{
  "id": 8681864,
  "name": "MAYER & MORGAN and others v. ADRIAN & VOLLERS and others",
  "name_abbreviation": "Mayer v. Adrian",
  "decision_date": "1877-06",
  "docket_number": "",
  "first_page": "83",
  "last_page": "95",
  "citations": [
    {
      "type": "official",
      "cite": "77 N.C. 83"
    }
  ],
  "court": {
    "name_abbreviation": "N.C.",
    "id": 9292,
    "name": "Supreme Court of North Carolina"
  },
  "jurisdiction": {
    "id": 5,
    "name_long": "North Carolina",
    "name": "N.C."
  },
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    {
      "cite": "76 N. C. 387",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
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        8696719
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    {
      "cite": "76 N. C. 95",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
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      "case_paths": [
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    {
      "cite": "2 Jones Eq. 224",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "Jones Eq.",
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        8689072
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      "case_paths": [
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    {
      "cite": "29 L. J. Q. B. 1",
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      "reporter": "Law J. Q.B.",
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  "last_updated": "2023-07-14T20:46:21.915598+00:00",
  "provenance": {
    "date_added": "2019-08-29",
    "source": "Harvard",
    "batch": "2018"
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  "casebody": {
    "judges": [],
    "parties": [
      "MAYER & MORGAN and others v. ADRIAN & VOLLERS and others."
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "Bynum, J.\nBefore the plaintiffs can recover in an action for specific performance they must establish that the contract declared on, or some note or memorandum thereof was put in writing and signed by the party to be charged thereunto, or by some other person by him thereto duly author:ized within the statute of frauds. It is admitted that the \u25a0\u25a0contract itself was not reduced to writing, but it is alleged \u25a0that a \u201cmemorandum\u201d of the contract of purchase was reduced to writing at the time of sale and signed by the defendants, Adrian & Yollers, through their agent, the auctioneer, who cried the sale. This is denied by them and they rely on the statute of frauds. Bat. Rev. ch. 50, \u00a7 10. Jt is therefore necessary to inquire whether this \u201cmemoran.<dum\u201d of the contract was such as is required by the statute to bind the defendants.\nThere were five mortgages at the same time, upon the \u25a0same lot, the Bank of New Hanover holding tlie third. The Bank under a power of sale in its mortgage undertook to -sell the lot for the payment of its debt, and to that end duly .advertised the sale giving a sufficient description of the property, stating also the time, place and terms which were \u25a0cash. Of this the defendants had notice and attended the \u25a0sale.\nAt the time of sale the auctioneer first read the printed .\u25a0advertisement before alluded to. and then he read the terms \u25a0of sale as written in his auction book which were as follows; \u201cThe purchaser pays for all papers and $6000 cash, the bah sanee in 6,12 and 18 months, with 8 per cent interest, the purchaser to have possession on the 1st day of October, 1875, \u00a1and his notes to draw interest from that time.\u201d It does not appear that the \u201cprinted advertisement\u201d was pasted in the jauefion book with the \u201cterms of sale\u201d there written, or was :in any way attached to or physically connected with the \u25a0written terms of sale; and they in no way refer the one to \u25a0the other on their face. . \u2022\nAdrian & Yollers bid off the property at the sum of $14, <800. Morris, the auction-partner of Cronly, who cried the \u00a1sale, then and there, in the presence of Yollers who was an-\u00a1nouneed as the purchaser, immediately made in his auction, \u00bfbook the following entry ;\n\u201cSale at the Court House, Sept. 9th, 1875.\u201d\n\u201cMAYER PROPERTY.\u201d\ncc \u00e1 k! \u00a7 \u00a3 <1\n34 ft. on Market St. 58 ft. on alley arid 132 back. Line on Slirier Bros. Lease until Oct. 1, 1876. $6000 cash. Bal. 6, 12 and 18 months at 8 per cent. Possession Oct. 1, 1875. Notes bear interest from date. Purchaser to pay for all papers .by the 15th inst.\u201d\n\u00a3' g, o\nThe \u201cmemorandum\u201d of the contract is set forth verbatim because upon its construction the plaintiffs\u2019 right of action depends. Eor it will be observed that this agreement cannot be helped out by a reference either to the printed \u201cadvertisement\u201d or the \u201cterms of sale and that, for the reason, that they are not attached or connected together, or by mutual reference connected so as to make one whole, from which the contract is to be ascertained. The agreement must adequately express the intent and obligation of the-parties. Parol evidence cannot be received to supply any\" thing which is wanting in the writing, to make it the agreement on which the parties rely. It may be of one or many pieces of paper, provided the several pieces are so connected physically or by internal reference that there can be no uncertainty as to their meaning and effect when taken together. But this connection cannot be shown by extrinsic evidence, \u25a0\u2018Tf there is an agreement on one paper and something additional on another, and a signature on another paper, that is-not a -written and signed agreement, unless these several parts require by their own statement the union of the others; for if they may be read apart, or in other connections, evidence is not admissible to prove that they were actually intended to be read together.