{ "id": 4241378, "name": "STATE OF NEW MEXICO, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. JEREMY S. LUCERO, Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "State v. Lucero", "decision_date": "2014-12-17", "docket_number": "Docket No. 32,864", "first_page": "585", "last_page": "592", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "2015-NMCA-040" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.M. Ct. App.", "id": 9025, "name": "Court of Appeals of New Mexico" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 52, "name_long": "New Mexico", "name": "N.M." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "1998-NMCA-132", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMCA", "case_ids": [ 834341 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 16" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/125/0688-01" ] }, { "cite": "306 P.3d 426", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.3d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "2013-NMSC-020", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 4335299 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 49" }, { "page": "\u00b6 51" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm-app/4/0196-01" ] }, { "cite": "284 U.S. 299", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 5719289 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1932, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "304" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/284/0299-01" ] }, { "cite": "2007-NMSC-032", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 3691675 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1932, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 21" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/142/0120-01" ] }, { "cite": "267 P.3d 820", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.3d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "2011-NMCA-121", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMCA", "case_ids": [ 4188007 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 18" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm-app/1/0074-01" ] }, { "cite": "2005-NMSC-013", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 929159 ], "weight": 4, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 7" }, { "page": "\u00b6 7" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/137/0447-01" ] }, { "cite": "112 N.M. 3", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 720274 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/112/0003-01" ] }, { "cite": "1991-NMSC-043", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 25" }, { "page": "\u00b6 25" }, { "page": "\u00b6 11" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "328 P.3d 1188", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.3d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "2014-NMCERT-006", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMCERT", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "326 P.3d 1126", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.3d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "2014-NMCA-062", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMCA", "case_ids": [ 4239297 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 5" }, { "page": "\u00b6 7" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm-app/6/0157-01" ] }, { "cite": "1999-NMCA-099", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMCA", "case_ids": [ 257744 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 13" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/127/0686-01" ] }, { "cite": "99 N.M. 682", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1584595 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/99/0682-01" ] }, { "cite": "1983-NMSC-043", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 7" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "107 N.M. 126", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1597058 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/107/0126-01" ] }, { "cite": "1988-NMSC-031", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 21" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "2008-NMSC-032", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 4002731 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 15" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/144/0253-01" ] }, { "cite": "2008-NMSC-036", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 4002169 ], "weight": 5, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 17" }, { "page": "\u00b6 17" }, { "parenthetical": "stating that \"the third requirement is objective in that it focuses on the hypothetical behavior of a reasonable person acting under the same circumstances as the defendant.