{ "id": 4240588, "name": "STATE OF NEW MEXICO, ex rel. GARY KING, ATTORNEY GENERAL, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. ADVANTAGEOUS COMMUNITY SERVICES, LLC, a New Mexico limited liability company, Defendant-Appellee", "name_abbreviation": "State ex rel. King v. Advantageous Community Services, LLC", "decision_date": "2014-04-28", "docket_number": "Docket No. 31,782", "first_page": "400", "last_page": "411", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "2014-NMCA-076" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.M. Ct. App.", "id": 9025, "name": "Court of Appeals of New Mexico" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 52, "name_long": "New Mexico", "name": "N.M." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "656 F. Supp. 1267", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F. Supp.", "case_ids": [ 3984665 ], "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1279", "parenthetical": "stating that the defendant's answer and counterclaim were stricken where the defendant committed \"fraud on the court\" by producing backdated letters" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f-supp/656/1267-01" ] }, { "cite": "144 F.R.D. 384", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "F.R.D.", "case_ids": [ 7850350 ], "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "389-90", "parenthetical": "stating that default judgment was appropriate where the plaintiff submitted a false document and committed perjury in furtherance of fraud" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/frd/144/0384-01" ] }, { "cite": "826 F.2d 915", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 1741410 ], "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "917-18", "parenthetical": "per curiam" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/826/0915-01" ] }, { "cite": "892 F.2d 1115", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 10529029 ], "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1118", "parenthetical": "stating that the cause of action was dismissed for \"fraud on the court\" where the plaintiff attached a bogus agreement to the complaint" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/892/1115-01" ] }, { "cite": "974 F.2d 982", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 10518067 ], "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "stating that the plaintiffs action for sexual harassment was dismissed where the plaintiff manufactured an alleged note containing improper remarks from her supervisor" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/974/0982-01" ] }, { "cite": "138 F.R.D. 675", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "F.R.D.", "case_ids": [ 7850408 ], "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "677, 683" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/frd/138/0675-01" ] }, { "cite": "501 U.S. 32", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1107845 ], "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "46-48", "parenthetical": "stating that the inherent power of federal courts to impose sanctions extends to a full range of litigation abuses" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/501/0032-01" ] }, { "cite": "901 F. Supp. 1572", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F. Supp.", "case_ids": [ 7841599 ], "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1574-75, 1581" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f-supp/901/1572-01" ] }, { "cite": "109 N.M. 5", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1590292 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/109/0005-01" ] }, { "cite": "1989-NMCA-042", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMCA", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 21" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "1998-NMCA-157", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMCA", "case_ids": [ 827438 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 20" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/126/0196-01" ] }, { "cite": "539 F.2d 1379", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 1039995 ], "year": 1976, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1381" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/539/1379-01" ] }, { "cite": "2008-NMCA-120", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMCA", "case_ids": [ 4002458 ], "weight": 5, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 12" }, { "page": "\u00b6 12" }, { "page": "\u00b6 12" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/144/0797-01" ] }, { "cite": "313 P.3d 251", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.3d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "2013-NMCERT-010", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMCERT", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "311 P.3d 1236", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.3d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "2013-NMCA-105", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMCA", "case_ids": [ 4077442 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 16" }, { "page": "\u00b6 24" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm-app/5/0111-01" ] }, { "cite": "117 N.M. 163", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1552701 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/117/0163-01" ] }, { "cite": "1994-NMSC-016", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "weight": 4, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 6" }, { "page": "\u00b6 9" }, { "page": "\u00b6 9" }, { "page": "\u00b6 9" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "120 N.M. 151", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1558966 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/120/0151-01" ] }, { "cite": "1995-NMSC-047", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 31" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "2000-NMCA-091", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMCA", "case_ids": [ 1217107 ], "weight": 7, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 9" }, { "page": "\u00b6 28" }, { "page": "\u00b6 10" }, { "page": "\u00b6 19-20" }, { "page": "\u00b6 9" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/129/0639-01" ] }, { "cite": "96 N.M. 155", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1577300 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/96/0155-01" ] }, { "cite": "1980-NMSC-094", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "weight": 4, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 202" }, { "page": "\u00b6 385" }, { "page": "\u00b6 397" }, { "page": "\u00b6 397" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "2003-NMCA-104", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMCA", "case_ids": [ 77127 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 10" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/134/0207-01" ] }, { "cite": "120 N.M. 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1558932 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/120/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "1995-NMSC-033", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "weight": 4, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 12" }, { "page": "\u00b6 25" }, { "page": "\u00b6\u00b6 11-12" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "370 U.S. 626", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6169566 ], "year": 1962, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "630-31" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/370/0626-01" ] }, { "cite": "88 N.M. 119", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 2841645 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/88/0119-01" ] }, { "cite": "1975-NMCA-070", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMCA", "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 6" }, { "page": "\u00b6 15" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "44 N.M. 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1566896 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/44/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "1939-NMSC-062", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 6" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "1999-NMCA-101", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMCA", "case_ids": [ 257772 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 13" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nm/127/0708-01" ] }, { "cite": "109 N.M. 679", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1590308 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nm/109/0679-01" ] }, { "cite": "1990-NMCA-024", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMCA", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 4" } ], "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "2011-NMSC-044", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 4251274 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 19" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nm/150/0745-01" ] }, { "cite": "2000-NMCA-091", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMCA", "case_ids": [ 1217107 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 28" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nm/129/0639-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1306, "char_count": 32040, "ocr_confidence": 0.777, "pagerank": { "raw": 4.03580807328026e-08, "percentile": 0.14081380806371338 }, "sha256": "ba1168ef03b433588b6148ec45fecdee4d14610286c9baf80dd396b364412955", "simhash": "1:9e50818722419262", "word_count": 5145 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T17:19:17.637489+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "MICHAEL E. VIGIL, Judge", "I CONCUR:", "LINDA M. VANZI, Judge", "MICHAEL D. BUSTAMANTE (specially concurring).", "MICHAEL D. BUSTAMANTE, Judge" ], "parties": [ "STATE OF NEW MEXICO, ex rel. GARY KING, ATTORNEY GENERAL, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. ADVANTAGEOUS COMMUNITY SERVICES, LLC, a New Mexico limited liability company, Defendant-Appellee." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "OPINION\nVIGIL, Judge.\n{1} The district court dismissed the State\u2019s medicaid fraud claims against Defendant Advantageous Community Services, LLC, doing business as Imagine, LLC, (Imagine) after the State\u2019s investigator procured a false and fictitious document relating to a central issue in the case. The investigator provided the document to the State\u2019s lawyer without disclosing that the document was false, and the lawyer then used it in a deposition of Imagine\u2019s owner and corporate representative. Concluding that the district court did not abuse its discretion, we affirm.