IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

Opinion Number: 2015-NMSC-014

Filing Date: April 16, 2015

Docket No. 34,295

#### RODRIGO DOMINGUEZ, Petitioner, v. STATE OF NEW MEXICO, Respondent.

Jorge A. Alvarado, Chief Public Defender Kimberly M. Chavez Cook, Assistant Appellate Defender Santa Fe, NM for Petitioner

Hector Balderas, Attorney General Joel Jacobsen, Assistant Attorney General Santa Fe, NM for Respondent

OPINION

CHÁVEZ, Justice.

In State v. Montoya, 2013-NMSC-020, ¶¶ *6932, 22-27, 54, 306 P.3d 426,1 this Court held that the Double Jeopardy Clause of the United States Constitution, U.S. Const, amend. V, precludes a defendant from being cumulatively punished for both voluntary manslaughter and shooting at or from a motor vehicle resulting in great bodily harm in a situation where both convictions are based on the same shooting of the same victim. The double jeopardy analysis in Montoya has been applied in other cases by the Court of Appeals to preclude a defendant from being punished cumulatively for both aggravated battery and shooting at or from a motor vehicle resulting in great bodily harm. See State v. Munoz, 2014 WL 4292963, No. 30,837, mem. op. ¶¶ 2-3, 5 (N.M. Ct. App. June 23, 2014) (nonprecedential), cert. denied, 2014-NMCERT-008; State v. Rudy B., 2014 WL 3039618, No. 27,589, mem. op. ¶¶ 2, 4 (N.M. Ct. App. May 8, 2014) (non-precedential), cert. denied, 2014-NMCERT-007.

These are the exact arguments that Petitioner Rodrigo Dominguez made in 2005 on certiorari review to this Court ■ of his convictions for voluntary manslaughter and shooting at or from a motor vehicle resulting in the death of one person, and aggravated battery and shooting at or from a motor vehicle resulting in great bodily injury to a second person. See State v. Dominguez (Dominguez I), 2005-NMSC-001, ¶¶ 5, 17, 22, 137 N.M. 1, 106 P.3d 563, overruled by Montoya, 2013-NMSC-020, ¶¶ 2, 54. A majority of this Court ultimately rejected Dominguez’s double jeopardy arguments, concluding that State v. Gonzales, 1992-NMSC-003, ¶¶ 4-12, 113 N.M. 221, 824 P.2d 1 023, overruled by Montoya, 2013-NMSC-020, ¶¶ 2, 54, controlled. Dominguez I, 2005-NMSC-001, ¶ 8. Dominguez has now filed a habeas petition pursuant to Rule 5-802 NMRA seeking to retroactively apply Montoya to support the same double jeopardy claims he earlier raised on certiorari review. We again decline to accept Dominguez’s double jeopardy claims because Montoya announced anew procedural rule that cannot be applied retroactively under Kersey v. Hatch, 2010-NMSC-020, ¶ 25, 148 N.M. 381, 237 P.3d 683.

BACKGROUND

The following facts from this Court’s opinion in Dominguez I are not in dispute and are relevant only to understand the double jeopardy issues raised by Dominguez. Dominguez and several of his friends went to a convenience store to fight another group of individuals. Dominguez I, 2005-NMSC-001, ¶ 4. Dominguez supplied each member of his group with guns. Id. Both groups arrived in cars, and Dominguez was the driver for his group. Id. Dominguez’s group opened fire after one of their adversaries exited the other group’s vehicle carrying a baseball bat. Id. One member of Dominguez’s group fired multiple times into the opposing group’s car and killed Ricky Solisz, the driver. Id. Another one of Dominguez’s associates shot at and wounded Vince Martinez, an individual who had exited the other group’s car. Id.

In 2002, Dominguez was convicted of one count of voluntary manslaughter, contrary to NMSA 1978, Section 30-2-3(A) (1994); one count of aggravated battery, contrary to NMSA 1978, Section 30-3-5 (1969); two counts of shooting at or from a motor vehicle, contrary to NMSA 1978, Section 30-3-8(B) (1993); and one count of conspiracy to *694commit tampering with evidence, contrary to NMSA 1978, Section 30-22-5 (1963, amended2003) and NMSA 1978, Section 30-28-2 (1979).