\" (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/144/0305-01" ] }, { "cite": "2010-NMSC-011", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 4245851 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 11" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/147/0747-01" ] }, { "cite": "279 P.3d 747", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.3d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "2012-NMSC-018", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 4189500 ], "weight": 10, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 60" }, { "page": "\u00b6 10" }, { "page": "\u00b6 10" }, { "page": "\u00b6 11" }, { "page": "\u00b6 11" }, { "page": "\u00b6 21" }, { "page": "\u00b6 26" }, { "page": "\u00b6 20" }, { "page": "\u00b6 29" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm-app/2/0030-01" ] }, { "cite": "278 P.3d 1031", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.3d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "2012-NMSC-014", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 4188293 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 13" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm-app/1/0687-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 942, "char_count": 20748, "ocr_confidence": 0.776, "pagerank": { "raw": 4.351389287593408e-08, "percentile": 0.27350880302287894 }, "sha256": "4104130a965183c4a3956550a7e80d2f6b42506c7da6873a149be6db0910c75b", "simhash": "1:79b6a09327ce9988", "word_count": 3247 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T17:10:55.229683+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "M. MONICA ZAMORA, Judge", "MICHAEL D. BUSTAMANTE, Judge", "MICHAEL E. VIGIL, Judge" ], "parties": [ "STATE OF NEW MEXICO, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. JEREMY S. LUCERO, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "OPINION\nZAMORA, Judge.\nDefendant Jeremy Lucero appeals his convictions for voluntary manslaughter, contrary to NMSA 1978, \u00a7 30-2-3(A) (1994), and aggravated battery, contrary to NMSA 1978, \u00a7 30-3-5(C) (1969). He argues that: (1) the district court erred in refusing a requested self-defense instruction as to the voluntary manslaughter and aggravated battery charges, (2) the district court erred in denying his requests for a mistrial, and (3) his convictions for aggravated battery and voluntary manslaughter arise from the same course of conduct and violate the prohibition against double jeopardy. We agree with Defendant that the self-defense jury instruction should have been given. Accordingly, we reverse and remand for a new trial. We address Defendant\u2019s remaining issues only to the extent they either have the potential of affording Defendant greater relief on appeal or they are likely to recur on retrial.\nI. BACKGROUND\nJean (aka Gene) Bateman (Victim) was an eighty-seven-year-old man who lived at the Ambassador Motel (the motel) in Gallup, New Mexico. He collected and traded weapons and kept a gun and a machete in his motel room.\nDefendant had been with a friend in a different room at the motel throughout the night of November 22, 2010, and on the morning ofNovember 23, 2010. Also on that morning, he had argued loudly with his girlfriend in the parking lot and Victim observed the argument from his doorway, which was adjacent to the lot. After Defendant\u2019s girlfriend left, Victim asked Defendant about the argument and invited Defendant to his room. Defendant knew Victim socially because, at one point, Defendant, his girlfriend, and their children had also lived at the motel. The men talked near the door of Victim\u2019s room. Their interaction escalated into an argument. Defendant testified that he threatened to publicly share private details about Victim, the two exchanged words, and Victim struck Defendant in the head with his machete.\nDefendant further testified that after being struck, he \u201csaw a star\u201d and \u201ckind of blacked out.\u201d He remembered pushing Victim back and the machete dropping. Defendant could not recall if there was a struggle for the machete. The next thing he remembered was that Victim stood up and retrieved a gun from under his pillow and pointed it at Defendant\u2019s face.\nAs Victim had gone for the gun, Defendant picked up the machete from the floor. Defendant testified that when Victim pointed the gun at him, he was angry, confused, scared, and afraid for his life. Defendant did not remember swinging the machete, but testified that he remembered seeing a laceration on Victim\u2019s neck and blood everywhere, both Victim\u2019s and his own. Defendant took Victim\u2019s gun and fled in Victim\u2019s Jeep. Defendant wrecked the Jeep and walked to his aunt\u2019s house. Defendant\u2019s aunt agreed to give him a ride back into town. As they were leaving, Defendant\u2019s girlfriend arrived. Defendant got out of the vehicle and went after his girlfriend with a gun in his hand. Defendant\u2019s aunt retrieved the gun, placed it under the seat of the vehicle, and called police. Law enforcement officers responding to the call discovered Victim\u2019s Jeep, retrieved the gun from under the seat where Defendant\u2019s aunt had put it, took Defendant into custody, and transported him to the hospital.