{ "id": 4188506, "name": "CHRISTUS ST. VINCENT REGIONAL MEDICAL CENTER, Third-Party Plaintiff-Appellee, v. RAMON DUARTE-AFARA, M.D., and MARK WADE DICKINSON, M.D., Third-Party Defendants-Appellants", "name_abbreviation": "Christus St. Vincent Regional Medical Center v. Duarte-Afara", "decision_date": "2011-10-12", "docket_number": "No. 33,166; Docket No. 30,343", "first_page": "34", "last_page": "43", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "2011-NMCA-112" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.M. Ct. App.", "id": 9025, "name": "Court of Appeals of New Mexico" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 52, "name_long": "New Mexico", "name": "N.M." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "2005-NMCA-045", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMCA", "case_ids": [ 929193 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 15" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/137/0339-01" ] }, { "cite": "117 N.M. 727", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1552796 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "735", "parenthetical": "internal quotation marks and citation omitted" }, { "page": "664", "parenthetical": "internal quotation marks and citation omitted" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/117/0727-01" ] }, { "cite": "2005-NMSC-020", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 2549066 ], "weight": 8, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 4" }, { "page": "\u00b6\u00b6 5, 10" }, { "page": "\u00b6\u00b6 23-24" }, { "page": "\u00b6\u00b6 23-24" }, { "page": "\u00b6\u00b6 23-24" }, { "page": "\u00b6 23" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/138/0034-01" ] }, { "cite": "119 N.M. 532", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1561274 ], "weight": 19, "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "541", "parenthetical": "citations omitted" }, { "page": "437", "parenthetical": "citations omitted" }, { "page": "534-35" }, { "page": "430-31" }, { "page": "535" }, { "page": "431" }, { "page": "542" }, { "page": "438" }, { "page": "535" }, { "page": "431" }, { "page": "542" }, { "page": "438" }, { "page": "542" }, { "page": "438" }, { "page": "542" }, { "page": "438" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/119/0532-01" ] }, { "cite": "227 P.3d 91", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.3d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "147 N.M. 601", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "2009-NMCERT-012", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMCERT", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "2009-NMCA-035", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMCA", "case_ids": [ 4244864 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 6" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/146/0046-01" ] }, { "cite": "713 S.W.2d 498", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 9975935 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "enbanc" }, { "page": "499-500" }, { "page": "499-500" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/sw2d/713/0498-01" ] }, { "cite": "666 S.W.2d 770", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 9952024 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "en banc" }, { "page": "772" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/sw2d/666/0770-01" ] }, { "cite": "57 A.L.R.3d 867", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "A.L.R. 3d", "year": 1974, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00a7 4" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "166 N.W.2d 678", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.W.2d", "year": 1968, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "687" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "201 N.W.2d 758", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 8669535 ], "year": 1972, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "759" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/wis-2d/56/0262-01" ] }, { "cite": "666 S.W.2d 764", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 9951915 ], "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "766", "parenthetical": "en banc" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/sw2d/666/0764-01" ] }, { "cite": "2009-NMCA-013", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMCA", "case_ids": [ 4242751 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 21" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/145/0623-01" ] }, { "cite": "73 N.M. 387", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 5322732 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1964, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "392", "parenthetical": "\"It accordingly devolves upon us to interpret the statute so as to accomplish the ends sought by the [Legislature.