{ "id": 4333597, "name": "STATE OF NEW MEXICO, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. HECTOR FLORES SERNA, JR., Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "State v. Serna", "decision_date": "2013-06-27", "docket_number": "Docket No. 33,021", "first_page": "449", "last_page": "457", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "2013-NMSC-033" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.M.", "id": 8835, "name": "Supreme Court of New Mexico" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 52, "name_long": "New Mexico", "name": "N.M." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "2011-NMSC-008", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 4250101 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 33" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/149/0412-01" ] }, { "cite": "2010-NMSC-042", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 4246919 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 15" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/148/0601-01" ] }, { "cite": "2005-NMCA-106", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMCA", "case_ids": [ 2548738 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 25" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/138/0232-01" ] }, { "cite": "2007-NMSC-007", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 3669553 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 25" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/141/0185-01" ] }, { "cite": "79 N.M. 663", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 2745745 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1968, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "667", "parenthetical": "internal quotation marks and citation omitted" }, { "page": "179", "parenthetical": "internal quotation marks and citation omitted" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/79/0663-01" ] }, { "cite": "275 P.3d 110", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.3d", "weight": 3, "year": 1968, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "2012-NMSC-008", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 4188256 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1968, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 36" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm-app/1/0535-01" ] }, { "cite": "1997-NMCA-117", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMCA", "case_ids": [ 17828 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 13" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/124/0261-01" ] }, { "cite": "114 N.M. 489", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 731672 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "492" }, { "page": "1258" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/114/0489-01" ] }, { "cite": "2005-NMSC-032", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 2549854 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6\u00b6 5-9" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/138/0398-01" ] }, { "cite": "89 N.M. 307", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 2863938 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1976, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "311" }, { "page": "1358" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/89/0307-01" ] }, { "cite": "2009-NMSC-025", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 4243179 ], "weight": 5, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 17" }, { "page": "\u00b6 17" }, { "page": "\u00b6 17" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/146/0357-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1067, "char_count": 24143, "ocr_confidence": 0.846, "pagerank": { "raw": 7.54577246802983e-08, "percentile": 0.4478442565570425 }, "sha256": "d2ea11ff15da7a4c59fe3cfe9cff2b16d86beb3f5477e39e02032fc978360fc7", "simhash": "1:f93d75b627ed83d8", "word_count": 3835 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T21:50:37.461651+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "RICHARD C. BOSSON, Justice", "WE CONCUR:", "PETRA JIMENEZ MAES, Chief Justice", "EDWARD L. CH\u00c1VEZ, Justice", "CHARLES W. DANIELS, Justice", "BARBARA J. VIGIL, Justice" ], "parties": [ "STATE OF NEW MEXICO, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. HECTOR FLORES SERNA, JR., Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "OPINION\nBOSSON, Justice.\nIn a prosecution for trafficking imitation controlled substances \u2014 in this case, baking soda packaged to look like cocaine \u2014 the New Mexico Imitation Controlled Substances Act allows the jury to consider evidence of any prior criminal convictions of the accused \u201crelated to controlled substances or fraud.