#### DUNCAN CROMARTIE v. COMMISSIONERS OF BLADEN.

Contempt* — Appeal-—- County Indebtedness — Taxation — Mandamus,

1. Where, at the instance of a party litigant, judgment of imprisonment is rendered against the adverse party for a contempt in wilfully disobeying an order of court, the party aggrieved is entitled to an appeal.

2. Under the act of lSGS-'69, eh, 177, the court has no power to punish a contempt already committed by an imprisonment of indefinite duration ; but it may, by "“proceedings as for contempt,1’’ coerce obedience to any lawful order, by imprisoning the contumacious party until he shall comply.

3. Upm the principle that private interests must yield to those of the public, if the entire fund which can be raised by taxation within constitutional limits is required to meet the necessary expenses of an economical administration of the county government, a statement of such facts, supported by proof, will be a due return to a peremptory mandamus directing the county commissioners to levy and collect a suffi_ cient tax to satisfy a judgment in favor of an individual creditor,

1{Bond v. Bond, 69 N. C., '97; In re Walker, 82 N, C., 95 ; In re Daves, 81 N. C., 72; State v. Mott, 4 Jones, 449 ; Pain v. Pain, 80 N, 0,, 322; John-stony,, Oomr's, 67 N. C., 101; Olegg v. S. S. Co., 66 N. C., 391, cited and approved.)

Rule upon the defendant commissioners to show cause why they should not be attached for contempt, heard at Spring Term, 1881, of BladeN Superior Court, before Gudgerr, J.

The defendants appealed from the ruling below.

Messrs. W. A. Guthrie and, T. II. Sutton, for plaintiff.

Messrs. D. J. Devane and.(7. C. Lyon, for defendants.

Smith, C. J.

The plaintiff having sued, an d at spring term, 1875, recovered judgment against the board of county commissioners of Bladen for the sum of $4,760, with interest thereon from February 5th preceding, to enforce the pay*212ment thereof applied for and obtained a writ of mandamus commanding the commissioners, as soon as permitted by law, to levy and collect a sufficient tax to discharge the debt. The process isscted on December 25th, 1879, and was returnable and returned to spring term following. To this mandate the commissioners answered that they were only authorized by law, with a concurrence of a majority of the justices of the peace sitting with them, to levy taxes on the first Monday in August, and had been unable to comply with the directions of the writ since it was issued. At fall term, 1880, they made further answer and say that they have levied the maximum tax allowed under the constitution upon the taxable property in the county, from which would be realized about $4,000, according to their estimates, all of which was needed to meet the ordinary expenses of the county government for the current fiscal year, and necessary reparation of the public buildings and bridges.

At spring term, 1881, a rule, supported by affidavits of the plaintiff and others, was granted by the presiding judge against the commissioners personally, requiring them to appear before him instanter, and show' cause, if any they have, why an attachment should not issue against them for contempt in failing to obey the command of the writ, to which rule the chairman of the board, W. J. Parker, on behalf of himself and associates, responds and says:

The commissioners did on August 1st, 1880, levy a tax on the real and personal estate in their county subject to taxation, to the full limits allowed by law, to-wit, for school purposes 8-J- cents and for county expenses 34-|- cents on every one hundred dollars valuation, and $1.28 upon each taxable poll for the school and pauper fund. The. nett amount expected to be raised from the assessment upon property will be $4,630.38, whereof has been already disbursed by the treasurer $5-32.76, and $2,472.55 remains in the collector’s hands.

*213The expenses to ¡be provided for during th.e year out of •this fund are::

> Eor costs incurred upon nol. fros. Socket of fall term, 1880..........$ 200

> “ “ of holding the present term of the court,... 1,200

> “ " mileage and per-diem of the-commissioners, 300

> ■“ “ payment-of fees du-e the clerk,. 300

> “ -estimated jail charges $250, necessary repairs $300, and cost of providing an iron -cage therein $1,200,.. 1,750

> ■“ repairs of. court house $400, and of bridges $200,,......-....... 600

> “ other unascertained costs for taking tax list and holding August election, estimated at.......... 300

> Making in the aggregate,......-.$ 4,650

‘The fond -in -the treasury on March 1st, 1881, was for general purposes $1,625.11, and -not the larger sum stated in dhe plaintiff’s affidavit.

Upon the coming in of this response, without-inquiry or «reference to ascertain the-correctness of its specifications or •the necessity and reasonable cost of the expenditures for the -proposed-objects,-so .fa*r'.-as we ;-ean -see-from tb-e-record, his Honor finds-as a fact t-hat no-steps had hitherto been taken lowar-ds the reparation of th.e public buildings and bridges, and that ali accruing demands on -the treasury to-that date had been met, -except the expenses of the pending,derm and 4he nol. pros, docket and the sum.of,$75 to be pa-id under a ■contract for a bridge, that the -available county means in -possession of the treasurer were for public schools derived •from the property tax, $2,033.47; and the poor from the poll .ta^, $236.86,; general county purposes, $1,625.11.; and-to be. *214collected and paid in by the sheriff for the same objects, to' wit, public schools, $662.95; poll tax, $827.45; general'1 county fund,. $2,472.45., And the court thereupon rnade-the rule absolute and adjudged that the several defendants-be each committed to the custody of the sheriff and be by-him imprisoned in the common jail until they pay to the-plaintiff out of the general fund in the county treasury the sum of $1,0-00, and deliver to- him an order on the sheriff' for a further like sum. to be- paid out of the taxes which have or may come into, his hands, and that an alias writ of mandamus issue returnable to the next term, commanding the-commissioners to levy and collect a sufficient tax to-pay the-residue of the plaintiff’s demand.