\"" }, { "page": "396", "parenthetical": "\"It accordingly devolves upon us to interpret the statute so as to accomplish the ends sought by the [Legislature.\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/73/0387-01" ] }, { "cite": "2008-NMSC-067", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 4242436 ], "weight": 5, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 23" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/145/0316-01" ] }, { "cite": "108 N.M. 511", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1592831 ], "weight": 8, "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "517" }, { "page": "719" }, { "page": "517" }, { "page": "719" }, { "page": "517-18" }, { "page": "719-20", "parenthetical": "internal quotation marks and citation omitted" }, { "page": "517" }, { "page": "719" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/108/0511-01" ] }, { "cite": "121 N.M. 821", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1566487 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/121/0821-01" ] }, { "cite": "1996-NMSC-035", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "weight": 16, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6\u00b6 27-29" }, { "page": "\u00b6 29" }, { "page": "\u00b6 40" }, { "page": "\u00b6\u00b6 47-48" }, { "page": "\u00b6\u00b6 48-50" }, { "page": "\u00b6 40" }, { "page": "\u00b6\u00b6 2, 6" }, { "page": "\u00b6 57" }, { "page": "\u00b6 57" }, { "page": "\u00b6\u00b6 57-58" }, { "page": "\u00b6\u00b6 57-58" }, { "page": "\u00b6\u00b6 57-58" }, { "page": "\u00b6 50" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "114 N.M. 248", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 731623 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "251-52" }, { "page": "445-46" }, { "page": "252-53" }, { "page": "446-47", "parenthetical": "identifying Section41-5-13 as one of the benefits inuring to qualified health care providers under the MMA" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/114/0248-01" ] }, { "cite": "121 N.M. 764", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1566662 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "768-69" }, { "page": "354-55" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/121/0764-01" ] }, { "cite": "2010-NMSC-051", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 4249645 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 15" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/149/0162-01" ] }, { "cite": "2000-NMSC-033", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 1217135 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 7" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/129/0698-01" ] }, { "cite": "2000-NMSC-016", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 1217104 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 4" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/129/0177-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1135, "char_count": 28646, "ocr_confidence": 0.818, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.0122105321443815e-07, "percentile": 0.5424758354637664 }, "sha256": "12c300e564910bdf5711373fd65b18500d9cd432be00f714263e93800e3454de", "simhash": "1:994b1f147c62e631", "word_count": 4508 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T17:47:49.050081+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "CELIA FOY CASTILLO, Chief Judge", "MICHAEL D. BUSTAMANTE, Judge", "MICHAEL E. VIGIL, Judge" ], "parties": [ "CHRISTUS ST. VINCENT REGIONAL MEDICAL CENTER, Third-Party Plaintiff-Appellee, v. RAMON DUARTE-AFARA, M.D., and MARK WADE DICKINSON, M.D., Third-Party Defendants-Appellants." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "OPINION\nCASTILLO, Chief Judge.\n{1} The primary issue before us is whether the claim of Christus St. Vincent Regional Medical Center (Medical Center) for equitable indemnification is a malpractice claim governed by the Medical Malpractice Act (MMA), NMSA 1978, \u00a7\u00a7 41-5-1 to -29 (1976, as amended through 2008), and subject to the three-year statute of repose provided by Section 41-5-13 of the MMA. We hold that Medical Center\u2019s claim is governed by the MMA and subject to Section 41-5-13. We also consider whether due process and equal protection concerns preclude application of S ection 41-5-13 and conclude that they do not. Accordingly, we reverse.\nBACKGROUND\n{2} On December 6, 2004, Lillian Martinez (Martinez) received a hysterectomy at Medical Center. Several days later, on December 9 and 10, she developed respiratory problems and ultimately suffered brain damage. On December 4, 2007, almost three years later, Martinez filed a complaint against Medical Center under the MMA alleging medical malpractice. Specifically, Martinez alleged that Medical Center failed to adequately monitor her after surgery, administered inappropriate and/or excessive medications, failed to timely and properly diagnose and treat her respiratory problems, and failed to timely diagnose and treat her while she was experiencing a significant life-threatening medical emergency.