\u201d See NMSA 1978, \u00a7 30-31A-2(D)(5) (1983). On the other hand, our Rules of Evidence conscientiously restrict any evidentiary use of prior bad acts including criminal convictions. See Rules 11-404(B) NMRA; -403 NMRA. To avoid any conflict, we apply the state statute harmoniously with our Rules of Evidence. We hold that any evidence of prior convictions referred to by statute must also be admissible under our evidence rules.\nBecause the prior criminal convictions in this case do not satisfy Rule 11-404(B), we conclude that their admission into evidence was in error. After careful examination of the record, however, we acknowledge that the error was harmless and affirm the convictions. Agreeing with Defendant on one point of sentencing error, we remand to the district court for an amended sentence as set forth in this opinion.\nBACKGROUND\nAccording to the testimony of Virginia Sanchez \u2014 the only eyewitness \u2014 she and the man she considered to be her husband, George Vargas, spent July 4, 2009, watching fireworks, grilling steaks, and getting high. At some point in the day, the two ran out of drugs and made some phone calls in an attempt to get more. Later that night, after Sanchez had already gone to bed, Hector \u201cLoco\u201d Flores Serna, Jr., the Defendant in this case, knocked on her door to sell them an eight ball of cocaine.\nVargas got up to answer the door, and Sanchez reached the living room just in time to witness the drug deal. She saw Vargas handing Defendant money \u2014 $120\u2014and Defendant was holding a plastic bag. Sanchez decided to test the substance in the bag, so she got some scissors, cut a small hole in the bag, and tasted the white powdery substance. It was baking soda, not cocaine.\nAccording to Sanchez, \u201c[tjhen all hell broke loose.\u201d Defendant accused Sanchez and Vargas of switching the bag. Defendant told them that he had just bought it from a friend for $200, even though he was selling it to them for only $120, \u201cand that his friend wouldn\u2019t do that to him.\u201d\nDefendant then pulled out a gun and waived it at them. The two urged Defendant to leave, but he kept getting more and more agitated. Then, according to Sanchez, as Defendant walked toward the door, he shot Vargas in the head, a wound which proved fatal. At trial, Sanchez testified as an eyewitness to these events, and the jury also heard a contemporaneous 911 call in which Sanchez identified Defendant as the assailant.\nDefendant was charged with various crimes, including first-degree murder and trafficking an imitation controlled substance \u2014 the baking soda packaged to look like cocaine \u2014 a fourth-degree felony. See NMSA 1978, \u00a7\u00a7 30-31A-1 to -15 (1983) (as amended through 2002) (Imitation Controlled Substances Act hereafter ICSA). Before trial, the State filed a motion to allow testimony about two of Defendant\u2019s prior criminal convictions, one for possession of a controlled substance (methamphetamine) and the second for credit card fraud. The State based its argument on a specific provision in the ICSA that authorizes the jury to consider evidence of prior convictions related to \u201ccontrolled substances or fraud.\u201d Section 30-31A-2(D)(5). Although expressing doubts about the admissibility of these prior convictions, the trial court ultimately allowed the evidence based upon the specific language in the ICSA.\nAfter a jury trial, Defendant was convicted of first-degree murder and distribution of an imitation controlled substance, as well as other charges not related to this appeal. In considering the charge of first-degree murder, the jury was instructed on theories of both willful and deliberate murder and felony murder, the predicate felony being distribution of an imitation controlled substance. The jury returned a general verdict of guilty on first-degree murder and, therefore, distribution of an imitation controlled substance was correctly vacated as a separate, stand-alone conviction, though it remained as the predicate for felony murder. In addition to the base life sentence for first-degree murder, Defendant\u2019s sentence was enhanced by four years pursuant to the habitual offender statute, NMSA 1978, Section 31-18-17 (2003), as well as an additional one year based on the firearm enhancement statute, NMSA 1978, Section 31-18-16 (1993).\nGiven his first-degree murder conviction and resulting life sentence, Defendant filed a direct appeal to this Court in which he raises two issues. See N.M. Const. art. VI, \u00a7 2 (providing for direct appeal from life sentences). First, Defendant claims that testimony about his prior unrelated convictions was not admissible under the New Mexico rules of evidence, which constitutes reversible error and entitles him to a new trial. Second, Defendant claims that the enhancements to his life sentence, for being a habitual offender and for the use of a firearm, are not authorized in capital cases. We consider these two appellate issues in the order raised.