amendments, and the statute, 4 Anne, requiring all defects in form to be specially assigned as eause of demurrer; and it may be added, that in regard to demurrers, the C. C. P. improves upon the statute of Anne, and requires every demurrer, whether for substance or form, to specify distinctly the ground of objection to the complaint, sec. 96; Love v. Comm'rs of Chatham, 64 N. C. 706. When there is a defect in substance as an omission of a material allegation in the complaint, it is a defective statement of the cause of action; and the demurrer must specify it, to the end that it may be amended by making the allegation. And when there is a statement of a defective cause of action, the demurrer must specify, to the end that as there is no help for it, the plaintiff' may stop his proceeding without a further useless incurring of costs. The distinction between a defective statement of a cause of action, and a statement of a defective title or cause of action, is made, 1 Chitty Plead. 681, and may be illustrated by two instances:\n1. The complaint alleges that the defendant, as constable, collected money for the plaintiff, and failed to pay it over; omitting to allege a demand. Here is a defective statement ot a cause of action. The complaint alleges that the plaintiff isassignee of a reversion after a term of years; that at the time of the assignment there was rent arrear due by the defendant, the lessee, for years, and the plaintiff demands this rent arrear. Here is a statement of a defective title or cause of action. The distinction is a clear one, and leads to important differences.\n2. It is a rule in every system of procedure; \u201c good matter must he taken advantage of, in due form, apt time and proper order.\u201d Had the supposed defect, in omitting to allege that the withholding of possession was illegal, been set out as ground of demurrer, the plaintiff could have amended; or if it had been taken in arrest of judgment, after verdict, the plaintiff could have amended ore tenus, or availed himself of the principle, that^eertain defects of substance, as well as form, are cured by verdict. This is a well settled principle. It is thus stated tby Sergeant Williams in his notes to Saunders\u2019 Reports, 1 vol. 228, note 1. \u201c When there is any defect or omission in any pleading, whether in substance or form, which would have been a fatal objection upon demurrer ; yet if the issue joined tse such, as necessarily required on the trial proof of the facts so defectively stated or omitted, and without which it is not to be presumed, that, either the j ndge would direct the j ury to give or the j ury would have given the verdict: such defect, imperfection or omission is cured by the verdict, by the common law, or in the phrase often used upon the occasion, such defect is not mj jeofail after verdict.\u201d\nIn our case, the objection was not taken in apt time, or in proper order; but in tbe midst of the trial, all evidence on the part of the plaintiff is ruled out, and her action dismissed, thus \u25a0depriving her of the benefit of the principle, of certain defects being cured by verdict, if it applied to the case; and at all events depriving her, of the right to amend ore tenus, \u201c by inserting other allegations material to the ease,\u201d and by \u201c conforming the pleading or proceeding to the facts proved,\u201d O. C. E. sec. 131,132. This irregularity furnishes a second ground upon which the plaintiff is entitled to have the judgment set aside, and a -venire de novo awarded..\n\u25a0It was said upon the argument; the C. O. P. prescribes no -order or time for taking objections, and reliance was put upon sec. 99 : \u201c If no such objection be taken either by demurrer or answer, the defendant shall be deemed to have waived the same, \u25a0excepting only the objection to the jurisdiction of the Court; and the objection that the complaint does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action.\u201d\nThe counsel for the defendant,Jand his Honor, fell into error, \u2022by not adverting to the distinction above referred to, between \u25a0 a defective statement of a cause of action, and a statement of a -defective cause of action. There is alike distinction between a \u2022defect of jurisdiction in respect to the subject of the action, .and a want of jurisdiction in respect to the person: for illustration : Action in a Superior Court upon a note for less than ' $200; here there is a defect of jurisdiction in respect to the subject of the action; it cannot be helped by waiver, consent, amendment or otherwise, and the sooner the proceeding is . stopped, the better: Action in the County of Orange, against the Charlotte & Columbia E. E. Co.; here is a want of juris- - diction in respect to the person, whieh may be waived by con--sent, or by making full defence or pleading by an Attorney of the Court.\nIf at any time it appear that the Court has no jurisdiction \u2022 of the action, or that the plaintiff has no^cause of action, the \u25a0Court may stop the proceedings and dismiss the action, for it is idle to go further; but when the objection grows out of a defective statement of the cause of action, the|Court cannot stop in the midst of the trial of an issue and dismiss the action; for, the plaintiff is thereby deprived of the advantage of having the defect or omission in the statement of his cause of action cured by verdict, which is a principle of the common law, and does not -depend upon a provision of the C. C. P., provided the case falls within the application of the principle; and at all events he is deprived of the privilege of amending, secured to him by the C. C. P., by having the pleadings and proceedings made to conform to the facts proved, which of course he cannot avail himself of, should the testimony be all ruled out, and the action abruptly terminated, instead of proceeding in the trial of the issue, and\u00aehearing the evidence which the parties have come prepared to offer. After verdict, the defendant may make the objection by motion in arrest.\nJudgment reversed.\nPer Curiam. Venire de novo.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "Pearson, C. J."
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Dillard & Gilmer and Mendenhall, for plaintiff",
      "Scott '<& Scott and Dali <& Keogh, for defendants."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "ELIZABETH O. GARRETT v. ABRAM TROTTER and JEREMIAH FIELDS.\n\u2018Whether in a complaint for the recovery of realty, it is sufficient to allege that the defendants are in possession of the locus in quo, and withhold the possession thereof from plaintiff, (\u00bfuere ?\nAssuming that -the eomplaint is defective, advantage ought to have been taken thereof in \u201c apt time,\u201d and it cannot be considered \u201c apt time,\u201d to have filed an answer to the merits, and make the objection at the trial term.\nSuch a complaint is sufficient, and the defect, if any, is aided by the defendants\u2019 -answer, which shows that they understood the complaint to charge an illegal withholding of the possession.\n'The doctrine of odder, express or implied, and the principles applicable to defective pleading discussed and explained. Love v. Commissioners of Chatham, 64 FT. C. 706., cited and approved.\nAction for the recovery of realty, tried before Tourgee, J., at Pall Term, 1870, of G-uilkord Superior Court.\nThe plaintiff alleges in her complaint, that she is seized for fife of certain premises, describing them with sufficient certainty.\nIn article II of the complaint, she alleges that the defendants .are in possession thereof and withhold the same from her. Then she demands judgment for the possession of the premises, \u2022and for one hundred dollars as damages sustained, &e.\nThe defendants in their answer admit that the plaintiff is the owner of the locus in quo, but \u201cdeny they withhold the \u25a0same .illegally.\u201d They also aver that they are entitled to the land for three years commencing in January, 1868, by virtue of a lease made to the defendant Fields by the plaintiff. The pleadings were filed at Spring Term, 1869.\nWhen the cause was reached for trial, and before the jury were empanelled, the defendants objected to the hearing of any testimony on behalf of the plaintiff against the defendants, because said complaint emitted to set forth, \u201c that the defendants were wrongfully and unlawfully in possession of the premises described in the complaint, and wrongfully and unlawfully withheld the same from the plaintiff.\u201d\nThe said objection being considered by the Court, it was ordered that said action be dismissed. Judgment and appeal.\nDillard & Gilmer and Mendenhall, for plaintiff\nScott '<& Scott and Dali <& Keogh, for defendants."
  },
  "file_name": "0430-01",
  "first_page_order": 440,
  "last_page_order": 446
}