The Court of Appeals unanimously affirmed Dominguez’s convictions. See State v. Dominguez, No. 23,286, mem. op. ¶¶ 5, 14 (N.M. Ct. App. May 20, 2003) (non-precedential). Dominguez petitioned for certiorari review, State v. Dominguez, cert. granted, 134 N.M. 320, 76 P.3d 638 (2003), and raised two multiple-punishment double jeopardy issues under the United States Constitution that are relevant to this appeal. First, he claimed that his convictions of voluntary manslaughter and shooting at or from a motor vehicle resulting in Solisz’s death violated the protection against double jeopardy. Dominguez I, 2005-NMSC-001, ¶ 5. Second, he claimed that his convictions of aggravated battery and shooting at or from a motor vehicle resulting in Martinez’s injuries violated the protection against double jeopardy. Id. ¶ 17. On appeal, the parties did not dispute that these convictions were “based on the unitary conduct of [Dominguez] aiding and abetting” the shooting of Solisz and Martinez by another member of Dominguez’s group. Id. ¶ 6. Because shooting at or from a vehicle and voluntary manslaughter or aggravated battery involve unitary acts underlying separate charged offenses, id. ¶¶ 6, 7, the Court focused on ascertaining whether . the Legislature intended multiple punishments, id. ¶¶ 6, 18.

A divided Supreme Court rejected Dominguez’s claims and affirmed the Court of Appeals. Id. ¶ 26. Applying the Bloclcburger test and concluding that Gonzales was controlling precedent, Dominguez I refused to find a double jeopardy violation if a defendant was convicted of separately punishable offenses. 2005-NMSC-001, ¶¶ 8, 16, 21. Because the crimes of shooting at or from a motor vehicle and voluntary manslaughter each involved elements that were absent in the other crime, Dominguez I held that the offenses were separate, and therefore there was no double jeopardy violation if a defendant was convicted of both crimes. Id. ¶ 16. Similarly, Dominguez I held that the crimes of shooting at or from a motor vehicle and aggravated battery each involved elements that were absent in the other crime; consequently, convicting Dominguez of both crimes also did not violate double jeopardy. Id. ¶ 18.

This Court overruled Dominguez I in Montoya, 2013-NMSC-020, ¶¶ 2, 54. Montoya acknowledged that Gonzales, 1992-NMSC-003, and the cases that followed it, including Dominguez I, 2005-NMSC-001, had enabled cumulative punishment for the “theoretically separate offenses of causing great bodily harm to a person by shooting at [or from] a motor vehicle and the homicide resulting from the penetration of the same bullet into the same person.” Montoya, 2013-NMSC-020, ¶ 2. Montoya held that “currentNew Mexico jurisprudence precludes cumulative punishment for both .crimes.” Id. Montoya did not answer the question of whether the analysis for finding a double jeopardy violation for manslaughter and shooting at or from a motor vehicle also applied to convictions for aggravated battery and shooting at or from a motor vehicle, see id. ¶ 54, although the Court of Appeals has affirmatively answered the question in two unpublished memorandum opinions, see generally Munoz, 2014 WL 4292963, No. 30,837; Rudy B., 2014 WL 3039618, No. 27,589.

*695Dominguez filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus pursuant to Rule 5-802, seeking to retroactively apply Montoya to support the same double jeopardy claims he had raised in Dominguez I. The petition was summarily dismissed by the trial court for raising previously litigated issues. We then granted Dominguez’s petition for writ of certiorari, which was filed pursuant to Rule 12-501 NMRA. Dominguez v. State, 2013-NMCERT-010.