\n{3} Martinez filed an application for panel review with the New Mexico Medical Review Commission on March 6, 2008, asking the commission to, in part, review the conduct of Dr. Duarte-Afara and Dr. Dickinson (Doctors), the physicians who treated her at Medical Center and Appellants in this case. On March 12, 2008, Martinez amended her December 4, 2004 complaint against Medical Center to include Doctors.\n{4} In response to Martinez\u2019s amended complaint, Doctors filed motions for summary judgment in June 2008 asserting that Martinez\u2019s claims against them were barred by the three-year time period set forth in Section 41-5-13 of the MMA. Id. (stating that \u201c[n]o claim for malpractice arising out of an act of malpractice . . . may be brought against a health care provider unless filed within three years after the date that the act of malpractice occurred\u201d). The district court agreed with Doctors and dismissed Martinez\u2019s claims against Doctors with prejudice.\n{5} On December 22, 2008, Medical Center filed a third-party complaint for indemnification against Dr. Duarte-Afara in which Medical Center sought indemnification in the amount, if any, for which it may be found vicariously liable for Dr. Duarte-Afara\u2019s malpractice. On March 19, 2009, Medical Center amended its third-party complaint to include an indemnification claim against Dr. Dickinson.\n{6} In response to Medical Center\u2019s amended third-party complaint, Doctors filed a motion to dismiss, arguing that Medical Center\u2019s indemnification claim was also barred by Section 41-5-13. Medical Center countered that Section 41-5-13 is not controlling, claimed that the four-year statute of limitations provided in NMSA 1978, Section 37-1-4 (1929) governed their amended third-party complaint, and asserted that its indemnification claim could proceed. The district court agreed with Doctors and granted their motion to dismiss.\n{7} In March 2010, the district court granted Medical Center\u2019s motion to reconsider the court\u2019s dismissal of its claims against the Doctors. The court determined that \u201c[bjecause this matter is a claim for indemnification rather than malpractice . . . Section 41-5-13 ... is inapplicable!],]\u201d and further determined that \u201c[t]he statutory time limit for the third-party claims for indemnification in this matter does not begin to run until the claim of indemnity accrues, which is at the time of payment of the underlying claim, judgment, or settlement, and not from the time that the underlying damage occurred to [Martinez].\u201d We accepted Doctors\u2019 request for interlocutory review on the issue of the applicability of the MMA and Section 41-5-13 to Medical Center\u2019s indemnification claim against Doctors.\nDISCUSSION\n{8} On appeal, Doctors argue, as they did below, that Medical Center\u2019s indemnification claim is governed by the MMA and subject to Section 41-5-13. Because, as explained below, we agree with this argument, we also address Medical Center\u2019s contention that application of Section 41-5-13 would deprive them of their due process and equal protections rights.\nApplicability of the MMA and Section 41-5-13\n{9} To address Medical Center\u2019s indemnification claim, we must construe Section 41-5-13 as it applies to the facts of this case. We review such matters de novo. Bd. of Comm\u2019rs of Rio Arriba Cnty. v. Greacen, 2000-NMSC-016, \u00b6 4, 129 N.M. 177, 3 P.3d 672 (\u201cThis is primarily a matter of statutory construction and thereby concerns a pure question of law, subject to de novo review.\u201d); Ponder v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 2000-NMSC-033, \u00b6 7, 129 N.M. 698, 12 P.3d 960 (\u201cWe review de novo the [district] court\u2019s application of the law to the facts in arriving at its legal conclusions.\u201d). \u201cThis Court\u2019s primary goal when interpreting statutes is to further legislative intent.\u201d Jordan v. Allstate Ins. Co., 2010-NMSC-051, \u00b6 15, 149 N.M. 162, 245 P.3d 1214. To determine legislative intent, \u201cwe look to the language used and consider the statute\u2019s history and background.\u201d Key v. Chrysler Motors Corp., 121 N.M. 764, 768-69, 918 P.2d 350, 354-55 (1996). We begin by examining the history and purpose behind the MMA and Section 41-5-13.