\nMeanwhile, a motel employee discovered Victim on the floor of his motel room, injured and surrounded by blood. First responders to the motel observed that there was a great deal of blood on the carpet of Victim\u2019s room. Later testimony revealed that Victim had lost between 30 percent and 40 percent of his blood volume. Victim\u2019s throat had been cut, he had cuts on his arm, and a bump on his head.\nVictim was hospitalized. His injuries included lacerations on his neck, fractured ribs, lacerations on his arm, a fractured bone in his shoulder, and blunt force injuries to his head. Victim had a distinctive pattern on his forehead consistent with the pattern on the bottom of the shoes Defendant was wearing at the time of his arrest. The State\u2019s expert testified that the injury to Victim\u2019s head was consistent with Victim being stomped on with enough force to damage the blood vessels.\nVictim remained hospitalized, in critical condition and on a ventilator, until February 2011. While hospitalized, Victim suffered from pressure injuries, malnutrition, and pneumonia. After several months, and several attempts by Victim\u2019s doctors to take him off of the ventilator, the decision was made not to continue to resuscitate or intubate him. The autopsy concluded that the cause of Victim\u2019s death was the multiple traumatic injuries he had sustained.\nDefendant was charged with one count each of first degree murder, aggravated burglary, robbery, aggravated battery, and receiving or transferring stolen vehicles. Defendant was convicted of voluntary manslaughter, a lesser included offense of first degree murder, as well as all the other charges. This appeal followed.\nII. DISCUSSION\nA. The Self-Defense Instruction\nAt the close of evidence at Defendant\u2019s trial, Defendant requested a self-defense jury instruction in accordance with UJI 14-5181 NMRA, which the district court refused to issue. Defendant contends that the district court\u2019s refusal to issue the instruction constitutes reversible error.\n\u201cThe propriety of denying a jury instruction is a mixed question of law and fact that we review de novo.\u201d State v. Guerra, 2012-NMSC-014, \u00b6 13, 278 P.3d 1031 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). \u201cWhen considering a defendant\u2019s requested instructions, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the giving of the requested instructions.\u201d State v. Swick, 2012-NMSC-018, \u00b6 60, 279 P.3d 747 (alteration, internal quotation marks, and citations omitted). \u201cFor a defendant to be entitled to a self-defense instruction ... there need be only enough evidence to raise a reasonable doubt in the mind of a juror about whether 'the defendant lawfully acted in self-defense. If any reasonable minds could differ, the instruction should be given.\u201d State v. Lucero, 2010-NMSC-011, \u00b6 11, 147 N.M. 747, 228 P.3d 1167 (omission in original) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).\nAn instruction on self-defense must be justified by evidence on all three elements of self-defense, which are: \u201c(1) the defendant was put in fear by an apparent danger of immediate death or great bodily harm, (2) the killing resulted from that fear, and (3) the defendant acted reasonably when he or she killed.\u201d State v. Rudolfo, 2008-NMSC-036, \u00b6 17, 144 N.M. 305, 187 P.3d 170 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). When such evidence is presented, the defendant has an \u201cunqualified right\u201d to the instruction. State v. Ellis, 2008-NMSC-032, \u00b6 15, 144 N.M. 253, 186 P.3d 245 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).\nThe first two elements, the apparent danger and the defendant\u2019s fear, are assessed subjectively, focusing \u201con the perception of the defendant at the time of the incident.\u201d Rudolfo, 2008-NMSC-036, \u00b6 17 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). The reasonableness of the defendant\u2019s response in the face of the apparent danger and fear is assessed objectively. See id. (stating that \u201cthe third requirement is objective in that it focuses on the hypothetical behavior of a reasonable person acting under the same circumstances as the defendant.