\nDISCUSSION\nThe Imitation Controlled Substances Act\nThe ICSA renders criminal what ordinarily would be a lawful act \u2014 in this case the sale of baking soda packaged as cocaine. The ICSA is directed toward circumstances in which a normally innocuous substance becomes a proxy for an illegal controlled substance, cocaine in this instance. See Section 30-31A-2(D). Specifically, the ICSA defines an imitation controlled substance as \u201ca substance that is not a controlled substance which by dosage unit appearance, including color, shape, size and markings and by representations made would lead a reasonable person to believe that the substance is a controlled substance.\u201d Id.\nIn addition to this definition, the ICSA also lists \u201cfactors\u201d that the fact finder \u201cmay consider\u201d which include the following:\n(1) statements made by an owner or by anyone else in control of the substance concerning the nature of the substance or its use or effect;\n(2) statements made to the recipient that the substance may be resold for inordinate profit;\n(3) whether the substance is packaged in a manner normally used for illicit controlled substances;\n(4) evasive tactics or actions utilized by the owner or person in control of the substance to avoid detection by law enforcement authorities;\n(5) prior convictions, if any, of the owner or anyone in control of the object, under state or federal law related to controlled substances or fraud; and\n(6) whether the physical appearance of the substance is substantially identical to a controlled substance.\nId. (emphasis added).\nAdding to the confusion in this case, the trial court noted the absence of any uniform jury instruction for a violation of the ICSA. After due deliberation, the trial court felt compelled to include \u201call of the elements that can be considered\u201d in its instruction given to the jury, including all of Section 30-31A-2(D)(l)-(5). Thus, over objection of counsel, the court allowed testimony about Defendant\u2019s two prior convictions, albeit with a jury instruction limiting consideration of those convictions to the ICSA charge, not murder. On appeal, Defendant challenges the admissibility of that testimony about his prior criminal convictions and asks for a new trial as a result.\nPrior Convictions May Be Admitted Only When Permitted by the Rules of Evidence\nDefendant has argued throughout these proceedings that the Legislature cannot override by statute what this Court has promulgated by rule. We agree, and observe that the law has been settled on this subject for some time. See State v. Belanger, 2009-NMSC-025, \u00b6 17, 146 N.M. 357, 210 P.3d 783 (noting that this Court has the ultimate rule-making authority).\nSince Ammerman v. Hubbard Broadcasting, Inc., 89 N.M. 307, 311, 551 P.2d 1354, 1358 (1976), it has been clear that the ultimate rule making authority over procedure resides in this Court, including the rules of evidence. This Court\u2019s- plenary authority to regulate procedure stems from our constitutional power of \u201csuperintending control over all inferior courts.\u201d N.M. Const. art. VI, \u00a7 3; Belanger, 2009-NMSC-025, \u00b6 17. We have previously acknowledged that our judicial authority \u201cis not necessarily exclusive, and may co-exist with harmonious legislative enactments.\u201d Belanger, 2009-NMSC-025, \u00b6 17 (citing Albuquerque Rape Crisis Ctr. v. Blackmer, 2005-NMSC-032, \u00b6\u00b6 5-9, 138 N.M. 398, 120 P.3d 820). The pivotal question is whether legislative initiatives are truly \u201charmonious\u201d with our evidentiary rules.\nIn this case, such a harmonious reading means that evidence offered under the ICSA, such as these prior criminal convictions, would also have to be admissible under our rules of evidence, or more precisely, would not be excluded under our rules of evidence. See Rules 11-401, -404(B), and - 403 NMRA. If the convictions would be admissible under our rules of evidence, then Section 30-31A-2(D)(5) instructs the court to inform the jury of the relevance of those prior convictions if they relate to controlled substances or fraud. The controlling question, therefore, is whether Defendant\u2019s prior convictions were properly admitted under our rules of evidence, and particularly Rule 11-404(B), without regard to the language in the ICSA.\nEvidence of prior bad acts, including prior convictions, may be admitted in certain instances, under Rule 11-404(B) which reads:\n(1) Prohibited uses. Evidence of a crime, wrong, or other act is not admissible to prove a person\u2019s character in order to show that on a particular occasion the person acted in accordance with the character.\n(2) Permitted uses; notice in a criminal case. This evidence [of a crime] may be admissible for another purpose, such as proving motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence of mistake, or lack of accident. In a criminal case, the prosecution must\n(a) provide reasonable notice of the general nature of any such evidence that the prosecutor intends to offer at trial, and\n(b) do so before trial - or during trial if the court, for good cause, excuses lack ofpretrial notice.