\n{10} The MMA was enacted in response to a perceived malpractice insurance crisis in New Mexico. Roberts v. Sw. Cmty. Health Servs., 114 N.M. 248, 251-52, 837 P.2d 442, 445-46 (1992). Through the MMA, the Legislature made professional liability insurance available to health care providers but conditioned availability to that insurance on a quid pro quo: health care providers could receive the benefits of the MMA only if they became qualified health care providers under the MMA and accepted the burdens of doing so. Id.\\ see also Cummings v. X-Ray Assocs. of N.M., P.C., 1996-NMSC-035, \u00b6\u00b6 27-29, 121 N.M. 821, 918 P.2d 1321 (discussing the benefits and burdens of participation in the MMA).\n{11} Section 41-5-13 is one benefit health care providers receive in accepting the burdens of the MMA. See Cummings, 1996-NMSC-035, \u00b6 29 (describing the Legislature\u2019s decision to enact Section 41-5-13 as one of the \u201c[t]he most notable\u201d benefits under the MMA); Roberts, 114 N.M. at 252-53, 837 P.2d at 446-47 (identifying Section41-5-13 as one of the benefits inuring to qualified health care providers under the MMA). This provision provides the following:\nNo claim for malpractice arising out of an act of malpractice which occurred subsequent to the effective date of the [MMA] may be brought against a health care provider unless filed within three years after the date that the act of malpractice occurred except that a minor under the full age of six years shall have until his ninth birthday in which to file. This section applies to all persons regardless of minority or other legal disability.\nSection 41-5-13 (alteration omitted).\n{12} Section 41-5-13 addressed one of the reasons insurance carriers were withdrawing from medical malpractice: the potential for malpractice liability coverage suits being filed long after the act of malpractice. Cummings, 1996-NMSC-035, \u00b6 40. Our Supreme Court has previously concluded that the plain language of Section 41-5-13 demonstrates that the Legislature intended the \u201coccurrence rule\u201d to govern claims controlled by the MMA. Cummings, 1996-NMSC-035, \u00b6\u00b6 47-48. The occurrence rule fixes the accrual date in which a patient must file a claim for medical malpractice at the time of the act or occurrence of medical malpractice even if the patient is oblivious of any harm. See id. \u00b6 47. As such, Section 41-5-13 will function, under certain circumstances, as a statute of repose. See Cummings, 1996-NMSC-035, \u00b6\u00b6 48-50 (describing the circumstances under which Section 41-5-13 may function either as a statute of limitations or as a statute of repose and explaining that \u201ca statute of repose terminates the right to any action after a specific time has elapsed, even though no injury has yet manifested itself\u2019). Having established the general principles that guide our analysis, we turn now to the more specific question of whether Medical Center\u2019s indemnification claim is governed by the MMA and thus subject to Section 41-5-13.\n{13} The MMA comprehensively defines what constitutes a \u201cmalpractice claim.\u201d See \u00a7 41-5-3(C).\n\u201c[M]alpractice claim\u201d includes any cause of action arising in this state against a health care provider for medical treatment, lack of medical treatment or other claimed departure from accepted standards of health care which proximately results in injury to the patient, whether the patient\u2019s claim or cause of action sounds in tort or contract, and includes but is not limited to actions based on battery or wrongful death; \u201cmalpractice claim\u201d does not include a cause of action arising out of the driving, flying or nonmedical acts involved in the operation, use or maintenance of a vehicular or aircraft ambulance}.]\nId. Our Supreme Court has observed that the breadth of this language indicates that \u201c[t]he [Legislature foresaw and intended broad application of the concept of a \u2018malpractice claim.\u2019\u201d Wilschinsky v. Medina, 108 N.M. 511, 517, 775 P.2d 713, 719 (1989). The question we must answer is whether an equitable indemnification claim falls within the ambit of this broadly defined concept. To answer that question we must examine the nature of a claim for indemnification.\n{14} New Mexico recognizes \u201cboth traditional and proportional equitable indemnification.\u201d N.M. Pub. Schs. Ins. Auth. v. Arthur J. Gallagher & Co., 2008-NMSC-067, \u00b6 23, 145 N.M. 316, 198 P.3d 342. \u201cTraditional indemnification grants the person who has been held liable for another\u2019s wrongdoing an all-or-nothing right of recovery from a third party, such as the primary wrongdoer.\u201d Id. \u201c[P]roportional indemnification allows a defendant to seek partial recovery from another for his or her fault.\u201d Id. Medical Center has not specified which of these two theories of indemnification it has invoked. Nevertheless, our Supreme Court has explained that, under either theory, \u201cto state a claim for equitable indemnification, the indemnitor must be at least partly liable to the original plaintiff for his or her injuries.