\nI. BACKGROUND\n{2} Imagine contracts with individual caregivers to provide home-based healthcare services to Medicaid recipients through the Medicaid Developmental Disabilities Waiver Program. New Mexico Department of Health (DOH) regulations require home-based healthcare providers like Imagine to submit criminal history screening applications to DOH for each of its caregivers. Once the criminal application is submitted, DOH then conducts a state and nationwide criminal background check. Upon completion of the background check, DOH sends a \u201cclearance letter\u201d stating whether a caregiver has any reported disqualifying convictions. In its suit the State alleges that Imagine knowingly submitted bills for services provided by six caregivers whose criminal histories did not meet the screening requirements and that, therefore, Imagine violated the the Medicaid Fraud Act, NMSA 1978, \u00a7\u00a7 30-44-1 to -8 (1989, as amended through 2004). According to the State, the Medicaid payments Imagine received from the State and paid to the six caregivers constituted overpayments, which the State had a right to recoup as damages, in addition to civil penalties.\n{3} The State compared the date on the clearance letter for each of the six caregivers to the date each caregiver was hired to support its claims that caregivers were providing services that were billed to Medicaid before DOH confirmed that they had a clear criminal history. Thus, the clearance letter issued for each caregiver is critical to the State\u2019s theory of liability. On the other hand, Imagine contends that DOH regulations permit caregivers to work under conditional supervised employment while DOH conducts the screening and that the regulations only require that criminal history screening applications be submitted for each caregiver within the first twenty days of employment. Therefore, according to Imagine, the dates Imagine submitted the criminal history screening applications and/or whether applications were submitted at all would have been relevant to whether any violations occurred, not the date on the clearance letters marking completion of the screening process.\n{4} The Assistant Attorney General (the AAG) prosecuting the case asked an investigator for the Attorney General\u2019s Office (the investigator) working in the medicaid fraud unit to prepare packets of documents relating to each of the six caregivers to be used at the deposition of Dr. Arminder Kaur, the owner and corporate representative of Imagine. She specifically asked the investigator to include a copy of the clearance letter from DOH for each caregiver to be included in the packet. However, the investigator was unable to locate copies of the actual clearance letters Imagine had previously produced for two of the caregivers, so he called Walter Rodas at DOH to see if DOH had copies. Mr. Rodas told the investigator that DOH did not keep hard copies of the letters on file, so the investigator asked Mr. Rodas to \u201creprint\u201d copies of the 2006 clearance letters from its electronic data base.\n{5} Mr. Rodas told the investigator that it would not be possible to reprint accurate copies of the letters because the computer system had updated several fields in the clearance letter template. The investigator nevertheless told Mr. Rodas to go ahead and print the letters with the updated data. Mr. Rodas faxed the letters to the investigator with a cover sheet stating,\nPer your request, attached find copies of the clearance letters for [the two caregivers]. These letter[s] were issued for Imagine back in 2006. In addition to the discrepancies I mentioned to you already over the phone, our letter template pulls information current on our system. That is why the letters are issued and addressed to Melissa McCue, but she may have not been the contact person at Imagine back then. Also, the letters are signed by Gil Mendoza, but he was not the manager of this department in 2006; nor was Ms. Martinez the governor at that time either. Unfortunately, we do not have access to the original letters any longer and this is the best I can do to assist you from our computer records.\nThe investigator put the false letter in the packet for each caregiver and delivered the packets to the AAG. However, he left the fax cover sheet explaining that the letters were not authentic copies on his desk, and he did not tell the AAG that he had been unable to locate copies of the actual clearance letters that were sent to Imagine.\n{6} One of the created letters is attached to this Opinion as Appendix 1, and a copy of the actual clearance letter sent to Imagine in 2006 for the same employee is attached to this Opinion as Appendix 2. Though the dates of the two letters are the same, and the \u201cControl No.\u201d for the employee match, the letters are obviously otherwise very different.\n{7} At Dr. Kaur\u2019s deposition she testified that, as far as she knew, Imagine was in compliance with the criminal history screening requirements at the time of the alleged violations. Her former business partner\u2019s son, Karan Sangha, and former employee, Diane Nunn, were in charge of ensuring compliance with the criminal history screening requirements, and they had assured her that Imagine was at all times in compliance. Dr. Kaur added that Karan Sangha and Diane Nunn later left to form their own home healthcare business, taking with them the documentary evidence of Imagine\u2019s compliance. After they left, Melissa McCue, another employee at Imagine, took over the caregiver criminal history compliance duties. When presented with Exhibit 15 (Appendix 1) and asked why it was addressed to Melissa McCue in October of 2006, Dr. Kaur\u2019s reaction was surprise. A clearance letter sent to Imagine in 2006 should have been addressed to Karan Sangha, and Exhibit 15 also had Imagine\u2019s new office address rather than the address it had in 2006.