\u201d (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).\nEvidence presented at trial did not conclusively establish the sequence of events that resulted in Victim\u2019s injuries. The forensic expert, Lawrence Renner, testified that it could not be determined to what extent the two men may have struggled against one another, what type of struggle took place, or how long the struggle may have lasted.\nDefendant testified that the violence began when Victim attacked him with the machete, delivering a blow to his head that caused him to black out. Though Defendant was unable to recall exactly what happened once he had control of the machete, he did testify that when Victim pointed a gun at his face, he was afraid for his life and that he was defending himself when he injured Victim.\nSeveral photographs admitted into evidence showed a significant gash on Defendant\u2019s forehead. Officers present when Defendant was taken into custody testified that he had a bleeding head wound and that he was transported to the hospital. Additionally, blood stains on the awning of Victim\u2019s doorway, determined to be Defendant\u2019s blood,were consistent with Defendant\u2019s testimony that he had been struck with a machete.\nThe State argues that Defendant\u2019s testimony that he was in danger and was in fear for his life lacks credibility. The State contends that the evidence of Victim\u2019s physical limitations and the condition of his room calls into question \u25a0 Defendant\u2019s testimony that Victim retrieved a gun and pointed it at him. The State also insists that at some point Victim was injured on the floor, no longer posing a threat to Defendant, so Defendant could not have been in actual fear. The State further argues that even if Defendant had perceived danger and felt actual fear, his response was not reasonable. The State relies on the theory that Defendant persisted in attacking Victim after Victim had fallen to the floor injured. This theory is based on testimony that the injuries to Victim\u2019s neck and head could have occurred while Victim was lying on the floor. However, the admitted evidence was conflicting and did not conclusively establish the sequence of events or what position Victim was in when he sustained each of his injuries.\nAs a reviewing court, it is not within our purview to weigh evidence. State v. Sutphin, 1988-NMSC-031, \u00b6 21, 107 N.M. 126, 753 P.2d 1314. That function is reserved for the trier of fact. See State v. Johnson, 1983-NMSC-043, \u00b6 7, 99 N.M. 682, 662 P.2d 1349 (observing that conflicts in the evidence, including conflicts in testimony among witnesses, are to be resolved by the trier of fact); see generally State v. Salas, 1999-NMCA-099, \u00b6 13, 127 N.M. 686, 986 P.2d 482 (recognizing that the appellate court defers to the fact finder when weighing the credibility of witnesses and resolving conflicts in witness testimony). The admitted evidence was sufficient to raise an issue of fact with respect to the elements of a self-defense claim and conclude that the district court erred in refusing to instruct the jury accordingly.\nB. Double Jeopardy\nDefendant argues thathis convictions for aggravated battery and voluntary manslaughter violate the prohibition against double jeopardy because the convictions arise from the same course of conduct. \u201cThe Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution prohibits double jeopardy and is made applicable to New Mexico by the Fourteenth Amendment.\u201d Swick, 2012-NMSC-018, \u00b6 10. Because double jeopardy challenges are constitutional questions of law, we review them de novo. State v. Melendrez, 2014-NMCA-062, \u00b6 5,326 P.3d 1126, cert. denied, 2014-NMCERT-006, 328 P.3d 1188.\nThe double jeopardy clause \u201cfunctions in part to protect a criminal defendant against multiple punishments for the same offense.\u201d Swick, 2012-NMSC-018, \u00b6 10 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Thete are two classifications of double jeopardy multiple-punishment cases: double-description cases, \u201cwhere the same conduct results in multiple convictions under different statutes\u201d; and unit-of-prosecution cases, \u201cwhere a defendant challenges multiple convictions under the same statute.\u201d Id. Here, Defendant\u2019s double jeopardy challenge raises a double-description issue because he challenges two convictions under different statutes for what he contends is the same conduct.\nDouble-description claims involve a two-part analysis. Swafford v. State, 1991-NMSC-043, \u00b6 25, 112 N.M. 3, 810 P.2d 1223. We first consider whether the conduct underlying the offenses is in fact the same, or unitary. See id.; Melendrez, 2014-NMCA-062, \u00b6 7; Swick, 2012-NMSC-018, \u00b6 11. If the conduct is not unitary, there is no double jeopardy violation. Swick, 2012-NMSC-018, \u00b6 11. If the conduct is unitary, we look to the statutes at issue \u201cto determine whether the [Ljegislature intended to create separately punishable offenses.