\u201d 3 Pars, on Contracts, 17. \u201cBut if it be necessary to adduce parol evidence in order to connect a signed paper with others unsigned, by reason of the-absence of any internal evidence in the contents of the signed paper to show a reference to, or connection with, the unsigned papers, then the several papers taken together do not - constitute a memorandum in writing of the bargain so as to-satisfy the statute.\u201d Benjamin on Sales, 160-1.\nThese general principles are well settled by theautbori\u2014 ties cited in the learned brief of Mr. Davis. 1 Sugden on-Vend, and Pur. 200; 2 Schooler on Pers. Prop. 519.\nThe signed memorandum not having been attached tothe-printed advertisement nor otherwise referring to it, and parol-testimony being inadmissible to connect them, the advertisement is to be put out of view as though it had never' been, and we are to consider the signed memorandum as the-only evidence of the contract of sale. Does it contain all the essential requisites of a contract which can be specifically enforced ?\n1. Who are the parties in this memorandum of sale ? It-is settled to be indispensable that it should show not only -who' is the person to be charged, 'but also who is the bar-gainor. The name of the purchaser is required by statute-to be signed. So no question can be made of the necessity of his name in the writing. But it is equally well established that the name or a sufficient discretion of the other'\" party is indispensable. \u201cHow \u201d said Mansfield, C. J:, \u201ccan that be said to be a contract or a memorandum of a contract which does not state who are the contracting parties?\u201d\u2019 Champion v. Plummer, 4 B. & P. 253; 3 Pars. on Contr. 13 and note. Benjamin on Sales, 169. In Williams v. Lake, 29 L. J. Q. B. 1, the defendant -wrote a not\u00e9 binding himself as a guarantor and gave it to a third person for delivery,, but the name of the person to whom the note was addressed was not written in the note. It was held by all the Judges-insufficient to satisfy .the statute and this decision was .approved and followed in 1 Morse, 154. Benjamin on Sales,. .170. But while all the authorities are clear that the memo\u25a0randum should show .who are the parties to the contract, if this is done by description the statute is satisfied and parol \u25a0 evidence is admissible to apply the description, that is, to show who is the person described so as to enable the Court to understand the description. In our case the memoran- \u2022 dum neither names nor describes the bargainer. Neither does it state that Adrian & Vollers are the purchasers. On \u25a0one side of the memorandum are the words \u201cAdrian & Vol-lers,\u201d and on the other, the figures \u201c$14,600.\u201d But the first .are not described as purchasers or the latter as the price bid.\nWe may infer therefrom that Adrian & Vollers were the purchasers and at that price, but it is not so declared in the writing, and we cannot certainly know it without recourse to parol testimony which the statute forbids. Looking at the memorandum alone, why should it be. more reasonably inferred that the name \u201cAdrian & Vollers \u201d indicated who were the purchasers rather than who were the vendors. Certainly the implication that they were the purchasers is not a necessary one from this meagre entry, and beyond all \u2022 question nothing whatever in the memorandum contained, \u2022does or purports to declai\u2019e that the Bank, of New Hanover or any other party was the vendor and a party to the contract of sale.\n2. But the defendants insisted that the signed memorandum does not contain all the material^ terms of the agreement and is not therefore the contract in writing which is required by the statute. Issues were thereupon submitted \u2022to a jury who by its verdict found ; (1) that the auctioneer .sold and the defendants purchased the property free of all incumbrances; (2; that Adrian & Vollers had reason to believe and were led to that belief by the representations of the auctioneer made to them at the sale, that the property \u2022'\u25a0-was to be sold out and out, and that they bid for it with that understanding and belief; (3) that the price bid was a fair price for the land clear of incumbrances.\nThe plaintiffs objected to the parol testimony by which the issues were established, as incompetent to vary or add to the terms of the written memorandum. But it is well established, that while such testimony is inadmissible for the party seeking specific performance, it is always admissible for a defendant resisting it. It is a principle of equity jurisprudence that parol testimony is admissible to rebut but not to raise an equity. If the written document does not fully represent the contract, between the parties, it will defeat the action, or the plaintiff will be compelled to accept a performance according to the actual contract. 