DISCUSSION

When reviewing the “propriety of a lower court’s grant or denial of a writ of habeas corpus,” the trial court’s findings of fact “concerning the habeas petition are reviewed to determine if substantial evidence supports the [trial] court’s findings.” Duncan v. Kerby, 1993-NMSC-011, ¶ 7, 115 N.M. 344, 851 P.2d 466. “Questions of law or questions of mixed fact and law ... are reviewed de novo.” Id. This “approach provides logical deference to the trial court fact-finder as first-hand observer, while assuring that higher courts perform their sanctioned role as arbiters] of the law.” Id.

In this case, Dominguez presented facts “only for purposes of analyzing the double jeopardy issues presented on appeal.” The State does not dispute these facts. Thus, there are only questions of law to be reviewed de novo. Dominguez argues that (1) this case does not concern Montoya’s retroactive application because “habeas petitioners relitigating claims already disposed of on direct appeal should benefit from a new rule adopting their prior arguments”; (2) our retroactivity jurisprudence “must be revisited” if it precludes retroactive application of Montoya', and (3) “because [Dominguez i] expressly advocated the position adopted in Montoya, this Court may retroactively apply [Montoya] to [Dominguez 7] only.”

I. Dominguez Can Relitigate Previously Raised Claims

The trial court dismissed Dominguez’s petition as a, matter of law because the petition presented issues that had been previously litigated. We review de novo the propriety of this determination. Duncan, 1993-NMSC-011, ¶ 7. In Clark v. Tansy, 1994-NMSC-098, ¶ 14, 118 N.M. 486, 882 P.2d 527, this Court held that “when a habeas petitioner can show that there has been an intervening change of law or fact, or that the ends of justice would otherwise be served, principles of finality do not bar relitigation of an issue adversely decided on [certiorari review].” Montoya acted as an intervening change in the law because it announced a new rule. 2013-NMSC-020, ¶¶ 52-54. “[A] court establishes a new rule when its decision is flatly inconsistent with the prior governing precedent and is an explicit overruling of an earlier holding.” Kersey, 2010-NMSC-020, ¶ 16 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). In this case, Montoya explicitly overruled both Dominguez I and Gonzales, holding that current New Mexico double jeopardy jurisprudence precludes cumulative punishment for shooting at or from a vehicle and “the homicide resulting from the penetration of the same bullet into the same person.” Montoya, 2013-NMSC-020, ¶¶ 2, 54. Montoya reasoned that when both the shooting and the homicide charges stem from the same action and concern the same victim, the offenses are substantively the same. See id. ¶¶ 52-54. Montoya concluded that current New Mexico jurisprudence prevents overcharging and vindicates legislative intent. See id. ¶ 46. Montoya thus reflected *696a movement in New Mexico’s double jeopardy jurisprudence “toward a substantive sameness analysis.” 2013-NMSC-020, ¶¶ 46-54 (summarizing the evolution of double jeopardy case law in New Mexico). Under this approach, if a defendant’s charges substantively involve the same crime, there is a double jeopardy violation. See id. ¶ 54. Determining whether different charges involve the same crime “may require looking beyond facial statutory language to the actual legal theory in the particular case by considering such resources as the evidence, the charging documents, and the jury instructions.” Id. ¶ 49 (citing State v. Swick, 2012-NMSC-018, ¶¶ 21, 26, 279 P.3d 747). Because Montoya announced a new rule, Dominguez has the right to relitigate his double jeopardy claims that are similar to the double jeopardy claims raised in Montoya. 1

The first set of convictions concerns Solisz’s death. These two convictions present facts that are similar to those in Montoya. Compare Dominguez I, 2005-NMSC-001, ¶¶ 1, 4, with Montoya, 2013-NMSC-020, ¶¶ 4-7, 11. As in Montoya, Dominguez was charged under separate statutes for voluntary manslaughter and shooting at or from a motor vehicle. Compare Dominguez I, 2005-NMSC-001, ¶ 1, with Montoya, 2013-NMSC-020, ¶ 11. As in Montoya, these charges stemmed from the same act and involved the same victim. Compare Dominguez I, 2005-NMSC-001, ¶ 6, with Montoya, 2013-NMSC-020, ¶¶ 30, 54. Under Montoya, Dominguez can relitigate the convictions of voluntary manslaughter and shooting at or from a motor vehicle.