\n{8} Imagine filed a motion for sanctions against the State for using a fabricated document at the deposition, as well as a motion for summary judgment on the merits. The district court held an evidentiary hearing to address the motion for sanctions at which the foregoing facts were developed. The AAG also answered questions posed by the district court, denying that she knew the letter was false when she utilized it in the deposition and admitting she did hot observe the discrepancy of the incorrect governor on the letterhead.\n{9} The district court then filed detailed findings of fact and conclusions of law. In pertinent part, the district court made findings of fact that Exhibit 15 is a pirrported letter from DOH to Imagine, care of Melissa McCue, but it is a false document, and was created by the State for this litigation. Specifically, the text of the letter, the addressee, and the signature line are inaccurate. Further, the district court found, while the investigator was told that Exhibit 15 is not a true and correct copy of the original document, the investigator did not disclose that information to the AAG, and the AAG failed to observe the obvious discrepancy in the document that Susana Martinez was not the Governor in 2006, which would have alerted her that it could not be an accurate copy of a 2006 document. The district court added that the investigator knew the document was false and that it was going to be used at Dr. Kaur\u2019s deposition, but he did not disclose his knowledge to the AAG, who then attempted to impeach Dr. Kaur with the document. Importantly, the district court also found that, \u201c[considering his position as an investigator for the Attorney General\u2019s Office, [the investigator]\u2019s testimony that he did not believe the information was important is not credible.\u201d\n{10} All of the investigator\u2019s actions were done in the course , and scope of his employment with the Attorney General\u2019s Office of the State of New Mexico. Moreover, the district court found, \u201c[considering the immense power of the Attorney General\u2019s Office, the public must be able to rely on the truth of documents produced in litigation by the Attorney General\u2019s office, its attorneys and investigators\u201d and that \u201c[a]n investigator allowing an assistant attorney general to utilize a document known to be false in discovery is an egregious offense subject to sanctions.\u201d\n{11} The district court accordingly concluded as a matter of law that \u201c[djismissal of the Complaint is warranted as a sanction considering the egregious nature of the actions of the State\u2019s investigator.\u201d The district court also concluded that Imagine\u2019s motion for summary judgment should be granted. A formal order was entered dismissing the case with prejudice, and the State appeals. Because we affirm dismissal of the case as a sanction, we do not discuss the State\u2019s argument that the court erred in granting summary judgment.\nII. DISCUSSION\nA. Authority of the District Court to Dismiss as a Sanction\n{12} Since at least 1939, our courts have asserted an inherent power, independent of any statute or rule, to regulate the proceedings before them, which includes imposing sanctions when appropriate. See City of Roswell v. Holmes, 1939-NMSC-062, \u00b6 6, 44 N.M. 1, 96 P.2d 701 (\u201c[I]t is an inherent right of the courts and therefore one existing independently of any statute to dismiss a suit for failure to prosecute it with diligence.\u201d). This authority stems from \u201c\u2018the control necessarily vested in courts to manage their own affairs so as to achieve the orderly and expeditious disposition of cases.\u2019\u201d Beverly v. Conquistadores, Inc., 1975-NMCA-070, \u00b6 6, 88 N.M. 119, 537 P.2d 1015 (quoting Link v. Wabash R.R. Co., 370 U.S. 626, 630-31 (1962)).\n{13} In State ex rel. New Mexico Highway & Transportation Department v. Baca, 1995-NMSC-033, 120 N.M. 1, 896 P.2d 1148, our Supreme Court declared that \u201ca court\u2019s inherent power is at the core of judicial authority,\u201d and reaffirmed that courts in New Mexico possess \u201cinherent power to impose a variety of sanctions on both litigants and attorneys in order to regulate their docket, promote judicial efficiency, and deter frivolous filings.\u201d Id. \u00b6\u00b6 11, 20 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted); see Lujan v. City of Albuquerque, 2003-NMCA-104, \u00b6 10, 134 N.M. 207, 75 P.3d 423 (stating the general proposition that courts have \u201cauthority to dismiss claims with prejudice for a party\u2019s failure to ... comply with procedural rules or court orders\u201d). Therefore, our Supreme Court concluded in Baca, a New Mexico court has inherent authority, independent of any statute or rule, to award attorney fees \u201cin order to vindicate its judicial authority and compensate the prevailing party for expenses incurred as a result of frivolous or vexatious litigation.\u201d 1995-NMSC-033, \u00b6 12.