3 Pars on Contr. 389; Townsend v. Staugrom, 6 Ves. 328; Garrard v. Grenling, 2 Swanston, 244; Martin v. Pycroft, 2 DeG. M. & G. 785; 15 Eng. L. & E. 376, reversing same case; 11 Eng. L. & E. 110 ; Story Eq. \u00a7\u00a7 769-70 ; 1 Sugd. Vend. & Pur. ch. 3, \u00a7 8, pl 27; Benjamin on Sales, 154-5.\nIf we put out of view the mortgage held on the property hy Adrian & Vollers, which recited that there were two other mortgages prior to that of the Bank under which the lot was sold, the verdict of the jury was a conclusion of law rather than a \u00a1finding of facts; for both the memorandum of the contract and the Bank mortgage and power of sale contained in it, impose on the seller the legal duty of making a clean title to the purchaser, because they all import a good title in the mortgagee making the sale. A purchaser not under a decree of sale by the Court cannot be compelled to take an equitable title or a doubtful one. 1 Sugd. Vend, and Pur. 297, But it was owing to the very fact that the mortgage to Adrian & Voders gave them notice of the prior incumbrances that they before bidding inquired of the auctioneer, how the purchase money would be applied, and the kind of title that would be made. It was upon his assurance both before and at the sale, that the purchase money would be applied in extinguishment of the prior incumbrances, that the purchase wras made. He even assisted Vollers in calculating the amount due upon the prior incumbrances, and on the day of sale did not offer for sale the interest of Feist Mayer, but offered the property without proclaiming, as in good faith he was bound to do, that it was subject to prior mortgages. Everybody present except the mortgagees must have understood from the advertisement, the proclamation of the terms, and from the conduct and representations of the auctioneer, that the sale was of the entire property, free of incumbrances. Adrian & Vollers were made to believe that by arrangement between the Bank and the prior mortgagees,, the sum bid would be used in removing the incumbrances and that they were to receive a good title. It was in that expectation thus induced that the defendants bid the full value of the land. The jury, therefore, were well warranted in finding that the auctioneer exposed the lot for sale free from incumbrances and that the defendants bid for it with that understanding. The plaintiffs admit that they cannot make such a conveyance and the defendants, the purchasers,, refuse to accept any other. As the signed memorandum, then does not contain the true contract, it is not a compliance with the statute and there can be no specific performance of it decreed.\nIt is found by the jury that the defendants bid the full' value of the lot, yet it is admitted that they must pay $9,840 more, before they can get a good title by removing the incumbrances. The vendor, the Bank,.making the sale admits that Adrian & Vollers did purchase under a misapprehension, and for that reason did not consider them bound or attempt to enforce a compliance; and the jury find that this misapprehension of the purchasers was induced by the conduct of the Bank itself through its authorized agent, the auctioneer. With what face could the Bank come into this Court and call upon the purchasers for a specific performance,, and bow can these plaintiffs, who can and do seek a specific performance only through or by virtue'of this questionable conduct of the Bank, place themselves upon other and higher grounds ? They must take the shade as well as the light of this singular conduct of the Bank. They claim that the Bank by this sale acquired rights which it holds as .a trustee for them, and which they can enforce by this action, but it is too plain for argument that the equity of Adrian & Yollers against the enforcement of specific performance applies equally to the plaintiffs and the Rank. A vendor of property, who makes statements respecting the property is bound to make them free from all ambiguity, and the purchaser is not bound, upon the spur of 'the moment \u25a0of sale, to take upon himself the peril of ascertaining the truth or true meaning of his statements. A definite representation upon a fact affecting the value of the subject of sale, if it be untrue, will entitle the purchaser to resist specific performance. Kerr on Fraud and Mistake, 360; Lord Brooke v. Roundthwaite, 5 Ha. 304 Stewart v. Alliston, 1 Mer. 26.\n3. It is however insisted that the purchasers, after they became fully apprized of the true character of their purchase and their defences to specific performance, affirmed and ratified it by entering into possession and receiving and collecting the rents and profits. The purchasers deny that they subsequently ratified the purchase, and affirm that they always treated the sale as not binding upon them, but void. They admit that they did take possession of part of the premises by receiving and contracting to receive rents. So far from affirming the sale the purchasers expressly refused to comply with its terms and repudiated it,-and in that the Bank acquiesced. '. But Adrian & Voilers did not stand in the relation of strangers to this property. If they had been strangers there might have been some force in the argument. But they were mortgagees and as against these plaintiffs had a right to the possession and the rents and profits until their debt was satisfied. This right they had independent of any acquired under their alleged purchase. Such a possession., rightful in itself, cannot be held to bean affirmance and.ratification of the contract of purchase. Crawley v. Timberlake, 2. Ired. Eq. 460.