{
  "id": 8692184,
  "name": "Louisa Dickinson v. Joel Dickinson",
  "name_abbreviation": "Dickinson v. Dickinson",
  "decision_date": "1819-05",
  "docket_number": "",
  "first_page": "327",
  "last_page": "331",
  "citations": [
    {
      "type": "nominative",
      "cite": "3 Mur. 327"
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    {
      "type": "official",
      "cite": "7 N.C. 327"
    }
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  "court": {
    "name_abbreviation": "N.C.",
    "id": 9292,
    "name": "Supreme Court of North Carolina"
  },
  "jurisdiction": {
    "id": 5,
    "name_long": "North Carolina",
    "name": "N.C."
  },
  "cites_to": [
    {
      "cite": "3 Dall. 386",
      "category": "reporters:scotus_early",
      "reporter": "Dall.",
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        11738091
      ],
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        "/us/3/0386-01"
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  "last_updated": "2023-07-14T14:45:47.457789+00:00",
  "provenance": {
    "date_added": "2019-08-29",
    "source": "Harvard",
    "batch": "2018"
  },
  "casebody": {
    "judges": [],
    "parties": [
      "Louisa Dickinson v. Joel Dickinson."
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "Tayxok, Chief-Justice,\ndelivered the opinion of the Court:\nThe act of 1814, ch. 5, is the only law which gives authority to the Courts to take cognizance of the subject of divorce. The first section of that act authorises the Court to decree a divorce from bed and board, or from the bonds of matrimony, at the discretion of the Court, on proof of natural impotence, or that either party has separated \u2019\u2022' or herself from the other, and is living in Adultery. , a subsequent section authorises the Court to deert divorce from bed and board, in cases where the hush either abandons his family, maliciously turns his wife, of doors, endangers her life by cruel treatment, or ofl .s intolerable indignities to her person. The verdict of the Jury has negatived the charges in the petition, relative to the cruelty and personal ill-treatment, and affirmed the charge of adultery; as to which, the Jury find that the Defendant did separate himself from the petitioner, and live ill a state of adultery, in tlie year \u00cd812 or 1813, for the space of six months. And this brings forward the question, whether a decree can be pronounced under the act of 1814, for the adultery committed before that period.\nFrom the languag\u2019e used in the first and second sections of the act, it would seem to have been the intention of the Legislature to authorise divorces for causes existing when the act was passed : for the first section speaks of \u201c a marriage heretofore contracted,\u201d and then proceeds to specify a cause of divorce coeval with the marriage, to-wit, impotency; and the second section, not less distinctly, speaks of the injury which has hem received from either of the causes stated in the first. In the fifth section, the language is changed, and in enumerating the causes of divorce from bed and board, the law is strictly prospective, and assumes the recognised form of a Legislative act. \u201c futuris fonnam d\u00e9bet imponere, non PrcetcHlis \u2014 6 Bac. S70.\nBefore the enactment of this law, the offence charged in the petition was punishable only under the act of 1805, which imposed a fine on the party convicted : and therefore the Defendant was liable to no other punishment in 1812 or 1813, when he committed the offence; and to that extent he yet continues liable. . But the Court is now called upon to superadd to.,this liability, a deprivation of the marital rights, and an allowance to the petitioner out of her husband\u2019s estate, under the authority of the act of 1814. But as that law increased' the punishment of the offence, though it did not create its criminality, it appears to be, in relation to this case, unauthorised by the Declaration of Rights; if not by the very words, at least by their fair meaning and spirit. \u201c Retrospective laws, punishing faots \u201c committed before the existence of such laws, and by \u201c them only declared criminal, are oppressive, unjust, and (t incompatible with liberty : Wherefore, no ex post facto \u201c law ought to be made.\u201d \u2014 24th sec. of the Declaration of Rights, It is true that the fact of adultery was declared criminal by tbe act of 1805 -, but to aggravate the punishment of a crime, by a law posterior to its commission, is forbidden by the same reason that restrains the Lcgisla-^u[>e \u00a31>om conrcl.\u00bf\u00a1ng. into a crime, an act ihnoce; 'hen committed. Punishments are designed to suppress es, and the degree in which each individual is liable fo > cific violations of the law, is promulgated to the citi under a constitutional assurance, that they are irresponsible beyond the existing enactments when the crime was committed. This construction has been put upon the term ex post facto laws, by the Supreme Court of the United States, in the case of Calder v. Bull. \u2014 3 Dall. 386. \u2014 Mr. Justice Chase says, \u201c I will state what laws I consider \u201c ex post facto laws, within the words and the intent of \u00ab the prohibition. 1st. Every law that makes an action, \u201c done before tbe passing of the law, and which was inno- \u201c cent when done, criminal, and punishes such action. \u201c 2d. Every law that aggravates a crime, or makes it \u201c greater than it was when committed. 3d. Every law \u201c that changes the punishment, and indicts a greater pun- \u201c ishment, than the law annexed to the crime when com- \u201c mitted. 4th. Every law that alters the legal rules of evidence, and receives less or different testimony, than the law required at the time of the commission of the \u201c offence, in order to convict the offender.