From this judgment the defendants appeal, and-the plaintiff objecting to the appeal in the court below, insists it cannot be entertained, here.

1. The judgment of imprisonment of the defendants for-the alleged disobedience-of the mandate of the court and for-the enforcement of its order, made in a pending proceeding between parties, and affecting a-, substantial right,, is clearly the subject matter of appeal. An appeal under similar circumstances. was upheld in Bond v. Bond, 69 N. C.. 97; In re Walker, 82 N. C., 95, and In re Daves, 81 N. C., 72.

In the-last case in meeting, the objection,that an appeal-does not lie from, a judgment punishing a party for contempt,, it is said, “ this is true as to-that class of contempts-which are-committed in the presence of the court.or so-near-ns to interfere with its business, and the reasons for. which, are set out by Nash,. O. X, in the- opinion in State v. Mott, 4 Jones, 449. Butin cases-like the present, where the-right to-punish depends upon a wilful disobedience of any process or order lawfully issued,, the lawfulness of the power.-exereised is a proper subject of review in this court.”

2. The defendants contend that the imprisonment being, indefinite in duration is in contravention..of the. act. regula?-*215ting contempts, the second section of which prescribes the only punishments to be imposed and limits the extent of the fine and imprisonment. Bat. Rev. ch. 24.

An examination of the enactment, with its divisions in full as published in the acts of 1868-’69 eh. 177, renders its proper construction plain and tlie intent of the general assembly in passing it, manifest. The first section declares what acts and omissions are contempts for which the guilty party may be punished. In these cases the judgment is punitory for offences already committed, and its object the vindication of the rightful authority of the court aud its protection in the exercise of judicial functions. The punishment which may be imposed is restricted to a fine notin ■excess of $250, and imprisonment for not more than thirty •days, one or both, at the discretion of the eourt. The four next sections are entitled “Proceedings in contempt,” and regulate the manner of exercising the power before conferred. The remaining sections have a different caption and are designated “ Proceedings as for contempt to enforce civil remedies.” It is there declared that “ every court of record shall have power to punish as for contempt ” in certain enumerated cases mentioned in the first six paragraphs of section seven and those in paragraph seven, in “ all other cases where attachments and proceedings as for contempt have been heretofore adopted and practiced in courts of record in this State to enforce the civil remedies or protect the rights of any party to an action?’

It will be noticed that throughout these latter portions of the statute, the proceeding is designated not as the former, but a proceeding “as for contempt?’ and while regulating, not intended to deprive the court of its well established jurisdiction to enforce obedience to its lawful orders as before possessed and exercised.

“ Without the ability to compel obedience to its mandates,” say the court in Pain v. Pain, 80 N. C., 322, “ whether *216the order be to surrender writings in possession of a party,, to execute deeds of conveyance, to pay moriey, as in the present case, or to perform any other act the courtis competent to require to be done, many of its most useful and important functions would be paralyzed.” The order here is coercive only upon persons capable of performing its requirement and its force is. exhausted by rendering obedience. There is therefore no excess of power apparent in the judgment.

3. The findings of fact are however so imperfect that we are unable to decide the case upon its merits. It is manifest that where the public interests conflict with private interests, the latter must yield. If the entire fund which can. be raised by taxation is required to meet the necessary expenses of an economical administration of the county government, and none can be diverted to pay its indebtedness without serious detriment to the public, none ought to be thus appropriated. This is the statement in the answer of the defendants showing cause against the rule, and if true, would seem to be a sufficient defence. The commissioners are under an official obligation to keep and maintain the public buildings and bridges, fallingunder their supervision, in good repair and safe condition, and to provide for the other specified public objects. But these must be reasonable estimates, and the necessity for the expenditure, present and pressing. If by any economic and prudent administration a part of the fund can be spared for the county indebtedness, undoubtedly the creditor has a right to demand that it be appropriated to bis judgment. But this does not appear in the findings of fact by his Honor, nor does it seem that any inquiry in this direction was made by reference or the hearing of testimony. His decision seems to have been based upon the unexplained facts that the moneys had not been expended upon any of the specified objects up to that date, and the current demands upon the treasury *217bad been met, not adverting to the effect which the continued prosecution of the writ may have had upon the commissioners in preventing the use of the moneys until its determination. Until the suggested information is furnished and the necessary additional facts found and supplied, we are unable to decide whether the contempt has been committed or the coercing order lawfully issued. The commissioners however can only be required to give an order upon the treasurer when there are funds in his hands which ought to be applied to the judgment, since this is the method alone by which they can control and dispose of the county moneys. Bat. Rev. chs. 27, 29, 80 and ch. 102 §§40 and 41.

But for the insufficiency of the statement of facts upon which the contempt is adjudged and our inability in consequence to decide upon the validity of the order of commitment and the correctness of the ruling, the cause must be remanded.

We have expressed our opinion upon the several points noticed as of practical importance and perhaps facilitating the settlement of the present controversy. The difficulties arise out of the constitutional restrictions upon the taxing power and the inadequacy often times of the county authorities to provide for all the public liabilities, superinducing the frequent necessity of applying to the legislature for its authoritative sanction for levying an increased tax for special purposes beyond the constitutional limits. Const. Art. 5, §§ 1 and 7. Johnston v. Commissioners of Cleaveland, 67 N.C., 101.

Before concluding this opinion we call attention to the fact that the sheriff is no longer required to collect taxes, under a judgment of the court to be applied to the debts of counties or municipal corporations, except in three counties and instead a special tax collector may be appointed to collect the taxes thus assessed by these bodies. Acts 1876-77, *218ch. 257.1 The cause is remanded and this will be certified, Clegg v. N. Y. W. S. Co., 66 N. C., 391.

Error. Remanded.