\nThe specific execution of a contract in' equity is a matter not of absolute right in the party, but of sound discretion in the Court; and an agreement to be carried into execution: must be certain, fair and just in all its parts. Leigh v. Crump, 1 Ire. Eq. 299. If its strict performance under the-circumstances would be harsh, inequitable and oppressive, a-Court of Equity will not decree such performance. The-party calling for specific performance in every part of the transaction must be free from every imputation of fraud or deceit, and if the agreement is affected by misrepresentation or tainted by deceit, it is incapable of being made the subject of interference by a. Court of Equity in order to compel its specific performance. The party who calls for specific performance must show that his conduct has been clear,, honorable and fair. Kerr on Fraud and Mistake, 388; Cannaday v. Shepard, 2 Jones Eq. 224; Lloyd v. Wheatley, Ibid 267; Cox v. Middleton, 2 Drew. 220; 1 Story's Eq. \u00a7 \u00a7 736-70. Perhaps no more appropriate case for the refusal of' the Court to compel specific performance could be presented, than this, where the vendor by duplicity and misapprehension has induced the vendees to bid off a property to which. no good title can be made, and to give a price approaching-double the value of the interest he was authorized to sell.\nThe equity against specific performance in the view we> are now taking of the ease, is altogether independent of any question of the validity of the contract of sale, as not being; in compliance with the statute of frauds.\nIn conclusion, attention is called to what was said by the Court in Kornegay v. Spicer, 76 N. C. 95, and Mosby v. Hodge., 76 N. C. 387. Here was a complication arising out of' five-mortgages piled one upon another. To ascertain the debts, adjust the equities and declare the rights of the several, parties, were matters addressed peculiarly to the jurisdiction of a Court of Equity. All the parties being brought before the Court, a decree of foreclosure and sale of the entire property would have been made, a clean title executed to the purchaser, and the proceeds of the sale disbursed by the-direction of the Court according to- the rights of the several mortgagees. Such a course is generally advisable and in. this case would have saved expensive and disagreeable litigation.\nThere is no error.\nPeu Curiam. Judgment affirmed.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "Bynum, J."
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Mr. F. O. Haywood, for plaintiffs.",
      "\u25a0 Messrs. George Davis and W. N. Ii. Smith, for defendants Adrian & Vollers.",
      "Messrs. Wright \u00a7 Stedman, for defendant, Bank of New Hanover.."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "MAYER & MORGAN and others v. ADRIAN & VOLLERS and others.\nStatute of Frauds \u2014 Contract for the Sale of Land \u2014 Fvidenee\u2014 Mortgage Sale.\n1. Where a signed memorandum of sale was not attached to the printed advertisement of sale nor otherwise referred to it, parol testimony is no; admissible'lor the purpose of connecting them\n2. A memorandum of a contract of gale upon which the plaintiff relies in an action for specific performance, must show not only who is the person to be charged, but also who is the bargainor.\n3. If this is done b}r description, parol evidence is admissible to apply the description, i. e. to show who is the person described.\n4. While parol evidence is not admissible to vary or add to the terms of a written contract, in behalf of a party seeking specific performance, it is always admissible in behalf of a defendant resisting it.\n5. Where at a mortgage sale, the auctioneer offered the property free of incumbrances-and the defendant purchased with that understanding at; the full value of the property; Held, That the defendant could not be compelled to accept the title when the property was encumbered with prior mortgages.\n6. Where the auctioneer in such case told the defendant (who had notice of the prior incumbrances) before the bidding commenced, that the purchase money would be applied in extinguishment of such incumbrances, and thereupon offered the property for sale without any announcement, fo that effect; Held, That the jury were warranted in finding that the property was sold free of incumbrances and that defendant purchased with that understanding.\n7. Where the defendant in such case refused to comply with the terms of sale and thereafter entered into possession of the property under a. mortgage executed to him by the owner ; Held, not to be an affirmance and ratification of his previous purchase.\n(Crawley v. Timberlahe, 2 Ire. Eq. 460 ; Leigh v. Crump, 1 Ire. Eq. 299; Cannaday v. Shepard, 2 J ones Eq. 224; Lloyd r. Wheaily, Ibid. 267 j Kornegay v. Spicer. 76 N. 0. 95 ; Mosby v. Hodge, Ibid. 387, cited, distinguished and approved.)