{ "id": 4240931, "name": "RODRIGO DOMINGUEZ, Petitioner, v. STATE OF NEW MEXICO, Respondent", "name_abbreviation": "Dominguez v. State", "decision_date": "2015-04-16", "docket_number": "Docket No. 34,295", "first_page": "692", "last_page": "702", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "2015-NMSC-014" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.M. Ct. App.", "id": 9025, "name": "Court of Appeals of New Mexico" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 52, "name_long": "New Mexico", "name": "N.M." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "2014 WL 4292919", "category": "reporters:specialty_west", "reporter": "WL", "year": 2014, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "non-precedential" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "477 U.S. 648", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6211780 ], "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/477/0648-01" ] }, { "cite": "280 U.S. 415", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "380 U.S. 415", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1525326 ], "year": 1965, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "418-20" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/380/0415-01" ] }, { "cite": "226 P.3d 65", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.3d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "2010-NMSC-005", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 4246234 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/147/0557-01" ] }, { "cite": "541 U.S. 36", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 5873383 ], "weight": 3, "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "68" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/541/0036-01" ] }, { "cite": "497 U.S. 805", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6219632 ], "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "817" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/497/0805-01" ] }, { "cite": "476 U.S. 530", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 12807 ], "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/476/0530-01" ] }, { "cite": "2005-NMSC-027", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 2548505 ], "weight": 13, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6\u00b6 1-2" }, { "page": "\u00b6 1" }, { "page": "\u00b6\u00b6 1, 6" }, { "page": "\u00b6 7" }, { "page": "\u00b6 7" }, { "page": "\u00b6\u00b6 8-10" }, { "page": "\u00b6 13" }, { "page": "\u00b6 8" }, { "page": "\u00b6\u00b6 7-8" }, { "page": "\u00b6 13" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/138/0264-01" ] }, { "cite": "333 P.3d 240", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.3d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "2014-NMSC-023", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 4239332 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 11" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm-app/6/0308-01" ] }, { "cite": "2009-NMSC-019", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 4243851 ], "weight": 4, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 21" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/146/0155-01" ] }, { "cite": "549 U.S. 406", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 3553902 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2007, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "418", "parenthetical": "internal quotation marks and citations omitted" }, { "page": "416, 419" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/549/0406-01" ] }, { "cite": "2007-NMSC-032", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 3691675 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 1" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/142/0120-01" ] }, { "cite": "15 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 667", "category": "journals:journal", "reporter": "U. Pa. J. Const. L.", "year": 2012, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "685" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "372 U.S. 335", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1765333 ], "year": 1963, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "344-45" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/372/0335-01" ] }, { "cite": "506 U.S. 364", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11925282 ], "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "372" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/506/0364-01" ] }, { "cite": "489 U.S. 288", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 12032050 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "301" }, { "page": "311-13", "parenthetical": "\"[W]ebelieveitunlikely that many such components of basic due process have yet to emerge.