\u201d Id. \u00b6 28 (emphasis omitted). In other words, \u201c[a] properly pled indemnity claim must allege that the defendant [or indemnitor] caused some direct harm to a third party and that the plaintiff or [indemnitee] discharged the resulting liability from this harm.\u201d Id. \u00b6 30. This doctrinal point is, in our view, determinative.\n{15} As discussed above, the Legislature intended that the term \u201cmalpractice claim\u201d be construed broadly. Wilschinsky, 108 N.M. at 517, 775 P.2d at 719. Indeed, a claim maybe construed as a malpractice claim within the meaning of the MMA if \u201cthe gravamen of the third-party action is predicated upon the allegation of professional negligence by a practicing physician.\u201d Id. at 517-18, 775 P.2d at 719-20 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). We discern from Gallagher that the gravamen of Medical Center\u2019s equitable indemnification claim is predicated upon the allegation that Doctors negligently caused, and were partly liable for, Martinez\u2019s injuries. As such, we hold that Medical Center\u2019s equitable indemnification claim is a malpractice claim as that term is used in the MMA and is, therefore, subject to Section 41-5-13.\n{16} We reach this conclusion, in part, so as to carry out the policy goals the Legislature intended by enacting the MMA and Section 41-5-13. See C. de Baca v. Baca, 73 N.M. 387, 392, 388 P.2d 392, 396 (1964) (\u201cIt accordingly devolves upon us to interpret the statute so as to accomplish the ends sought by the [Legislature.\u201d). In effect, Medical Center\u2019s equitable indemnification claim exposes Doctors to the identical liability to which they were subject under Martinez\u2019s claims. Martinez\u2019s claims were properly dismissed as untimely. To permit Medical Center\u2019s claim to proceed where Martinez\u2019s claim could not, would, in our view, elevate form over substance and frustrate the underlying concerns which motivated our Legislature to enact the MMA and Section 41-5-13 \u2014 that is, relieving insurers and health care providers from the uncertainty posed by stale malpractice claims. Cummings, 1996-NMSC-035, \u00b6 40.\n{17} We are unpersuaded by Medical Center\u2019s varying arguments that its indemnification claim is not governed by the MMA. Citing Budget Rent-A-Car Systems, Inc. v. Bridgestone Firestone N. Am. Tire, LLC, 2009-NMCA-013, \u00b6 21, 145 N.M. 623, 203 P.3d 154, Medical Center first argues that the limitation period for an indemnification claim begins to run \u201cat the time of payment of the underlying claim, payment of a judgment, or payment of a settlement.\u201d Medical Center further contends that \u201ca third-party plaintiffs cause of action for indemnification or contribution is distinct from the tort claim asserted by the plaintiff against the defendant in the underlying suit.\u201d Medical Center cites a variety of out-of- state authority for this proposition, see State ex rel. General Electric Co. v. Gaertner, 666 S.W.2d 764, 766 (Mo. 1984) (en banc); State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Schara, 201 N.W.2d 758, 759 (Wis. 1972); Duncan v. Beres, 166 N.W.2d 678, 687 (Mich. Ct. App. 1968), which we have duly considered.\n{18} These cases all point to the well-settled proposition that a cause of action for indemnification is separate and distinct from the underlying tort. See Maurice T. Brunner, When Statute of Limitations Commences to Run Against Claim for Contribution or Indemnity Based on Tort, 57 A.L.R.3d 867, \u00a7 4[a] (1974) (\u201cThe cause of action for indemnity of one whose liability for a tort is secondary or constructive, against one whose liability for the tort is primary, is separate and distinct from the injured person\u2019s cause of action for the tort, and is generally recognized not to be a mere species of subrogation to the tort cause of action. It is inchoate until judgment is rendered or the claim is settled.\u201d (footnotes omitted)). We do not dispute this point of law. However, this point does not undermine our confidence in the conclusion that Medical Center\u2019s indemnification claim does fall within the ambit of the term \u201cmalpractice claim\u201d as that term is used in the MMA. As discussed above, the controlling inquiry in determining whether a claim constitutes a \u201cmalpractice claim\u201d under the MMA is merely whether the gravamen of the claim is predicated upon the allegation of professional negligence. We have concluded that this is the case. As such, Medical Center\u2019s claim is governed by the MMA and is subject to Section 41-5-13.