\u201d Mr. Justice Patterson says, in the same case, \u201c the enhancement of a \u201c crime or penalty, seems to come within the same mis-e( chief as the creation of a crime or penalty 5 and there- \u201c fore, they may be classed together.\u201d Mr. Justice Ire-dell, speaking of the power of the Federal and State Legislatures, says, \u201c they shall not pass any ex post facto \u201c law; or, in other words, they shall not indict a punish- \u201c ment for any act, which was innocent at the time it was \u201c committed; nor increase the degree of punishment pre-4S viously denounced for any offence.\u201d\n\"Without referring to other authorities for an exposition of these terms, I think it may be taken as an incontrover-tibie position, that the act of 1814, so fax* as it is relied upon to sustain this application, is substantially at variance with a most impoi'tant constitutional provision, the pro-servation of which inviolate, is vitally connected with every principle and bulwark of civil liberty. For this reason, therefore, the petition must be dismissed.\nBut as another question is presented by the case, the determination of which at this time, may serve to prevent fruitless litigation, and settle the practice in other cases,, the Court will give an opinion upon it. The sixth section of the act of 1814, enacts that no petition shall be sustained, unless the petitioner shall state and swear, that the facts forming the ground of the complaint, have existed to liis or her knowledge, at least six months prior to the filing of the petition. The affidavit in this case, simply affirms the truth of the facts according to the best of the petitioner\u2019s knowledge and belief, and that the petition is not filed out of collusion or levity, but for the causes stated in the petition. Nor does the body of the petition state the fact in the manner required by the act. It should, however, be distinctly stated in the affidavit, that the petitioner knew of the facts charged, six months before the filing of the petition; and this, that the application may appear to the Court not dictated by passion or resentment, but an affair of deliberation.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "Tayxok, Chief-Justice,"
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "Louisa Dickinson v. Joel Dickinson.\nFrom Beaufort.\nPetition for divorce from the bonds of matrimony, for adultery committed in the years 1812 and 1813. \u2014 The petition dismissed ; for\nThe act of 1814, ch. 5, is the only law which gives authority to the Courts to'take cognizance of the subject of divorce. The adultery charged was prior to the passage of this act; and the act shall not be so construed as to have a retrospective operation : because,\nBefore the passage of the act of 1814, adultery was ptmishable only by a fine. To superadd to this liability, a deprivation of the marital rights, under the act of 1814, would be to increase the punishment of the offence ; and this would be contrary to the 24th section of the bill of rights, which declares that \u201cno ex post facto laws ought to*be made,\u201d\nJEx post facto Laws are of different kinds.\n1. Every law that makes an action done before the passing of the law, and which was innocent when done, criminal, and punishes such action.\n2. Every law that aggravates a crime, or makes it greater than it was, when committed.\n3. Every law that changes the punishment, and indicts a greater punishment, than the law annexed to the crime when committed.\n4. Every law that alters the legal rules of evidence, and receives less or different testimony, than the law required at the time of the commission of the offence, in order to convict the offender.\nThe enhancement of a crime or penalty, seems to come within the same mischief as the creation, of a crime or penalty.\nTo eveiy petition for divorce there must be an affidavit appended, that the facts charged have existed and been known to the petitioner six months before the filing of the petition.\nThis was a petition filed under the act of 1814, ch. 5, piaying for a divorce a vinculo matrimonii or a mensa ct thoro at the discretion of the Court. To support the first prayer, the petition charged that the Defendant had separated himself from the petitioner and lived in a state of adultery in the year 1812 or 1813, for the space of six months \u25a0; and the Jury, upon an issue submitted to them, found this charge to he true. To support the second prayer, .the petition charged the Defendant with cruel treatment to the petitioner, and with having offered to her person intolerable indignities. The Jury negatived these charges, and the question arose, whether the petitioner wore entitled to have a decree made separating her from ^ bonds of matrimony, the adultery charged in the petition and found by the Jury, having been committed before the passage of the act of 1814, ch. 5.\nAnother question was made in the case, and that was as to the sufficiency of the affidavit made by the petitioner at the time of filing her petition. The affidavit set forth that \u201c the facts stated in the petition were true, and that the \u201c complaint was not made out of levity or by collusion st between the petitioner and her husband, for the purpose \u201c of a separation, but in truth and sincerity for the causes \u201c contained in the petition.\u201d It was contended, that the act of 1814, ch. 5, required the affidavit to set forth, that the facts which formed the ground of the complaint had existed and had been known to the petitioner at least six \u25a0months prior to the filing of the petition."
  },
  "file_name": "0327-01",
  "first_page_order": 331,
  "last_page_order": 335
}