\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/489/0288-01" ] }, { "cite": "115 N.M. 622", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 725416 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 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"reporter": "P.3d", "year": 2003, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "134 N.M. 320", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "year": 2003, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "2010-NMSC-020", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 4247843 ], "weight": 25, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 25" }, { "page": "\u00b6 16" }, { "page": "\u00b6 15" }, { "page": "\u00b6\u00b6 15-31" }, { "page": "\u00b6\u00b6 21-31" }, { "page": "\u00b6 25" }, { "page": "\u00b6 16" }, { "page": "\u00b6 16" }, { "page": "\u00b6\u00b6 25-26" }, { "page": "\u00b6 26" }, { "page": "\u00b6 25" }, { "parenthetical": "internal quotation marks and citations omitted" }, { "page": "\u00b6 28" }, { "page": "\u00b6 1" }, { "page": "\u00b6 30" }, { "page": "\u00b6 30" }, { "page": "\u00b6 31" }, { "page": "\u00b6 30" }, { "page": "\u00b6 30" }, { "page": "\u00b6 30" }, { "page": "\u00b6\u00b6 22-25" }, { "page": "\u00b6 26" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/148/0381-01" ] }, { 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"\u00b6\u00b6 2, 54" }, { "page": "\u00b6\u00b6 2, 54" }, { "page": "\u00b6 2" }, { "page": "\u00b6\u00b6 52-54" }, { "page": "\u00b6\u00b6 2, 54" }, { "page": "\u00b6\u00b6 46-54" }, { "page": "\u00b6\u00b6 4-7, 11" }, { "page": "\u00b6 11" }, { "page": "\u00b6\u00b6 30, 54" }, { "page": "\u00b6\u00b6 2, 54" }, { "page": "\u00b6 11" }, { "page": "\u00b6 2" }, { "page": "\u00b6 2" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm-app/4/0196-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1130, "char_count": 32943, "ocr_confidence": 0.789, "pagerank": { "raw": 5.335375434085336e-08, "percentile": 0.3358659134181182 }, "sha256": "a72c41cb54cbbdad95dd9508411ea5f8d9dddb2afb08497de25604cb04a4e316", "simhash": "1:c619e60c3f221328", "word_count": 5110 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T17:10:55.229683+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "EDWARD L. CHAVEZ, Justice", "BARBARA J. VIGIL, Chief Justice", "PETRA JIMENEZ MAES, Justice", "RICHARD C. BOSSON, Justice", "CHARLES W. DANIELS, Justice" ], "parties": [ "RODRIGO DOMINGUEZ, Petitioner, v. STATE OF NEW MEXICO, Respondent." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "OPINION\nCH\u00c1VEZ, Justice.\nIn State v. Montoya, 2013-NMSC-020, \u00b6\u00b6 2, 22-27, 54, 306 P.3d 426, this Court held that the Double Jeopardy Clause of the United States Constitution, U.S. Const, amend. V, precludes a defendant from being cumulatively punished for both voluntary manslaughter and shooting at or from a motor vehicle resulting in great bodily harm in a situation where both convictions are based on the same shooting of the same victim. The double jeopardy analysis in Montoya has been applied in other cases by the Court of Appeals to preclude a defendant from being punished cumulatively for both aggravated battery and shooting at or from a motor vehicle resulting in great bodily harm. See State v. Munoz, 2014 WL 4292963, No. 30,837, mem. op. \u00b6\u00b6 2-3, 5 (N.M. Ct. App. June 23, 2014) (nonprecedential), cert. denied, 2014-NMCERT-008; State v. Rudy B., 2014 WL 3039618, No. 27,589, mem. op. \u00b6\u00b6 2, 4 (N.M. Ct. App. May 8, 2014) (non-precedential), cert. denied, 2014-NMCERT-007.\nThese are the exact arguments that Petitioner Rodrigo Dominguez made in 2005 on certiorari review to this Court \u25a0 of his convictions for voluntary manslaughter and shooting at or from a motor vehicle resulting in the death of one person, and aggravated battery and shooting at or from a motor vehicle resulting in great bodily injury to a second person. See State v. Dominguez (Dominguez I), 2005-NMSC-001, \u00b6\u00b6 5, 17, 22, 137 N.M. 1, 106 P.3d 563, overruled by Montoya, 2013-NMSC-020, \u00b6\u00b6 2, 54. A majority of this Court ultimately rejected Dominguez\u2019s double jeopardy arguments, concluding that State v. Gonzales, 1992-NMSC-003, \u00b6\u00b6 4-12, 113 N.M. 221, 824 P.2d 1 023, overruled by Montoya, 2013-NMSC-020, \u00b6\u00b6 2, 54, controlled. Dominguez I, 2005-NMSC-001, \u00b6 8. Dominguez has now filed a habeas petition pursuant to Rule 5-802 NMRA seeking to retroactively apply Montoya to support the same double jeopardy claims he earlier raised on certiorari review. We again decline to accept Dominguez\u2019s double jeopardy claims because Montoya announced anew procedural rule that cannot be applied retroactively under Kersey v. Hatch, 2010-NMSC-020, \u00b6 25, 148 N.M. 381, 237 P.3d 683.