The second set of convictions concerns the shooting of Martinez. Dominguez was charged under different statutes for aggravated battery and shooting at or from a motor vehicle; the charges stemmed from one act and involved the same victim. Dominguez I, 2005-NMSC-001, ¶ 4. Under Montoya, the aggravated battery and the shooting are also substantively the same crime. See Munoz, 2014 WL 4292963, No. 30,837, mem. op. ¶ 4 (concluding that “Montoya's reasoning also invalidates Dominguez's holding that unitary conduct resulting in convictions for both aggravated battery and shooting at or from a motor vehicle does not violate double jeopardy”); Rudy B., 2014 WL 3039618, No. 27,589, mem. op. ¶ 2 (same). Consequently, pursuant to Montoya, Dominguez can also relitigate the convictions of aggravated battery and shooting at or from a motor vehicle.

Dominguez urges us to go furtherand to hold that Clark requires that Montoya automatically be applied to his claims because he previously made the very arguments made by Montoya. However, Dominguez recognizes that this argument is problematic in light of Kersey, which requires courts to conduct an independent analysis as to whether a new rule should apply retroactively. 2010-NMSC-020, ¶ 15. Dominguez nonetheless claims that his interpretation of Clark can be reconciled with Kersey because Kersey did not consider Clark, and therefore it cannot be deemed to have impliedly overruled Clark. In the alternative, to the extent that Clark is irreconcilable with Kersey, Dominguez argues that Clark and Kersey approach the retroactivity issue differently and that this Court should adopt the approach *697taken in Clark. Dominguez misreads our opinions in Clark and Kersey, we therefore reject his arguments on this issue.

Clark involved a habeas petition which relied upon case law that was “announced after [the petitioner’s] conviction and sentence became final.” See 1994-NMSC-098, ¶¶ 1-2. Clark applied a new rule announced by the United States Supreme Court after the petitioner’s conviction and sentence became final without addressing the issue of retroactivity. Id. ¶¶ 15, 19. Dominguez’s inference is understandable but erroneous, because although Clark received the benefit of the new rule, this Court never addressed retroactivity. See id. ¶ 15. The most likely explanation for the absence of retroactivity analysis in Clark is that the State never argued the issue; retroactivity is not mentioned in the State’s reply brief. See geraerai/y Defendant-Appellant’s Reply Brief, 1999 WL 33996276 (No. 23,832), State v. Clark, 1999-NMSC-035, 128 N.M. 119, 990 P.2d 793. Because courts will not insert arguments on a party’s behalf, the issue of retroactivity was probably not argued, and therefore it was not discussed in the opinion. See Headley v. Morgan Mgmt. Corp., 2005-NMCA-045, ¶ 15, 137 N.M. 339, 110 P.3d 1076 (noting that New Mexico courts “will not review unclear arguments, or guess at what [litigants’) arguments might be”).

Because “[t]he general rule is that cases are not authority for propositions not considered,” Clark cannot be read to support the idea that litigants may automatically avail themselves of a new rule, irrespective of any retroactivity doctrine, if they have argued in favor of that rule on appeal. Fernandez v. Farmers Ins. Co. of Ariz., 1993-NMSC-035, ¶ 15, 115 N.M. 622, 857 P.2d 22 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Unlike Clark, Kersey focused solely on whether the doctrine of retroactivity permitted the petitioner to benefit from a new rule. See Kersey, 2010-NMSC-020, ¶¶ 15-31.

Clark and Kersey addressed separate issues. Clark addressed whether a habeas petitioner can relitigate claims disposed of on appeal, while Kersey addressed whether new laws, if there are any, retroactively apply in analyzing those relitigated claims. See Kersey, 2010-NMSC-020, ¶¶ 21-31; Clark, 1994-NMSC-098, ¶ 14. Because Kersey and Clark concern different issues, Kersey did not have to overrule Clark. See Kersey, 2010-NMSC-020, ¶ 25; Clark, 1994-NMSC-098, ¶ 14. Consequently, both Kersey and Clark can, and should be, followed in this case. We next apply the analysis we announced in Kersey to determine whether Montoya should be applied retroactively.