\nCivil Action for Specific Performance tried at Spring Term, 1877, of New IIaNoveR Superior Court, before Seymour, J.\n'The plaintiffs are Mayer & Morgan and Feist Mayer.\nThe defendants are Adrian & Vollers and The Bank of New Hanover. It was alleged in the complaint that on the 13th of October, 1871, Feist Mayer bought of one Charles R. Mayer a certain lot in the City of Wilmington for a valuable consideration, upon which said lot there were two prior mortgages executed respectively to IT. A. London for $14,400 and to Richard Dosher for $2000. On the 7th of March, 1872, Feist Mayer executed a mortgage on the same lot to defendant Bank for $2000 with power of sale, and on the 23d of February, 1874,\u2019 he executed another mortgage on the same lot to the defendants, Adrian & Vollers, for $2,917.86 and expressed on its face that there were three prior mortgages, viz: to London, Dosher and the Bank. On the 25th of February, 1874, Feist Mayer executed another mortgage on the same lot to Mayer & Morgan for $4000. The Bank advertised and sold the property under its mortgage, and Adrian & Vollers bought at $14,600 upon the terms announced by M. Cronly, (of the firm of Oronly & Morris, auctioneers) who was the authorized agent of the Bank to make the sale. It was further alleged that Adrian & Vollers purchased the interest of Feist Mayer with notice of the prior mortgages and took possession of the premises. The plaintiff's notified Isaac B. Grainger, the President of said Bank, that unless he would agree to become a party plaintiff in an action to compel Adrian & Vol-lers to comply with the terms of purchase, he would be made \u2018a party defendant. No reply was made by Grainger to the letter communicating the intention of the plaintiffs to make the Bank a party. And it was further alleged that the Bank was the trustee of plaintiffs and had tailed to inform them whether said purchasers had complied with the contract or terns of purchase.\nThereupon the plaintiffs demanded judgment; (1) that said purchasers perform the said contract of purchase according to the terms thereof ; (2) that the Bank account for the proceeds of said sale ; \u00e1nd (3) ior an account to ascertain the amounts due respectively to the Bank, Adrian & .Yollers and Mayer &.Morgan:\nThe defendants Adrian & Yollers denied that only the interest of Eeist Mayer in said property was sold as aforesaid, and averred that the Bank sold the property absolutely, and not merely the interest of Mayer, and that their bid was a full and fair price for the same clear of all incumbrances ; that the amount due and unpaid on the London and Doshe'r mortgages was about $9840, and that it would have been unreasonable to suppose that they bought the propei\u2019ty subr-1 ject to such heavy liens and agreed to pay a sum which is its full value without incumbrances ; and that they had no notice of the prior mortgages and cannot be held responsible beyond the amount of their bid. They admit that they have received rents for one of the stores, and say that Eeist Mayor leased the other store .to them in trust to apply the rents to debts due them, and secured by the mortgage mentioned in the complaint. They have not complied with said terms for the reason that soon after the sale they discovered that the Bank could not on its part conrply with the same by making them a clear title, and have considered themselves released from all obligations in respect thereto.\nThe defendant Bank, in the material part of its answer, says, that it was its purpose and design to convey to the purchaser or purchasers at said sale, only such an interest in the property mentioned as it could legally convey by virtue of the power contained in the said mortgage to this defendant ; that Adrian & Yollers understood they bought the property absolutely and would obtain a clear title upon pay-meat of said prior incumbrances which were to be satisfied \u25a0out of the amount bid by them, and that they have-made no payment to this defendant on account of said purchase \u25a0either in cash or otherwise.\n\u25a0 The terms of sale and description of the property are set out in the opinion of The Court. Upon issues submitted'the \u25a0following facts were found.\nFindings of the Jury:\n1. Adrian & Vollers bought the property, mentioned in the complaint and sold by the auctioneer on the 9th of irep-tember, 1875, free from all incumbrances.\n2. The jury unanimously believe that they bid for the property at the time of the sale under the idea that it was \u25a0sold out and out,- clear of incumbrances\n3. They were led to that understanding by the auctioneer while conducting the sale and changing the terms of the \u25a0sale.\n4. The price bid was a fair price for the premises, clear of incumbrances.\nThe plaintiffs\u2019 counsel then moved for judgment non ob-stante veredicto, which Iiis Honor overruled, and rendered judgment in favor of the defendants and dismissed the action.\nAppeal by plaintiffs.\nMr. F. O. Haywood, for plaintiffs.\n\u25a0 Messrs. George Davis and W. N. Ii. Smith, for defendants Adrian & Vollers.\nMessrs. Wright \u00a7 Stedman, for defendant, Bank of New Hanover..\nFaircloth, J. being a stockholder in defendant Bank, did not sit on the hearing of this case."
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