\n{14} Historically, sanctions have been imposed most often in the context of misconduct associated with discovery. Dismissal of a complaint with prejudice was held to be warranted when a party willfully refused to obey a direct court order to supply the name of a witness. Beverly, 197 5-NMCA-070, \u00b6\u00b6 7, 16. In addition, a default judgment against a party was upheld when a party failed to provide discovery \u201cdue to the willfulness, bad faith or fault of the disobedient party.\u201d United Nuclear Corp. v. Gen. Atomic Co., 1980-NMSC-094, \u00b6 202, 96 N.M. 155, 629 P.2d 231. In this context, our Supreme Court has declared that \u201cwillfulness\u201d means \u201cany conscious or intentional failure to comply therewith, as distinguished from accidental or involuntary non-compliance, and no wrongful intent need be shown to make such a failure willful.\u201d Id. \u00b6 203 (alteration, internal quotation marks, and citations omitted); see Reed v. Furr\u2019s Supermarkets, Inc., 2000-NMCA-091, \u00b6 9, 129 N.M. 639, 11 P.3d 603 (discussing the requirements to justify dismissal as an appropriate sanction); Gonzales v. Surgidev Corp., 1995-NMSC-047, \u00b6 31, 120 N.M. 151, 899 P.2d 594 (stating that failure to comply with a court order only provides grounds for dismissal if the failure was due to willfulness, bad faith, or fault of the disobedient party); Medina v. Found. Reserve Ins. Co., 1994-NMSC-016, \u00b6 6, 117 N.M. 163, 870 P.2d 125 (stating that a finding of \u201cwillfulness\u201d may be based on a \u201cgross indifference to discovery obligations\u201d).\n{15} Deception or reliance in fact by the other party is not a prerequisite to dismissal, and \u201cthe ultimate importance of the false or deceptive information\u201d is not a requirement for dismissal. Medina, 1994-NMSC-016, \u00b6 9. In Reed, we applied Medina and concluded that dismissal as a sanction for discovery abuse does not require: \u201c(1) that the party seeking dismissal be deceived in fact or that the party relied on the misrepresentations; (2) that the information misrepresented be critical to preparation for trial; and (3) that dismissal be preconditioned upon the ultimate importance of the false or deceptive information.\u201d Reed, 2000-NMCA-091, \u00b6 28 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).\n{16} Importantly, our Supreme Court has held that attorney fees may be imposed against the State when it is a party because other considerations, such as the depletion of public revenues and the punishment of innocent taxpayers, \u201cmust be subordinate to a court\u2019s authority to control the parties and the litigation before it.\u201d Baca, 1995-NMSC-033, \u00b6 25. Thus, in Harrison v. Board of Regents, we stated, \u201ca court\u2019s inherent authority extends to all conduct before the court and to all parties appearing before the court, regardless of the party\u2019s status as a private litigant or as a governmental/public entity.\u201d 2013-NMCA-105, \u00b6 16, 311 P.3d 1236, cert. granted, 2013-NMCERT-010, 313 P.3d 251. We therefore concluded that the district court in that case had inherent authority to impose a non-compensatory, punitive sanction against the board of regents, notwithstanding that it is a public entity. Id. \u00b6 27.\n{17} From what we have said, it is apparent that the district court had inherent authority to dismiss the State\u2019s complaint with prejudice. We now turn to whether the district court properly did so.\nB. Standard of Review\n{18} We review a district court\u2019s dismissal of a complaint for engaging in abusive litigation practices for an abuse of discretion. See id. \u00b6 14 (\u201cWe generally review a district court\u2019s imposition of sanctions under its inherent power for an abuse of discretion.); Reed, 2000-NMCA-091, \u00b6 10 (stating that we review dismissal of a complaint as a sanction for an abuse of discretion); see also Baca, 1995-NMSC-033, \u00b6\u00b6 11-12 (applying an abuse of discretion standard to review a district court\u2019s imposition of sanctions under its inherentpower); State v. Candelaria, 2008-NMCA-120, \u00b6 12, 144 N.M. 797, 192 P.3d 792 (reviewing the sanction of dismissal of a criminal case by a trial cottrt under its inherent power for an abuse of discretion).\n{19} Under the abuse of discretion standard of review, we do not determine whether we, as a reviewing court, would have arrived at the same result as the district court. See United Nuclear Corp., 1980-NMSC-094, \u00b6 385; Emerick v. Fenick Indus., Inc., 539 F.2d 1379, 1381 (5th Cir. 1976); see also Candelaria, 2008-NMCA-120, \u00b6 12 (stating that appellate review of trial court\u2019s discretion does not turn on whether the appellate court would have arrived at the same result). Rather, we only determine \u201cwhether the trial court\u2019s decision is without logic or reason, or clearly unable to be defended.\u201d Enriquez v. Cochran, 1998-NMCA-157, \u00b6 20, 126 N.M. 196, 967 P.2d 1136. Moreover, \u201c[b]ecause the trial court\u2019s decision must be based on its conclusions about a party\u2019s conduct and intent, implicit in the standard of review is the question of whether the court\u2019s findings and decision are supported by substantial evidence.\u201d Id.; see Reed, 20 00-NMCA-091, \u00b6\u00b6 24-25 (stating that in a hearing on a motion for discovery abuse sanctions, the district court sits as a fact finder). Thus, we review the evidence, and its inferences, in the light most favorable to the district court\u2019s decision. See Candelaria, 2008-NMCA-120, \u00b6 12.\nC. Analysis\n{20} On appeal, the State first contends that the created letters are not \u201cfalse.