II. Montoya Does Not Apply Retroactively

As we indicated in paragraph 11, supra,Montoya announces anew rule because Montoya explicitly overruled Dominguez I. See Montoya, 2013-NMSC-020, ¶¶ 2, 54; Kersey, 2010-NMSC-020, ¶ 16 (noting that “a court establishes a new rule when its decision is flatly inconsistent with the prior governing precedent and is an explicit overruling of an earlier holding” (internal quotation marks and citations omitted)). Dominguez argues that Montoya does not announce a new rule because his argument in Dominguez I paralleled the reasoning in Montoya. This rationale contravenes Kersey's standard for determining the existence of a new rule. See 2010-NMSC-020, ¶ 16. We look to precedent to determine whether a rule is new. See id. Thus, the single question is whether the double jeopardy analysis in Montoya should be applied retroactively.

*698 Kersey adopted the federal standard of retroactivity in Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 301 (1989), holding limited on other grounds, Lockhart v. Fretwell, 506 U.S. 364, 372 (1993), to determine whether a new rule applies retroactively. Kersey, 2010-NMSC-020, ¶¶ 25-26. This Court adopted the Teague standard because it “appropriately balances both the purpose of the writ [of habeas corpus] and the government’s interest in finality by applying the law prevailing at the time a conviction became final and refusing, except in limited circumstances, to dispose of [habeas] cases on the basis of intervening changes in constitutional interpretation.” Kersey, 2010-NMSC-020, ¶ 26 (second alteration in original) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

Pursuant to Teague, Kersey mandates a two-pronged test to determine retroactivity. 2010-NMSC-020, ¶ 25. “[N]ew rules generally should not be afforded retroactive effect unless (1) the rule is substantive in nature, in that it alters the range of conduct or. the class of persons that the law punishes, or (2) although procedural in nature, the rule announces a watershed rule of criminal procedure.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). A substantive change must therefore “place[] an entire category of primary conduct beyond the reach of the criminal law, or . . . prohibit]] imposition of a certain type of punishment for a class of defendants because of their status or offense.” Kersey, 2010-NMSC-020, ¶ 28 (ellipsis in original) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Watershed rules are those that are necessary to the fundamental fairness or accuracy of a criminal proceeding. Id. ¶¶ 28, 30 (citations omitted). Only the rule establishing a universal right to counsel in criminal proceedings has been upheld as a retroactively applied watershed rule.2 See Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335, 344-45 (1963); Jennifer H. Berman, Padilla v. Kentucky: Overcoming Teague’s “Watershed" Exception to Non-Retroactivity, 15 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 667, 685 (2012) (“Indeed, in the years following Teague, the [United States Supreme] Court has yet to find a new rule that falls under the second Teague exception. Since Teague was decided in 1989, the Supreme Court has considered fourteen cases where the petitioner argued that a new rule is ‘watershed’ in nature and in every case the Court has refused to find the rule as such.” (footnotes omitted) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted)). The paucity of case law upholding watershed rules reflects the belief that new rules concerning basic due process are unlikely to emerge. See Teague, 489 U.S. at 311-13 (“[W]ebelieveitunlikely that many such components of basic due process have yet to emerge.”).