\n{19} Medical Center devotes considerable attention to two Missouri cases, Rowland v. Skaggs Companies, Inc., 666 S.W.2d 770 (Mo. 1984) (en banc), and Aherron v. St. John\u2019s Mercy Medical Center, 713 S.W.2d 498 (Mo. 1986) (enbanc), and argues that the reasoning and conclusions in these cases should apply here. In these cases, the Missouri Supreme Court addressed whether the two-year statute of limitations governing medical malpractice claims in Missouri applied to claims for contribution or indemnification. Rowland, 666 S.W.2d at 772; Aherron, 713 S.W.2d at 499-500. In Rowland, the court observed that the language of the statute of limitations at issue revealed \u201can unequivocal legislative intent to make only a specified class of suits brought against health care providers subject to\u201d the two-year statute of limitations, and concluded that their legislature did not include suits for contribution in that limited class. 666 S.W.2d at 772. Aherron relied almost exclusively on Rowland to reach the same conclusion as to claims for indemnification. Aherron, 713 S.W.2d at 499-500. We distinguish these cases from New Mexico law based on policy considerations. Our Legislature intended to define the term \u201cmalpractice claim\u201d in the MMA broadly. Wilschinsky, 108 N.M. at 517, 775 P.2d at 719. Thus, New Mexico law is based on the converse of the policy concerns articulated and acted upon in Rowland and Aherron.\n{20} In conclusion, we hold that Medical Center\u2019s claim for equitable indemnification is governed by the MMA and subject to Section 41-5-13. Because Medical Center\u2019s claim was filed outside the three-year limitations period, Section 41-5-13, if applied, would bar Medical Center\u2019s amended third-party complaint. We proceed to address Medical Center\u2019s argument that application of Section 41-5-13 is impermissible as its application would violate Medical Center\u2019s due process and equal protection rights.\nDue Process and Equal Protection\n{21} Medical Center asserts that, given the timing of Martinez\u2019s claim, it had only six days to file its equitable indemnification claim in order to comply with Section 41-5-13 and that this is an unreasonably short period of time. Citing due process and equal protection concerns, Medical Center argues that application of Section 41-5-13 is impermissible. We review constitutional arguments de novo. Gomez v. Chavarria, 2009-NMCA-035, \u00b6 6, 146 N.M. 46, 206 P.3d 157, cert. quashed, 2009-NMCERT-012, 147 N.M. 601, 227 P.3d 91. We begin with due process.\n{22} \u201c[T]he [Legislature may, consistent with due process, impose a statutory time deadline for commencing an accrued action where no limit existed before, and may, consistent with due process, shorten the time period within which existing claims may be brought as long as a reasonable time is provided for commencing suit.\u201d Garcia ex rel. Garcia v. La Farge, 119 N.M. 532, 541, 893 P.2d 428, 437 (1995) (citations omitted). Thus, \u201cconsiderations of fairness implicit in the Due Process Clauses of the United States and New Mexico Constitutions dictate that when the [Ljegislature enacts a limitations period it must allow a reasonable time within which existing or accruing causes of action may be brought.\u201d Id. Our Supreme Court has applied these principles in the context of the MMA and has, on three separate occasions, specifically inquired whether application of Section 41-5-13 would violate due process. We review those cases below.\n{23} In La Farge, a young boy suffered a fainting spell and was treated by a heart specialist. 119 N.M. at 534-35, 893 P.2d at 430-31. The specialist misdiagnosed the boy\u2019s symptoms, but this was not discovered until a subsequent fainting episode. Id. at 535, 893 P.2d at 431. The subsequent episode occurred only eighty-five days before the expiration of the limitations period in Section 41-5-13. La Farge, 119 N.M. at 542, 893 P.2d at 438. The boy filed a malpractice claim approximately seven months after the Section 41-5-13 date had run. La Farge, 119 N.M. at 535, 893 P.2d at 431. Although filed outside the allowable window, our Supreme Court concluded that the boy\u2019s due process rights would be violated if Section 41-5-13 was applied to preclude his claim. La Farge, 119 N.M. at 542, 893 P.2d at 438. The Court focused on the fact that the boy learned of the malpractice only eighty-five days before the Section 41-5-13 expiration date. La Farge, 119 N.M. at 542, 893 P.2d at 438. Eighty-five days, the Court determined, was an unreasonably short period of time within which the boy could exercise his rights. Id. Accordingly, the Court concluded that Section 41-5-13 was inapplicable and instead applied the accrual based statute of limitations in NMSA 1978, Section 37-1-8 (1976). La Farge, 119 N.M. at 542, 893 P.2d at 438. As the boy had filed suit within three years of the date of accrual \u2014 the date the boy discovered the malpractice \u2014 his claim could proceed. Id.