\n(Emphasis added.) Rule 11-404(B) makes clear that evidence of prior convictions is not permitted to prove propensity \u2014 that the accused is of bad character and thus more likely to have committed the crimes presently charged.\nThe procedure for admitting evidence under Rule 11-404(B) \u201crequires counsel to identify the consequential fact to which the proffered evidence of other acts is directed.\u201d State v. Lucero, 114 N.M. 489, 492, 840 P.2d 1255, 1258 (Ct. App. 1992). \u201cThe proponent of the evidence must demonstrate its relevancy to the consequential facts, and the material issue, such as intent, must in fact be in dispute.\u201d State v. Elinski, 1997-NMCA-117, \u00b6 13, 124 N.M. 261, 948 P.2d 1209, overruled on other grounds by State v. Tollardo, 2012-NMSC-008, 275 P.3d 110. \u201cEvidence of other crimes than the one charged must however have a real probative value, and not just possible worth on issues of intent, motive, absence of mistake or accident, or to establish a scheme or plan.\u201d State v. Mason, 79 N.M. 663, 667, 448 P.2d 175, 179 (Ct. App. 1968) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). As this Court recently stated in State v. Gallegos,\nPart of the proponent\u2019s responsibility is also to cogently inform the court \u2014 whether the trial court or a court on appeal \u2014 the rationale for admitting the evidence to prove something other than propensity. In other words, more is required to sustain a ruling admitting [other-acts] evidence than the incantation of the illustrative exceptions contained in the Rule.\n2007-NMSC-007, \u00b6 25, 141 N.M. 185, 152 P.3d 828 (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Once \u201cit is shown that evidence of other acts has a legitimate alternative use that does not depend upon an inference of propensity, the proponent must establish that under Rule 11-403 NMRA, the probative value of the evidence used for a legitimate, non-propensity purpose outweighs any unfair prejudice to the defendant.\u201d State v. Kerby, 2005-NMCA-106, \u00b6 25, 138 N.M. 232, 118 P.3d 740.\nIn spite of this clearly established protocol for admitting prior convictions under Rule 11-404(B), the State chose another path, electing to rely almost exclusively on Section 30-31 A-2(D)(5), as if the ICSA were a font of evidentiary authority independent of this Court. Preferring to stand alone on the ICSA, the State omitted Rule 11-404(B) from its written, pretrial motion to have the prior convictions admitted at trial. During a hearing on the motion, the State made a passing reference to the enumerated list in Rule 11-404(B), suggesting that the evidence \u201cspecifically could go to intent or knowledge.\u201d The State argued that the prior possession conviction showed that Defendant knew what was and was not cocaine, notwithstanding the obvious difference being that Defendant had been previously convicted of methamphetamine possession, not cocaine. The State had nothing relevant to say about the prior fraud conviction other than it might go to \u201cintent.\u201d\nThis hardly survives scrutiny under our case law. Falling short of any effort to \u201cinform the court,\u201d whether \u201ccogently\u201d or otherwise, of any true relevance to this particular case, the State did little more than offer \u201can incantation of the illustrative exceptions contained in the Rule,\u201d a shortcoming we warned against in Gallegos. And even now on appeal we are left to ponder what possible relevance these prior convictions could have had in this instance, other than, of course, their specific enumeration in the ICSA, but not in Rule 11-404(B).\nDefendant\u2019s intent was not at issue in the ICSA prosecution; he was not claiming an innocent mistake or lack of knowledge about illicit drugs. Under our case law, the question of intent or knowledge \u201cmust in fact be in dispute.\u201d His defense went more to the heart of the prosecution\u2019s case: that it never happened at all, that he was never there, and that the witness Sanchez, an admitted drug user, made it all up. The State\u2019s \u201cincantation\u201d of intent and knowledge misses the mark.\nFar from proving -a relevant point under Rule 11 -404(B), these prior convictions went solely to propensity, painting Defendant as a bad character from the drug world. Bearing no legitimacy under our rules, these convictions were inadmissible at trial, something the trial court duly recognized under our rules of evidence but was distracted by the confusing, inconsistent, and discordant language of the ICS A. Clearly, admission of this prior-crimes testimony was in error. The question now turns, therefore, on the effect of the trial court\u2019s error, and specifically whether it requires us to reverse these convictions and remand for a new trial.