In Kersey, we concluded that a new procedural rule of law was announced in State v. Frazier, 2007-NMSC-032, ¶ 1, 142 N.M. 120, 164 P.3d 1, which held that “the predicate felony is always subsumed into a felony murder conviction, and no defendant can be convicted of both.” Kersey, 2010-NMSC-020, ¶ 1 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Kersey concluded that our opinion in Frazier adopted “a new methodology for the review of double jeopardy claims involving multiple separate convictions for felony murder and the *699underlying predicate felony.” Id. ¶ 30. Kersey held that this rule is not a substantive change in the law, but instead, it is a formulation of a new rule of criminal procedure. Id. Kersey noted that the new rule did not decriminalize any formerly criminal activities, and therefore it “did not alter the range of [punishable] conduct or the class of persons” punished. Id. Moreover, the rule left undisturbed the requirements for conviction such that both before and after Frazier, “the State [was and] is required to prove the essential elements of felony murder, as well as the essential elements of the underlying predicate felony, in order to secure a conviction.” Kersey, 2010-NMSC-020, ¶ 30. Consequently, the Kersey court concluded that Frazier “formulated a new rule of criminal procedure, which does not implicate the fundamental fairness or accuracy of the criminal proceeding and, as such, is not available for retroactive application in habeas corpus proceedings.” Kersey, 2010-NMSC-020, ¶ 30. Thus, Kersey held that the new rule in Frazier was not subject to retroactive application under either of the two exceptions established in Teague. Kersey, 2010-NMSC-020, ¶ 31.

Our analysis of Montoya in this opinion should parallel the analysis of Frazier in Kersey. Aggravated battery, voluntary manslaughter, and shooting at or from a motor vehicle were crimes prior to Montoya and they remain crimes since Montoya was filed. See §§ 30-2-3(A), 30-3-5, & 30-3-8(B). Moreover, the requirements for conviction of those crimes were not altered by this Court’s opinion in Montoya. See generally §§ 30-2-3(A), 30-3-5, & 30-3-8(B); Montoya, 2013-NMSC-020. Under Kersey, 2010-NMSC-020, ¶ 30, Montoya announces a procedural rule, not a substantive one. Therefore, Kersey precludes the retroactive application oí Montoya under the first Teague exception. See Kersey, 2010-NMSC-020, ¶ 30.

Montoya also does not qualify for the watershed exception under Teague. “In order to qualify as watershed, a new rule must meet two requirements. First, the rule must be necessary to prevent an impermissibly large risk of an inaccurate conviction. Second, the rule must alter our understanding of the bedrock procedural elements essential to the fairness of a proceeding.” Whorton v. Bockting, 549 U.S. 406, 418 (2007) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

Montoya concerns double jeopardy jurisprudence. See 2013-NMSC-020, ¶ 11. Double jeopardy analysis is “applied at the conclusion of a case.” Id. ¶ 53 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). A new rule concerning double jeopardy cannot possibly impact the accuracy of criminal convictions. Consequently, Montoya fails Teague’s second exception, precluding Dominguez from applying Montoya retroactively as a watershed rule.

Using the Kersey analysis, 2010-NMSC-020, ¶ 30, Montoya announces a new rule that cannot be retroactively applied. This is because Montoya’s new rule, which concerns a new methodology for reviewing double jeopardy claims, is neither a substantive change in the law nor a watershed rule. Consequently, Dominguez cannot avail himself of Montoya.

III. Kersey Cannot Be Overruled Because of Stare Decisis

Dominguez argues that Kersey should be overruled if it precludes the retroactive application of Montoya to his *700convictions. He maintains that Kersey’s characterization of the new double jeopardy analysis as procedural is improper, or in the alternative, that Kersey’s adoption of Teague was improper. We are not persuaded by either argument.

New Mexico utilizes a four-factor test to determine - whether to overturn precedent:

> 1) whether the precedent is so unworkable as to be intolerable; 2) whether parties justifiably relied on the precedent so that reversing it would create an undue hardship; 3) whether the principles of law have developed to such an extent as to leave the old rule no more than a remnant of abandoned doctrine; and 4) whether the facts have changed in the interval from the old rule to reconsideration so as to have robbed the old rule of justification.

State v. Pieri, 2009-NMSC-019, ¶ 21, 146 N.M. 155, 207 P.3d 1132 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). These factors must convincingly demonstrate that a precedent is wrong. Id.