\nBACKGROUND\nThe following facts from this Court\u2019s opinion in Dominguez I are not in dispute and are relevant only to understand the double jeopardy issues raised by Dominguez. Dominguez and several of his friends went to a convenience store to fight another group of individuals. Dominguez I, 2005-NMSC-001, \u00b6 4. Dominguez supplied each member of his group with guns. Id. Both groups arrived in cars, and Dominguez was the driver for his group. Id. Dominguez\u2019s group opened fire after one of their adversaries exited the other group\u2019s vehicle carrying a baseball bat. Id. One member of Dominguez\u2019s group fired multiple times into the opposing group\u2019s car and killed Ricky Solisz, the driver. Id. Another one of Dominguez\u2019s associates shot at and wounded Vince Martinez, an individual who had exited the other group\u2019s car. Id.\nIn 2002, Dominguez was convicted of one count of voluntary manslaughter, contrary to NMSA 1978, Section 30-2-3(A) (1994); one count of aggravated battery, contrary to NMSA 1978, Section 30-3-5 (1969); two counts of shooting at or from a motor vehicle, contrary to NMSA 1978, Section 30-3-8(B) (1993); and one count of conspiracy to commit tampering with evidence, contrary to NMSA 1978, Section 30-22-5 (1963, amended2003) and NMSA 1978, Section 30-28-2 (1979).\nThe Court of Appeals unanimously affirmed Dominguez\u2019s convictions. See State v. Dominguez, No. 23,286, mem. op. \u00b6\u00b6 5, 14 (N.M. Ct. App. May 20, 2003) (non-precedential). Dominguez petitioned for certiorari review, State v. Dominguez, cert. granted, 134 N.M. 320, 76 P.3d 638 (2003), and raised two multiple-punishment double jeopardy issues under the United States Constitution that are relevant to this appeal. First, he claimed that his convictions of voluntary manslaughter and shooting at or from a motor vehicle resulting in Solisz\u2019s death violated the protection against double jeopardy. Dominguez I, 2005-NMSC-001, \u00b6 5. Second, he claimed that his convictions of aggravated battery and shooting at or from a motor vehicle resulting in Martinez\u2019s injuries violated the protection against double jeopardy. Id. \u00b6 17. On appeal, the parties did not dispute that these convictions were \u201cbased on the unitary conduct of [Dominguez] aiding and abetting\u201d the shooting of Solisz and Martinez by another member of Dominguez\u2019s group. Id. \u00b6 6. Because shooting at or from a vehicle and voluntary manslaughter or aggravated battery involve unitary acts underlying separate charged offenses, id. \u00b6\u00b6 6, 7, the Court focused on ascertaining whether . the Legislature intended multiple punishments, id. \u00b6\u00b6 6, 18.\nA divided Supreme Court rejected Dominguez\u2019s claims and affirmed the Court of Appeals. Id. \u00b6 26. Applying the Bloclcburger test and concluding that Gonzales was controlling precedent, Dominguez I refused to find a double jeopardy violation if a defendant was convicted of separately punishable offenses. 2005-NMSC-001, \u00b6\u00b6 8, 16, 21. Because the crimes of shooting at or from a motor vehicle and voluntary manslaughter each involved elements that were absent in the other crime, Dominguez I held that the offenses were separate, and therefore there was no double jeopardy violation if a defendant was convicted of both crimes. Id. \u00b6 16. Similarly, Dominguez I held that the crimes of shooting at or from a motor vehicle and aggravated battery each involved elements that were absent in the other crime; consequently, convicting Dominguez of both crimes also did not violate double jeopardy. Id. \u00b6 18.\nThis Court overruled Dominguez I in Montoya, 2013-NMSC-020, \u00b6\u00b6 2, 54. Montoya acknowledged that Gonzales, 1992-NMSC-003, and the cases that followed it, including Dominguez I, 2005-NMSC-001, had enabled cumulative punishment for the \u201ctheoretically separate offenses of causing great bodily harm to a person by shooting at [or from] a motor vehicle and the homicide resulting from the penetration of the same bullet into the same person.