\u201d Swafford, 1991-NMSC-043, \u00b6 25.\nWhen determining \u201cwhether a defendant\u2019s conduct was unitary, we consider ... whether acts were close in time and space, their similarity, the sequence in which they occurred, whether other events intervened, and the defendant\u2019s goals for and mental state during each act.\u201d State v. Franco, 2005-NMSC-013, \u00b6 7, 137 N.M. 447, 112 P.3d 1104. Where a defendant\u2019s acts are separated by sufficient indicia of distinctness, the conduct is not unitary. State v. Urioste, 2011-NMCA-121, \u00b6 18, 267 P.3d 820. The proper inquiry \u201cis whether the facts presented at trial establish that the jury reasonably could have inferred independent factual bases for the charged offenses.\u201d Franco, 2005-NMSC-013, \u00b6 7 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).\nOn appeal, the State asserts that Victim was injured as a result of two distinct attacks; one while Victim was upright and the other after he had fallen to the floor. The State contends that the wounds on Victim\u2019s arm and shoulder were sustained while Victim was standing and are sufficient to support the aggravated battery conviction, while the injuries to Victim\u2019s neck and head were sustained as Victim lay on the floor and are sufficient to support the voluntary manslaughter conviction.\nAs we previously discussed, the admitted evidence did not establish the sequence or timing of Victim\u2019s injuries, nor did it conclusively establish how Victim was positioned when each of his injuries occurred. The evidence does not indicate whether there was an intervening event or a change in Defendant\u2019s intent during the course of the altercation. Moreover, the medical examiner testified that\" Victim\u2019s death was not specifically attributable to any of injuries, but rather to complications from multiple traumatic injuries. At trial, the State argued that the charge of aggravated battery was supported by the injuries to Victim\u2019s neck and arm and that Victim\u2019s death was attributable to all of his injuries.\nBased upon what was presented at trial, the jury could not have reasonably distinguished distinct factual bases for the voluntary manslaughter charge and the aggravated battery charge. As a result, we conclude that Defendant\u2019s conductwas unitary and turn to the question of whether the Legislature intended to create separate punishments for aggravated battery and voluntary manslaughter.\nIn analyzing legislative intent, we look to the language of the statute. State v. Frazier, 2007-NMSC-032, \u00b6 21, 142 N.M. 120, 164 P.3d 1. If multiple punishments are not clearly prescribed, we then apply the rule of statutory construction established in Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299 (1932). Swafford, 1991-NMSC-043, \u00b6 11. Under Blockburger, \u201cthe test to be applied to determine whether there are two offenses or only one, is whether each provision requires proof of a fact which the other does not.\u201d 284 U.S. at 304.\nHowever, our Supreme Court has clarified that \u201cthe application of Blockburger should not be so mechanical that it is enough for two statutes to have different elements.\u201d Swick, 2012-NMSC-018, \u00b6 21. Instead, \u201ca complete double jeopardy analysis may require looking beyond facial statutory language to the actual legal theory in the particular case by considering such resources as the evidence, the charging documents, and the jury instructions.\u201d State v. Montoya, 2013-NMSC-020, \u00b6 49, 306 P.3d 426.\nIn Swick, the defendant \u201cbeat, stabbed, and slashed\u201d his victims. Swick, 2012-NMSC-018, \u00b6 26. This conduct formed the bases for both the aggravated battery and the attempted murder charges. The Court used the modified Blockburger approach to determine \u201cwhether the Legislature authorized-multiple punishments under the statutes for attempted murder and aggravated battery with a deadly weapon for the same conduct.\u201d Swick, 2012-NMSC-018, \u00b6 20. The Court rejected a mechanical comparison of each statutory element concluding that:\nBoth statutes punish overt acts against a person\u2019s safety but take different degrees into consideration. The aggravated battery statute concerns itself with the intent to harm and the attempted murder statute concerns itself with the intent to harm fatally.... Even if we accept as true that different social harms may be addressed by each statute, Swafford explained that \u2018[i]f the punishment attached to an offense is enhanced to allow for kindred crimes, these related offenses may be presumed to be punished as a single offense.