\u201d The State attempts to minimize the obvious differences between the created letters and actual letters by asserting that the letterhead, addressee, signatory, and body of the letters are not \u201ccritical\u201d fields. According to the State, the \u201ccritical\u201d fields on the created letter relate to the caregiver: the name of the provider, the provider number, and the date of clearance. The State asserts that these fields remained the same in the 2006 copy and the 2011 \u201cprintout,\u201d that the information in the created letter was independently verifiable by Imagine through the online registry system, and that none of the updated fields in the letters \u201ccontained evidence relevant to the State\u2019s claims.\u201d\n{21} The State also argues that dismissal was an inappropriate sanction because its actions were not \u201cwillful.\u201d The State blames DOH\u2019s failure to keep copies of the 2006 letters and its computer limitations for its \u201cmistake,\u201d asserting that the criminal history screening program\u2019s \u201cinherent computer limitations and inability to \u2018reprint\u2019 exact copies of the original two 2006 [criminal history] clearance letters sent to Imagine\u201d caused the \u201cinadvertent error.\u201d The State asserts that \u201cthere was no testimony to support Imagine\u2019s contentions that [the investigator] intentionally fabricated and/or falsified [the letters]\u201d blaming his lack of law office experience and training in evidence for causing the \u201cinadvertent error.\u201d\n{22} We reject these arguments as contrary to the findings of fact made by the district court. The created letters were falsely represented as accurate copies of actual clearance letters sent to Imagine in 2006. A cursory visual inspection of the documents quickly discloses that they are not even close to being similar. Arguments about \u201ccritical\u201d fields do not, and cannot, alter the undisputed fact that the State created, presented, and used a false document at the deposition of Dr. Kaur, the owner and corporate representative of Imagine, the defendant it was suing. The State fails to appreciate that DOH\u2019s computer system limitations are not the issue. Rather, the issue is the consequence of the investigator instructing DOH to create the false documents, and knowing they were false, giving them to the AAG to use in the deposition without telling the AAG why or how the false document was created. The immediate consequence to Dr. Kaur was that after she testified in her deposition that former employees Karan Sangha and Diane Nunn were in charge of criminal history screening requirements for Imagine in 2006, she was confronted with one of the created documents and asked why it was addressed to someone else. The State seemingly overlooks the district court\u2019s explicit finding of fact that the investigator\u2019s testimony that he thought the information about the falsity of the letters was \u201cnot important\u201d was \u201cnot credible,\u201d considering his position as an investigator for the Attorney General\u2019s Office. This finding is more than ample support to conclude that his actions were \u201cwillful.\u201d\n{23} Finally, the State argues that Imagine was not entitled to a dismissal because the false exhibit \u201cdid not prejudice Imagine and/or adversely impact its ability to prepare for, and present its case at trial.\u201d This argument of a lack of prejudice overlooks ourprecedent. See Medina, 1994-NMSC-016, \u00b6 9 (stating that deception or reliance in fact by the other party is not a prerequisite to dismissal, and \u201cthe ultimate importance of the false or deceptive information\u201d is not a requirement for dismissal); Reed, 2000-NMCA-091, \u00b6 19-20 (stating that dismissal as a sanction does not require that the other party be deceived in fact, that the information be critical to preparation for trial, or that dismissal be conditioned on the ultimate importance of the false or deceptive information).\n{24} Moreover, if we were to accept the State\u2019s argument of no prejudice, a district court would be powerless to dismiss a case for misconduct during the pretrial discovery phase of a case. And that is clearly contrary to our well-settled precedent, which we have already pointed out, allows for sanctions, including dismissal with prejudice, for misconduct in discovery. Moreover, our Supreme Court has pointed out, \u201cIt would be ridiculous to allow a party who completely thwarts discovery to escape penalty simply because it could not be proven that other litigants were in fact deceived by such misconduct or actually relied upon it.\u201d Medina, 1994-NMSC-016, \u00b6 9.\n{25} Finally, the State\u2019s argument overlooks what took place here. Preservation of the integrity of the judicial process is crucial to ensuring that our courts can properly perform their constitutional duty. When conduct perverts the very process used by courts for ascertaining the truth, the core reason for their very existence evaporates. The constitutional integrity of our courts demands that no party may fabricate \u201cevidence,\u201d represent it to be something which it is not, and then use it in connection with a judicial proceeding. When this occurs, the entire judicial system is \u201cprejudiced,\u201d and dismissal with prejudice is warranted. See United Nuclear Corp., 1980-NMSC-094, \u00b6 397 (stating that the interest protected when a party has displayed a willful, bad faith approach to discovery is \u201cto preserve the integrity of the judicial process and the due process rights of the other litigants\u201d); Harrison, 2013-NMCA-105, \u00b6 24 (\u201cThe policy behind a district court\u2019s inherent authority is the need to prevent abusive litigation practice and preserve the integrity of the judicial process.