\n{24} In Cummings, 1996-NMSC-035, \u00b6\u00b6 2, 6, a patient received x-rays, and the medical provider identified certain abnormalities, but then failed to properly diagnose those abnormalities. The patient later discovered that the abnormalities were cancerous masses. Id. The date of malpractice was identified as August 1988 and the date the patient discovered the malpractice as February 1990, roughly one and one-half years before the Section 41-5-13 limitation period expired in August 1991. Cummings, 1996-NMSC-035, \u00b6 57. The patient filed her malpractice claim in July 1992, approximately eleven months after the Section 41-5-13 expiration date. Cummings, 1996-NMSC-035, \u00b6 57. Our Supreme Court declined to extend the conclusion in La Farge to the patient\u2019s case and determined that her claim was barred by Section 41-5-13. Cummings, 1996-NMSC-035, \u00b6\u00b6 57-58. The Court reasoned that the patient knew of the malpractice a year and a half before the Section 41-5-13 expiration date, but failed to file her claim. Cummings, 1996-NMSC-035, \u00b6\u00b6 57-58. Accordingly, the patient could not complain that her due process rights were violated by the preclusive effect of Section 41-5-13. Cummings, 1996-NMSC-035, \u00b6\u00b6 57-58. She had more than adequate time to take action, but failed to do so. Id.\n{25} Finally, in Tomlinson v. George, 2005-NMSC-020, \u00b6 4, 138 N.M. 34, 116 P.3d 105, a patient had wrist surgery in August 1996 that was ineffective and, when the patient saw another specialist only a few months later, was informed that the initial surgeon had been negligent. The patient filed a claim for malpractice in March 2000, roughly seven months after the Section 41-5-13 limitations period expired. Tomlinson, 2005-NMSC-020, \u00b6\u00b6 5, 10. Again, our Supreme Court declined to apply the result reached in La Farge. Tomlinson, 2005-NMSC-020, \u00b6\u00b6 23-24. The Court observed that the patient learned of the malpractice only a few months after it occurred, but failed to act on this information for most of the Section 41-5-13 period. Tomlinson, 2005-NMSC-020, \u00b6\u00b6 23-24. As in Cummings, the Court concluded that the patient\u2019s due process rights were not violated by the preclusive effect of Section 41-5-13. Tomlinson, 2005-NMSC-020, \u00b6\u00b6 23-24.\n{26} Because we have concluded that Medical Center\u2019s equitable indemnification claim is a \u201cmalpractice claim\u201d under the MM A and subject to Section 41-5-13, we apply the due process analysis developed in the cases above. We do so despite the fact that the issue in those cases was the due process rights of patients/plaintiffs whereas here we are concerned with the rights of a third-party. Conceptually, these seem like different matters and would, perhaps, implicate a different analysis. The parties do not address that issue.\n{27} LaFarge, Cummings, and Tomlinson make clear that the due process analysis in the Section41-5-13 context requires us to identify three dates: (1) the occurrence date, i.e., the date the malpractice occurred; (2) the discovery date, i.e., the date the existence of the malpractice is discovered; and (3) the Section 41-5-13 expiration date. Here, the occurrence date and the Section 41-5-13 expiration date are clear and there is no dispute between the parties as to these dates. The malpractice at issue in this case \u2014 Martinez\u2019s injuries \u2014 occurred on December 9-10, 2004, and thus the three-year limitations period expired on December 10, 2007.\n{28} The parties disagree about the date of discovery. Medical Center claims that the discovery date is December 4, 2007, the date Martinez filed her complaint against Doctors, which was six days before the S ection 41-5-13 expiration date. Doctors counter that the discovery date is either December 9 or 10, 2004, the date the malpractice committed against Martinez occurred, or December 11, 2007, the date Martinez\u2019s complaint was served on counsel for Medical Center. As explained below, we agree with Doctors that the date of discovery is December 11, 2007, the date Medical Center received service or, alternatively, at some point thereafter.\n{29} \u201cThe key consideration under the discovery rule is the factual, not the legal, basis for the cause of action. The action accrues when the plaintiff knows or should know the relevant facts, whether or not the plaintiff also knows that these facts are enough to establish a legal cause of action.