\u201d Montoya, 2013-NMSC-020, \u00b6 2. Montoya held that \u201ccurrentNew Mexico jurisprudence precludes cumulative punishment for both .crimes.\u201d Id. Montoya did not answer the question of whether the analysis for finding a double jeopardy violation for manslaughter and shooting at or from a motor vehicle also applied to convictions for aggravated battery and shooting at or from a motor vehicle, see id. \u00b6 54, although the Court of Appeals has affirmatively answered the question in two unpublished memorandum opinions, see generally Munoz, 2014 WL 4292963, No. 30,837; Rudy B., 2014 WL 3039618, No. 27,589.\nDominguez filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus pursuant to Rule 5-802, seeking to retroactively apply Montoya to support the same double jeopardy claims he had raised in Dominguez I. The petition was summarily dismissed by the trial court for raising previously litigated issues. We then granted Dominguez\u2019s petition for writ of certiorari, which was filed pursuant to Rule 12-501 NMRA. Dominguez v. State, 2013-NMCERT-010.\nDISCUSSION\nWhen reviewing the \u201cpropriety of a lower court\u2019s grant or denial of a writ of habeas corpus,\u201d the trial court\u2019s findings of fact \u201cconcerning the habeas petition are reviewed to determine if substantial evidence supports the [trial] court\u2019s findings.\u201d Duncan v. Kerby, 1993-NMSC-011, \u00b6 7, 115 N.M. 344, 851 P.2d 466. \u201cQuestions of law or questions of mixed fact and law ... are reviewed de novo.\u201d Id. This \u201capproach provides logical deference to the trial court fact-finder as first-hand observer, while assuring that higher courts perform their sanctioned role as arbiters] of the law.\u201d Id.\nIn this case, Dominguez presented facts \u201conly for purposes of analyzing the double jeopardy issues presented on appeal.\u201d The State does not dispute these facts. Thus, there are only questions of law to be reviewed de novo. Dominguez argues that (1) this case does not concern Montoya\u2019s retroactive application because \u201chabeas petitioners relitigating claims already disposed of on direct appeal should benefit from a new rule adopting their prior arguments\u201d; (2) our retroactivity jurisprudence \u201cmust be revisited\u201d if it precludes retroactive application of Montoya', and (3) \u201cbecause [Dominguez i] expressly advocated the position adopted in Montoya, this Court may retroactively apply [Montoya] to [Dominguez 7] only.\u201d\nI. Dominguez Can Relitigate Previously Raised Claims\nThe trial court dismissed Dominguez\u2019s petition as a, matter of law because the petition presented issues that had been previously litigated. We review de novo the propriety of this determination. Duncan, 1993-NMSC-011, \u00b6 7. In Clark v. Tansy, 1994-NMSC-098, \u00b6 14, 118 N.M. 486, 882 P.2d 527, this Court held that \u201cwhen a habeas petitioner can show that there has been an intervening change of law or fact, or that the ends of justice would otherwise be served, principles of finality do not bar relitigation of an issue adversely decided on [certiorari review].\u201d Montoya acted as an intervening change in the law because it announced a new rule. 2013-NMSC-020, \u00b6\u00b6 52-54. \u201c[A] court establishes a new rule when its decision is flatly inconsistent with the prior governing precedent and is an explicit overruling of an earlier holding.\u201d Kersey, 2010-NMSC-020, \u00b6 16 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). In this case, Montoya explicitly overruled both Dominguez I and Gonzales, holding that current New Mexico double jeopardy jurisprudence precludes cumulative punishment for shooting at or from a vehicle and \u201cthe homicide resulting from the penetration of the same bullet into the same person.\u201d Montoya, 2013-NMSC-020, \u00b6\u00b6 2, 54. Montoya reasoned that when both the shooting and the homicide charges stem from the same action and concern the same victim, the offenses are substantively the same. See id. \u00b6\u00b6 52-54. Montoya concluded that current New Mexico jurisprudence prevents overcharging and vindicates legislative intent. See id. \u00b6 46. Montoya thus reflected a movement in New Mexico\u2019s double jeopardy jurisprudence \u201ctoward a substantive sameness analysis.