\u201d); Reed, 2000-NMCA-091, \u00b6 9 (\u2018\u201cWhen a party has displayed a willful, bad faith approach to discovery, it is not only proper, but imperative, that severe sanctions be imposed to preserve the integrity of the judicial process and the due process rights of the other litigants.\u2019\u201d (quoting United Nuclear Corp., 1980-NMSC-094, \u00b6 397)); Sandoval v. Martinez, 1989-NMCA-042, \u00b6 21, 109 N.M. 5, 780 P.2d 1152 (\u201c[A] false response to a discovery request, unlike other violations of the discovery rules, is a clandestine violation\u201d and that \u201c[i]t is not enough to say that such a party will gain no advantage if the lie is uncovered.\u201d). Such misconduct is so egregious that even a single instance warrants dismissal. Beverly, 1975-NMCA-070, \u00b6 15 (\u201cThe fact that persistent misconduct provides the basis for dismissal does not mean that one instance of misconduct may not be sufficiently extreme to warrant dismissal.\u201d).\n{26} We acknowledge that dismissal with prejudice is a severe sanction. However, the district court was presented with severe misconduct, prejudicial to the administration of justice. The circumstances are ironic in that the State was prosecuting a claim of fraud using created, false documents to do so. Under the circumstances, we cannot conclude that the district court abused its discretion in imposing the sanction of dismissal with prejudice.\nCONCLUSION\n{27} The order of the district court dismissing the State\u2019s complaint with prejudice is affirmed.\n{28} IT IS SO ORDERED.\nMICHAEL E. VIGIL, Judge\nI CONCUR:\nLINDA M. VANZI, Judge\nMICHAEL D. BUSTAMANTE (specially concurring).\nThe State does not contest the district court\u2019s conclusion of law that the investigator\u2019s actions were performed in the course and scope of his employment with the Attorney General\u2019s office.\nOher courts confronted with similar circumstances have reached the same result. In Vargas v. Peltz, 901 F. Supp. 1572, 1574-75, 1581 (S.D. Fl. 1995), the court utilized its \u201cfirmly established\u201d inherent power to dismiss the plaintiffs sexual harassment claim against the defendant when she produced panties to corroborate her substantive claim, and it was learned they were not even manufactured at the time of the alleged harassment. In doing so, the court referred to and relied upon Chambers v. NASCO, Inc., 501 U.S. 32, 46-48 (1991) (stating that the inherent power of federal courts to impose sanctions extends to a full range of litigation abuses). See Pope v. Fed. Express Corp., 138 F.R.D. 675, 677, 683 (W.D. Mo. 1990), aff'd in part, 974 F.2d 982 (8th Cir. 1992) (stating that the plaintiffs action for sexual harassment was dismissed where the plaintiff manufactured an alleged note containing improper remarks from her supervisor); Aoude v. Mobil Oil Corp., 892 F.2d 1115, 1118 (1st Cir. 1989) (stating that the cause of action was dismissed for \u201cfraud on the court\u201d where the plaintiff attached a bogus agreement to the complaint); TeleVideo Sys., Inc. v. Heidenthal, 826 F.2d 915, 917-18 (9th Cir. 1987) (per curiam) (stating that a default was entered where the defendant engaged in an elaborate scheme involving perjury designed to willfully deceive the court); Sun World, Inc. v. Lizarazu Olivarria, 144 F.R.D. 384, 389-90 (E.D. Cal. 1992) (stating that default judgment was appropriate where the plaintiff submitted a false document and committed perjury in furtherance of fraud); Eppes v. Snowden, 656 F. Supp. 1267, 1279 (E.D. Ky. 1986) (stating that the defendant\u2019s answer and counterclaim were stricken where the defendant committed \u201cfraud on the court\u201d by producing backdated letters).", "type": "majority", "author": "VIGIL, Judge." }, { "text": "Bustamante, Judge\n(specially concurring).\n{29} I concur in the Majority Opinion and most of its rationale. I agree, for example, that the State should bear the consequences of the remarkably obtuse actions of its investigator in not informing the attorney in the case that the letters he included in the package were not exact duplicates of the letters issued in 2006. The State\u2019s arguments trying to minimize the investigator\u2019s fault for what he did fly in the face of the record and the district court\u2019s finding of fact.\n{30} I write separately only because the Majority Opinion does not adequately address the State\u2019s argument that dismissal is too harsh a sanction absent a showing of prejudice to Imagine. The Majority Opinion provides a partial response in \u00b6 23, citing Medina and Reed for the proposition that actual deception and reliance need not be demonstrated in order to affirm dismissal as a sanction. I agree with the proposition, but the question of prejudice here makes the outcome a close thing and in my view merits more detailed scrutiny. The notions of actual deception and reliance are relevant to the question of prejudice, but do not necessarily displace the concerns inherent in the prejudice analysis. Reed, after all, noted that \u201c[njonetheless, prejudice may be a factor for the district court to consider when evaluating the propriety of dismissal for discovery abuse.