Kersey recognized that the United States Supreme Court adopted the approach taken in Teague so that retroactivity jurisprudence can generate more consistent results because the earlier approach to determining retroactivity involved a multifactor balancing test that proved unworkable. See Kersey, 2010-NMSC-020, ¶¶ 22-25. In addition, we recently applied Kersey to another case, proving that it is not an abandoned doctrine. See, e.g., Ramirez v. State, 2014-NMSC-023, ¶ 11, 333 P.3d 240. As a result, we see no compelling reason to overturn Kersey.

IV. State v. Forbes Does Not Hold That Litigating a Claim on Appeal Automatically Entitles the Litigant to Retroactive Application of New Rules

Finally, Dominguez argues that under State v. Forbes, 2005-NMSC-027, 138 N.M. 264, 119 P.3d 144, this Court may retroactively apply Montoya only to the case at bar because he “expressly advocated the position adopted in Montoya.” Forbes does not stand for this proposition.

Forbes involved a habeas petitioner who challenged his conviction on Confrontation Clause grounds. U.S. Const, amend. VI; N.M. Const, art. II, § 14; Forbes, 2005-NMSC-027, ¶¶ 1-2. Prior to his habeas petition, the petitioner initially appealed his conviction to the New Mexico Supreme Court on the same Confrontation Clause grounds and had obtained a reversal of his convictions. Id. ¶ 1, The United States Supreme Court vacated the reversal and remanded the case to the New Mexico Supreme Court, instructing this Court to apply the reliability analysis presented in Lee v. Illinois, 476 U.S. 530 (1986), limited by Idaho v. Wright, 497 U.S. 805, 817 (1990). On remand, the New Mexico Supreme Court affirmed the petitioner’s conviction. Forbes, 2005-NMSC-027, ¶ 1. However, Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 68 (2004) validated the rationale used by this Court in its original reversal of the petitioner’s conviction. Forbes, 2005-NMSC-027, ¶¶ 1, 6. The New Mexico Supreme Court granted the petitioner habeas relief and ordered a new trial. Id. ¶ 13.

During the habeas proceedings, the Forbes court had to determine whether the *701petitioner should benefit from the holding in Crawford, which was a case that was announced almost 20 years after the petitioner’s conviction. Forbes, 2005-NMSC-027, ¶ 7. This issue “initially turn[ed] on whether Crawford announce[d] a new constitutional procedural rule” because Forbes' noted that the United States Supreme Court did not expressly state whether Crawford announced a new rule. Forbes, 2005-NMSC-027, ¶ 7. Forbes concluded that Crawford did not announce a new rule because the result was dictated by United States Supreme Court precedent existing at the time of the petitioner’s conviction and the petitioner could rely on Crawford. Forbes, 2005-NMSC-027, ¶¶ 8-10. Thus, under Forbes, a petitioner may rely upon case law post-dating the petitioner’s conviction if the case law vindicates previously overruled precedent. See id. ¶ 13.

In summary, when we granted habeas relief in Forbes, we did so on the basis of well-established existing precedent, not a new rule. See id. ¶¶ 13-14. The viability of the previous law may have been confirmed by a more recent case, but the precedent had already been established. See id. ¶ 13. Forbes enables a habeas petitioner to rely upon existing precedent to relitigate a claim on the basis that a court failed to apply law that was available at the time of conviction. Id. ¶¶ 7-9. In addition, the decision in Forbes was “limited to the very special facts of this case,” id. ¶ 13, and it is also limited to situations where the petitioner is relitigating claims based upon existing precedent.