\u201d Coslett v. Third St. Grocery, 117 N.M. 727, 735, 876 P.2d 656, 664 (Ct. App. 1994) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Medical Center concedes that it did not have knowledge that Martinez had suffered an injury until the date her complaint was filed \u2014 December 4, 2007. We accept this statement as an admission on Medical Center\u2019s part that it did not have knowledge that Martinez suffered injuries prior to Martinez\u2019s decision to file suit. We do not, however, accept the legal conclusion implicit in Medical Center\u2019s concession, i.e., that Medical Center knew Martinez filed suit merely because Martinez filed a complaint in district court. Medical Center could only discover that Martinez had filed a claim upon receiving service of process. Medical Center received service on December 11, 2007, one day after the three-year limitation period provided by Section 41-5-13 expired. Accordingly, we conclude that the earliest possible discovery date is December 11,2007. We observe that Medical Center did not file its indemnification claim against Doctors until December 2008. This suggests that the discovery date could be well after December 11, 2007. We need not, however, conclusively decide the issue.\n{30} As described above, Section41-5-13 is a statute of repose and terminates the right to any action after a specific time has elapsed. Cummings, 1996-NMSC-035, \u00b6 50. Our Supreme Court has clearly stated that the due process analysis first established in La Farge, and further developed in Cummings and Tomlinson, applies \u201conly to claims discovered within the statutory period; if a claim is discovered after the statute has run, Section 41-5-13 is an explicit bar.\u201d Tomlinson, 2005-NMSC-020, \u00b6 23. The discovery date in the present matter was one day beyond the end of the three-year limitations period provided by Section 41-5-13. As such, we hold that Section 41-5-13 bars Medical Center\u2019s claim and further conclude that the preclusive effect of Section 41-5-13 does no harm to Medical Center\u2019s due process rights. We conclude this opinion by briefly addressing Medical Center\u2019s equal protection arguments.\n{31} At the end of Medical Center\u2019s discussion of the due process issue, Medical Center contends that its equal protection rights would also be violated if we conclude that Section 41-5-13 applies. This claim appears to be premised on two points. First, Medical Center contends that, if its claim for indemnification is dismissed as untimely, it will be solely responsible for the Martinez liabilities. Medical Center then argues that \u201cthe New Mexico [Legislature did not include third[-]party claims, including indemnity claims, in the [MMA\u2019s] definition of \u2018malpractice claim.\u2019\u201d It is not clear to us how this implicates equal protection and it is well settled that we do not review unclear arguments. See Headley v. Morgan Mgmt. Corp., 2005-NMCA-045, \u00b6 15, 137 N.M. 339, 110 P.3d 1076. Moreover, this claim seems merely a variation of Medical Center\u2019s contention that indemnification claims are not governed by the MMA or subject to Section 41-5-13. We rejected this claim above.\nCONCLUSION\n{32} The district court\u2019s determination that Medical Center\u2019s amended third-party complaint and the claim for indemnification therein was not governed by the MMA and not subject to Section 41-5-13 is reversed. We reach the opposite conclusion and reject Medical Center\u2019s contention that doing so violates its due process and equal protection rights. We remand this matter to the district court with instructions to dismiss Medical Center\u2019s amended third-party complaint and for proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.\n{33} IT IS SO ORDERED.\nCELIA FOY CASTILLO, Chief Judge\nWE CONCUR:\nMICHAEL D. BUSTAMANTE, Judge\nMICHAEL E. VIGIL, Judge", "type": "majority", "author": "CASTILLO, Chief Judge." } ], "attorneys": [ "Hinkle, Hensley, Shanor & Martin, L.L.P. William P. Slattery David B. Lawrenz Santa Fe, NM for Appellee", "Allen, Shepherd, Lewis, Syra & Chapman, P.A. E.W. Shepherd J. Adam Tate Albuquerque, NM for Appellant Duarte-Afara, M.D.", "Butt, Thornton & Baehr, P.C. W. Ann Maggiore Emily A. Franke Albuquerque, NM for Appellant Dickinson, M.D." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "Certiorari Granted, October 12, 2011,\nNo. 33,166\nIN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO\nOpinion Number: 2011-NMCA-112\nFiling Date: May 9, 2011\nDocket No. 30,343\nCHRISTUS ST. VINCENT REGIONAL MEDICAL CENTER, Third-Party Plaintiff-Appellee, v. RAMON DUARTE-AFARA, M.D., and MARK WADE DICKINSON, M.D., Third-Party Defendants-Appellants.\nHinkle, Hensley, Shanor & Martin, L.L.P. William P. Slattery David B. Lawrenz Santa Fe, NM for Appellee\nAllen, Shepherd, Lewis, Syra & Chapman, P.A. E.W. Shepherd J. Adam Tate Albuquerque, NM for Appellant Duarte-Afara, M.D.\nButt, Thornton & Baehr, P.C. W. Ann Maggiore Emily A. Franke Albuquerque, NM for Appellant Dickinson, M.D." }, "file_name": "0034-01", "first_page_order": 50, "last_page_order": 59 }