\u201d Reed, 2000-NMCA-091, \u00b6 28. Reed also noted that \u201cthe non-deceiving party must show that the misrepresentations were significant to the discovery process.\u201d Id. \u00b6 29. I also believe that consideration of prejudice is the better practice in cases such as this because it prompts a broader review of the circumstances surrounding the events and the district court\u2019s decision. This broader review would be of aid in assessing whether the offending party\u2019s acts suffice to meet the level of extraordinariness we look for when the ultimate sanction of dismissal has been imposed. It would seem particularly appropriate in cases such as this where a single incident led to the sanction.\n{31} The State relies heavily on criminal cases discussing appropriate considerations for sanctions when the prosecutor has lost, destroyed, or withheld evidence. See State v. Harper, 2011-NMSC-044, \u00b6 19, 150 N.M. 745, 266 P.3d 25; State v. Bartlett, 1990-NMCA-024, \u00b6 4, 109 N.M. 679, 789 P.2d 627. These cases are not helpful here if only because of the very different considerations inherent in the criminal law.\n{32} The State also relies on a civil prelitigation spoliation case which makes clear that prejudice to the opposing party should be considered when evaluating whether dismissal as a sanction is warranted. See Rest. Mgmt. Co. v. Kidde-Fenwal, Inc., 1999-NMCA-101, \u00b6 13, 127 N.M. 708, 986 P.2d 504. Though this case involved prelitigation destruction of evidence, its analytical framework was grounded in the inherent authority of the courts to regulate their dockets, promote judicial efficiency, and deter frivolous claims. Id. \u00b6\u00b6 11, 12. Thus, the rationale underlying the existence and exercise of inherent powers \u2014 the necessity to be able to command the obedience of litigants and their attorneys in order to protect the integrity of the litigation process \u2014 has been applied to both prelitigation and litigation-based conduct. As such, consideration of prejudice to the non-offending party is also appropriate here.\n{33} As suggested by Kidde-Fenwal, the State organizes its prejudice argument around the relevance of the evidence to the cause of action in the case and the effect the \u201ccreated\u201d documents might have on Imagine\u2019s ability to prepare and present its case. Id. \u00b6 15. As noted in \u00b6\u00b6 2 and 3 of the Majority Opinion, the State and Imagine disagreed about when a caregiver could be hired and paid. The State maintained that caregivers could not be paid until they had cleared their criminal background screening. Imagine asserted that caregivers could be hired and paid pending completion of the screening process. Thus, for the State\u2019s purpose, the most salient information on the falsely reproduced letters was the identity of the caregiver and the date the approved screening issued. There is no issue that these \u201ccritical fields\u201d \u2014 as the State terms them \u2014 were accurate.\n{34} Based on the fact that the \u201ccritical fields\u201d information was accurate, the State argues with some force that there could be no effect on Imagine\u2019s defense in any event. The State also asserts that once the error was discovered it agreed that the false letters would not be used for any purpose; thus there could be no prejudice shown. Viewed in isolation these arguments could be persuasive.\n{35} But prejudice is not a controlling factor. Courts should also consider the degree of fault of the offending party. Id. \u00b6 14. The district court clearly found great fault in the actions of the investigator. Courts should balance the degree of fault against the magnitude of prejudice in designing a sanction. Id. \u00b6 17. If the reasonably potential effect of the offending party\u2019s action on the administration of justice is severe enough, the court can opt for the severest sanction to deter such conduct by others in the future. Id.\n{36} I construe the district court\u2019s decision as a judgment by it that the creation and use made of the false, recreated letters was simply not to be tolerated. Given the \u201cimmense power\u201d of the Attorney General and its position as the attorney for the State of New Mexico, I cannot disagree with the district court\u2019s conclusion. I conclude that this is one of those cases in which the degree of fault can fairly trump a showing of relatively minimal prejudice.\nMICHAEL D. BUSTAMANTE, Judge", "type": "concurrence", "author": "Bustamante, Judge" } ], "attorneys": [ "Gary K. King, Attorney General Santa Fe, NM Amy Landau, Assistant Attorney General Albuquerque, NM", "for Appellant", "Lewis and Roca LLP Jason C. Bousliman Albuquerque, NM", "for Appellee" ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO\nOpinion Number: 2014-NMCA-076\nFiling Date: April 28, 2014\nDocket No. 31,782\nSTATE OF NEW MEXICO, ex rel. GARY KING, ATTORNEY GENERAL, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. ADVANTAGEOUS COMMUNITY SERVICES, LLC, a New Mexico limited liability company, Defendant-Appellee.\nGary K. King, Attorney General Santa Fe, NM Amy Landau, Assistant Attorney General Albuquerque, NM\nfor Appellant\nLewis and Roca LLP Jason C. Bousliman Albuquerque, NM\nfor Appellee" }, "file_name": "0400-01", "first_page_order": 416, "last_page_order": 427 }