\nHarmless Error\nWe review improperly admitted evidence for non-constitutional harmless error. State v. Branch, 2010-NMSC-042, \u00b6 15, 148 N.M. 601, 241 P.3d 602, overruled on other grounds by State v. Tollardo, 2012-NMSC-008, 275 P.3d 110. \u201c[N]on-constitutional error is harmless when there is no reasonable probability the error affected the verdict.\u201d State v. Tollardo, 2012-NMSC-008, \u00b6 36,275 P.3d 110 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).\nWhen assessing the probable effect of evidentiary error, \u201ccourts should evaluate all of the circumstances surrounding the error.\u201d Id. \u00b6 43. This includes the source of the error, the emphasis placed on the error, evidence of the defendant\u2019s guilt apart from the error, the importance of the erroneously admitted evidence to the prosecution\u2019s case, and whether the erroneously admitted evidence was merely cumulative. Id. These considerations, however, are not exclusive, and they are merely a guide to facilitate the ultimate determination \u2014 whether there is a reasonable probability that the error contributed to the verdict. See id. We proceed to that analysis.\nHere, the erroneous evidence of Defendant\u2019s prior convictions was admitted through the testimony of Detective Rudy Sanchez. Detective Sanchez was asked whether, in the course of his investigation, he found documentation of Defendant\u2019s prior convictions. The Detective responded that he had learned about Defendant\u2019s prior convictions for possession of a controlled substance, methamphetamine, and for credit card fraud. Documentation of the prior convictions was not admitted into evidence, and Defendant did not testify. Thus, this testimony was the only source through which the jury learned of Defendant\u2019s criminal record.\nImportantly, our review of the record shows that neither side placed much emphasis on the erroneously admitted evidence during trial. Immediately after hearing from Detective Sanchez, the jury was given a limiting instruction, informing them that they were to consider the evidence for the sole purpose of determining whether Defendant \u201ccommitted the offense of distribution of an imitation controlled substance but for no other purpose.\u201d Defendant did not inquire into this testimony on cross examination, nor was it mentioned on redirect. The prior convictions were not mentioned again until the State\u2019s closing argument, during which the State briefly reminded the jury about the convictions when explaining the jury instructions. The State told the jury that it could consider \u201c[w]hether the person has prior convictions for controlled substances or fraud. In this case the defendant has both.\u201d Nothing further was said. We can conclude, therefore, that the State did not exploit the erroneously admitted evidence at trial, nor did it make the evidence a significant part of its case against Defendant. Given the abundance of other evidence against Defendant, the State simply did not need to do so.\nThe evidence of Defendant\u2019s guilt was substantial, such that the jury likely did not rely on these two prior convictions when reaching its verdict. Sanchez, the sole eyewitness, identified Defendant as the one who shot Vargas. She gave a detailed account of how she and Vargas called Defendant to purchase more drugs, how Defendant came to the house late at night and became very agitated when she discovered that the baggie was filled with baking soda. She recounted how Defendant pulled a gun and shot Vargas. In court, Sanchez again identified Defendant as the shooter.\nIn addition, the jury heard the tape of Ms. Sanchez\u2019s 911 call, in which she identified Defendant as the one who had shot Vargas. During closing, the State reminded the jury of what they had heard on the 911 tape.\nFurther corroborating Sanchez\u2019s eyewitness testimony, physical evidence found at the scene linked Defendant to the crime. Similar .22 caliber shell casings were found both at the scene of the homicide and at Defendant\u2019s home. A ballistics expert testified that the shell casings were fired from the same gun. Although the gun used in the shooting was never found, a witness attending a Fourth of July party at Defendant\u2019s neighbor\u2019s house stated that she heard numerous gunshots coming from Defendant\u2019s house on the day of the shooting.\nIronically, these prior convictions were largely unnecessary to the State\u2019s case. Sergeant Ralph Monget testified to being one of the first officers on the scene of the shooting. Inside the residence, he saw \u201ca plastic baggy with what [he] believed was narcotics on a table in the front room.\u201d Based on his training and experience, whatever was in the baggie was packaged like narcotics. He explained to the jury that the baggie \u201cappeared to be cocaine . . . because it was a white powdery substance inside of a plastic baggy tied off at the tip\u201d which is \u201cconsistent with the way cocaine is typically packaged for resale.