Dominguez cannot rely upon Forbes because he does not rely upon existing precedent to support his position. Dominguez relies upon Montoya, a case decided many years after his conviction was final. Instead of being dictated by previous precedent, Montoya expressly departs from established law to create a new rule. Compare Montoya, 2013-NMSC-020, ¶ 2 (overruling Gonzales, 1992-NMSC-003, Dominguez, 2005-NMSC-001, and State v. Riley, 2010-NMSC-005, 147 N.M. 557, 226 P.3d 65), with Forbes, 2005-NMSC-027, ¶ 13 (“Our decision is . . . highlighted by the fact that the very law this Court applied to [the petitioner’s] case twenty years ago has now been vindicated, which entitled him now to the same new trial he should have received back then.”). At the time of Dominguez’s appeal in Dominguez I, a majority of this Court relied on existing precedent to affirm his convictions. See generally Dominguez I, 2005-NMSC-001 (citing Gonzales, 1992-NMSC-003). Unlike Crawford or Forbes, Montoya does not reaffirm previously ambiguous case law. Compare Crawford, 541 U.S. at 57 (citing Douglas v. Alabama, 380 U.S. 415, 418-20 (1965), and Forbes, 2005-NMSC-027, ¶ 8 (acknowledging the United States Supreme Court’s reliance on Douglas, 280 U.S. 415, in Crawford, 541 U.S. 36, was contrary to New Mexico v. Earnest, 477 U.S. 648 (1986)), with Montoya, 2013-NMSC-020, ¶ 2 (overruling, rather than vindicating, prior double jeopardy jurisprudence). Consequently, Dominguez must request the retroactive application of Montoya under Kersey to prevail. In fact, Forbes merely followed the Teague approach in first determining whether Crawford announced a new rule as a possible prelude to retroactivity analysis. See Forbes, 2005-NMSC-027, ¶¶ 7-8 (citing Teague, 489 U.S. 288). Moreover, Dominguez cannot try to extend Forbes beyond its narrow holding. Forbes is limited to a situation where the petitioner had relitigated claims based upon a previous rule that was subsequently vindicated by the Court’s later holding. See id. ¶ 13.

Dominguez nevertheless contends *702that Forbes vindicated the rights of the petitioner on appeal “because this Court had relied on then-existing precedent when it initially reversed the conviction,” and thus the petitioner preserved his identical argument on appeal. However, such an extension misses a critical policy distinction between Forbes and the position Dominguez urges us to adopt. By limiting its holding to case law available at the time of the petitioner’s conviction, Forbes promotes the finality of convictions by reaffirming existing precedent. See Kersey, 2010-NMSC-020, ¶ 26 (noting that applying the prevailing law at the time that a conviction becomes final acknowledges the government’s interest in the finality of the convictions). This limited holding “is consistent with our responsibility to do justice to each litigant on the merits of his [or her] own case.” Forbes, 2005-NMSC-027, ¶ 13 (emphasis added) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). In contrast, Dominguez’s position undermines the finality of convictions by making it easier to retroactively apply new laws that were unavailable at the time of the petitioner’s conviction. Dominguez’s position would allow criminal petitioners to relitigate their convictions any time a new law is announced, regardless of whether the new law was available at the time of their convictions. We are not persuaded by Dominguez’s reliance on Forbes.

CONCLUSION

Dominguez has the right to relitigate his double jeopardy claims in the habeas petition before us. See Clark, 1994-NMSC-098, ¶¶ 11, 14. However, Kersey precludes the retroactive application of Montoya during this relitigation, and Dominguez is not entitled to relief on any of his double jeopardy claims. We therefore affirm the' trial court’s dismissal of Dominguez’s writ of habeas corpus.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

EDWARD L. CHAVEZ, Justice

WE CONCUR:

BARBARA J. VIGIL, Chief Justice

PETRA JIMENEZ MAES, Justice

RICHARD C. BOSSON, Justice

CHARLES W. DANIELS, Justice

1

Overruling recognized by State v. Servantez, 2014 WL 4292919, No. 30,414, mem. op. (N.M. Ct. App. Jul. 30, 2014) (non-precedential).

1

Dominguez also claims that his two convictions for shooting at or from a motor vehicle violated the protection against double jeopardy. However, because Dominguez cites to no intervening change of law concerning unit of prosecution claims, he cannot relitigate these convictions.

2

The right to counsel applied retroactively because the absence of criminal defense attorneys produces a high risk of unreliable convictions. See Whorton v. Bockting, 549 U.S. 406, 416, 419 (2007).