\u2019\nId. \u00b6 29. Considering that the state had not asserted or shown independent factual bases for the aggravated battery and the attempted murder charges the Court held that \u201cthe aggravated battery elements were subsumed within the attempted murder elements. When this occurs, the double jeopardy prohibition is violated, and punishment cannot be had for both.\u201d Id. \u00b6 27 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).\nSwick also reaffirmed the principle that \u201cwhen doubt regarding legislative intent remains, ambiguity must be resolved in favor of lenity.\u201d Id. \u00b6 30 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). If reasonable minds can differ as to the 'Legislature\u2019s intent in punishing the crimes at issue, the rule of lenity should be applied. Montoya, 2013-NMSC-020, \u00b6 51.\nHere, the State argues that the aggravated battery and voluntary manslaughter statutes are intended to be separately punishable because they proscribe different crimes with different elements. We reject this argument.\nVoluntary manslaughter is the unlawful killing of a human being without malice, committed upon a sudden quarrel or in the heat of passion. See \u00a7 30-2-3(A). Aggravated battery involves \u201cthe unlawful touching or application of force to the person of another with intent to injure that person[.]\u201d Section 30-3-5(A). Though these statutes do consist of different elements, here, as in Swick, \u201c[bjoth statutes punish overt acts against a person\u2019s safety but take different degrees into consideration.\u201d 2012-NMSC-018, \u00b6 29.\nThe State\u2019s attempt to characterize Defendant\u2019s actions as distinct and separately punishable on appeal is misguided. First of all, the evidence does not support the State\u2019s theory that Victim suffered two separate attacks. Second, the conduct supporting each of the charges was nearly indistinguishable. At trial, the theory of the State\u2019s case to support the aggravated battery charge was that Defendant sliced Victim\u2019s throat and arm. Its theory to support the voluntary manslaughter charge was that Defendant sliced Victim\u2019s throat and arm, and stomped on his head. The aggravated battery is subsumed within the voluntary manslaughter. Applying the double jeopardy analysis as recently clarified by our Supreme Court, along with the rule of lenity, we conclude that Defendant\u2019s convictions for both crimes violate the prohibition against double jeopardy and cannot stand.\nWe recognize that the evidence presented on retrial may differ from that presented at the first trial, and that the double jeopardy analysis may be affected. However, the parties and the district court should keep the above analysis in mind in addressing any double jeopardy issues that may arise upon retrial.\nC. Defendant\u2019s Motions for Mistrial\nDefendant contends that the court erred in denying his requests for a mistrial after several State witnesses referenced an alleged domestic violence incident, excluded by the court as prejudicial, We decline to address this issue in light of our decision to reverse Defendant\u2019s convictions and remand for a new trial. See State v. Roman, 1998-NMCA-132, \u00b6 16, 125 N.M. 688, 964 P.2d 852 (stating that this Court will not usually \u201creach out to decide issues unnecessarily\u201d (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).\nCONCLUSION\nFor the foregoing reasons we reverse Defendant\u2019s convictions for voluntary manslaughter and aggravated battery and remand to the district court for further proceedings consistent with this Opinion,\nIT IS SO ORDERED.\nM. MONICA ZAMORA, Judge\nWE CONCUR:\nMICHAEL D. BUSTAMANTE, Judge\nMICHAEL E. VIGIL, Judge", "type": "majority", "author": "ZAMORA, Judge." } ], "attorneys": [ "Gary K. King, Attorney General Paula E. Ganz, Assistant Attorney General Santa Fe, NM for Appellee", "Law Offices of the Public Defender Jorge A. Alvarado, Chief Public Defender Tania Shahani, Assistant Appellate Defender Santa Fe, NM for Appellant" ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO\nOpinion Number: 2015-NMCA-040\nFiling Date: December 17, 2014\nDocket No. 32,864\nSTATE OF NEW MEXICO, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. JEREMY S. LUCERO, Defendant-Appellant.\nGary K. King, Attorney General Paula E. Ganz, Assistant Attorney General Santa Fe, NM for Appellee\nLaw Offices of the Public Defender Jorge A. Alvarado, Chief Public Defender Tania Shahani, Assistant Appellate Defender Santa Fe, NM for Appellant" }, "file_name": "0585-01", "first_page_order": 601, "last_page_order": 608 }