\u201d Thus, the jury heard specific and uncontradicted evidence that the bag ofbaking soda was made to appear to be cocaine, compelling evidence for a conviction under the ICSA.\nAlso important, Defendant never challenged the assertion that the baggie contained an imitation controlled substance. As Defendant argues, \u201cthere was no dispute in the present case that the 7.14 grams ofbaking soda was meant to represent cocaine.\u201d Rather, Defendant\u2019s primary defense was that Ms. Sanchez was not credible and was making up the whole story. Thus, we agree with Defendant\u2019s argument that \u201c[ejither [Sanchez] was telling the truth, and described a drug deal, or she was lying, and fabricated a drug deal. In either case, however, the baggie of baking soda was a prop, unmistakably meant to appear to be cocaine.\u201d As Defendant wryly observes, he, Vargas, and Sanchez \u201cwere obviously not setting out to make biscuits that night.\u201d\nPerhaps of greatest significance, the evidence ofprior criminal convictions appears to be cumulative. If the State wanted the prior convictions to prove Defendant\u2019s intent and knowledge of drugs and the drug trade \u2014 and his resulting bad character \u2014 other evidence had already established this at trial. Sanchez testified that Defendant was \u201cone of the people that we would buy [drugs] from.\u201d She further explained that when she bought drugs from Defendant \u201c[h]e usually delivered it.\u201d None of this testimony was challenged at trial. By the time the State introduced evidence of D efendant\u2019 s prior convictions, the prosecution had already established Defendant\u2019s knowledge of the drug trade, and his bad, drug-dealing character. In the context of this particular case, therefore, it is difficult to see how Defendant, the drug user, could be any more damning than Defendant, the drug dealer.\nIn light of all the circumstances, therefore, we conclude that reference to these prior convictions, though error, was harmless. Under the standard for nonconstitutional error, the State satisfies us that \u201cthere is no reasonable probability\u201d that evidence of Defendant\u2019s prior convictions affected this verdict and contributed to Defendant\u2019s convictions.\nEnhancement of Defendant\u2019s Life Sentence Was Not Authorized by Law\nDefendant argues, and the State agrees, that the sentencing enhancements applied to Defendant\u2019s life sentence were unlawful. Defendant received sentencing enhancements for being a habitual offender, under Section 31-18-17, and for the use of a firearm in the commission of the offense, under Section 31-18-16. Each of these enhancements, by their own terms, only apply to noncapital felonies. See Section 31-18-17(A) (\u201cA person convicted of a noncapital felony . . . .\u201d (emphasis added)); Section 31-18-16(A) (\u201cWhen a separate finding offactby the court or jury shows that a firearm was used in the commission of a noncapital felony . . . .\u201d (emphasis added)). Yet Defendant\u2019s sentence for murder, a capital felony, NMSA 1978, Section 30-2-1 (1994), was enhanced under each of these statutes.\nWhile defense counsel inexplicably did not object to the enhancements, \u201c[a] trial court does not have jurisdiction to impose an illegal sentence on a defendant and, therefore, any party may challenge an illegal sentence for the first time on appeal.\u201d State v. Paiz, 2011-NMSC-008, \u00b6 33, 149 N.M. 412, 249 P.3d 1235. Therefore, we agree with Defendant, as appropriately conceded by the State, that his sentence was improperly enhanced, and we remand to the trial court to correct the sentencing error.\nCONCLUSION\nWe affirm Defendant\u2019s convictions and remand for the trial court to correct the sentencing error.\nIT IS SO ORDERED.\nRICHARD C. BOSSON, Justice\nWE CONCUR:\nPETRA JIMENEZ MAES, Chief Justice\nEDWARD L. CH\u00c1VEZ, Justice\nCHARLES W. DANIELS, Justice\nBARBARA J. VIGIL, Justice", "type": "majority", "author": "BOSSON, Justice." } ], "attorneys": [ "Bennett J. Baur, Acting ChiefPublic Defender William A. O\u2019Connell, Assistant Appellate Defender Santa Fe, NM for Appellant", "Gary K. King, Attorney General Yvonne Marie Chicoine, Assistant Attorney General Santa Fe, NM for Appellee" ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO\nOpinion Number: 2013-NMSC-033\nFiling Date: June 27, 2013\nDocket No. 33,021\nSTATE OF NEW MEXICO, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. HECTOR FLORES SERNA, JR., Defendant-Appellant.\nBennett J. Baur, Acting ChiefPublic Defender William A. O\u2019Connell, Assistant Appellate Defender Santa Fe, NM for Appellant\nGary K. King, Attorney General Yvonne Marie Chicoine, Assistant Attorney General Santa Fe, NM for Appellee" }, "file_name": "0449-01", "first_page_order": 465, "last_page_order": 473 }