\u201d 2013-NMSC-020, \u00b6\u00b6 46-54 (summarizing the evolution of double jeopardy case law in New Mexico). Under this approach, if a defendant\u2019s charges substantively involve the same crime, there is a double jeopardy violation. See id. \u00b6 54. Determining whether different charges involve the same crime \u201cmay require looking beyond facial statutory language to the actual legal theory in the particular case by considering such resources as the evidence, the charging documents, and the jury instructions.\u201d Id. \u00b6 49 (citing State v. Swick, 2012-NMSC-018, \u00b6\u00b6 21, 26, 279 P.3d 747). Because Montoya announced a new rule, Dominguez has the right to relitigate his double jeopardy claims that are similar to the double jeopardy claims raised in Montoya.\nThe first set of convictions concerns Solisz\u2019s death. These two convictions present facts that are similar to those in Montoya. Compare Dominguez I, 2005-NMSC-001, \u00b6\u00b6 1, 4, with Montoya, 2013-NMSC-020, \u00b6\u00b6 4-7, 11. As in Montoya, Dominguez was charged under separate statutes for voluntary manslaughter and shooting at or from a motor vehicle. Compare Dominguez I, 2005-NMSC-001, \u00b6 1, with Montoya, 2013-NMSC-020, \u00b6 11. As in Montoya, these charges stemmed from the same act and involved the same victim. Compare Dominguez I, 2005-NMSC-001, \u00b6 6, with Montoya, 2013-NMSC-020, \u00b6\u00b6 30, 54. Under Montoya, Dominguez can relitigate the convictions of voluntary manslaughter and shooting at or from a motor vehicle.\nThe second set of convictions concerns the shooting of Martinez. Dominguez was charged under different statutes for aggravated battery and shooting at or from a motor vehicle; the charges stemmed from one act and involved the same victim. Dominguez I, 2005-NMSC-001, \u00b6 4. Under Montoya, the aggravated battery and the shooting are also substantively the same crime. See Munoz, 2014 WL 4292963, No. 30,837, mem. op. \u00b6 4 (concluding that \u201cMontoya's reasoning also invalidates Dominguez's holding that unitary conduct resulting in convictions for both aggravated battery and shooting at or from a motor vehicle does not violate double jeopardy\u201d); Rudy B., 2014 WL 3039618, No. 27,589, mem. op. \u00b6 2 (same). Consequently, pursuant to Montoya, Dominguez can also relitigate the convictions of aggravated battery and shooting at or from a motor vehicle.\nDominguez urges us to go furtherand to hold that Clark requires that Montoya automatically be applied to his claims because he previously made the very arguments made by Montoya. However, Dominguez recognizes that this argument is problematic in light of Kersey, which requires courts to conduct an independent analysis as to whether a new rule should apply retroactively. 2010-NMSC-020, \u00b6 15. Dominguez nonetheless claims that his interpretation of Clark can be reconciled with Kersey because Kersey did not consider Clark, and therefore it cannot be deemed to have impliedly overruled Clark. In the alternative, to the extent that Clark is irreconcilable with Kersey, Dominguez argues that Clark and Kersey approach the retroactivity issue differently and that this Court should adopt the approach taken in Clark. Dominguez misreads our opinions in Clark and Kersey, we therefore reject his arguments on this issue.\nClark involved a habeas petition which relied upon case law that was \u201cannounced after [the petitioner\u2019s] conviction and sentence became final.\u201d See 1994-NMSC-098, \u00b6\u00b6 1-2. Clark applied a new rule announced by the United States Supreme Court after the petitioner\u2019s conviction and sentence became final without addressing the issue of retroactivity. Id. \u00b6\u00b6 15, 19. Dominguez\u2019s inference is understandable but erroneous, because although Clark received the benefit of the new rule, this Court never addressed retroactivity. See id. \u00b6 15. The most likely explanation for the absence of retroactivity analysis in Clark is that the State never argued the issue; retroactivity is not mentioned in the State\u2019s reply brief. See geraerai/y Defendant-Appellant\u2019s Reply Brief, 1999 WL 33996276 (No. 23,832), State v. Clark, 1999-NMSC-035, 128 N.M. 119, 990 P.2d 793. Because courts will not insert arguments on a party\u2019s behalf, the issue of retroactivity was probably not argued, and therefore it was not discussed in the opinion. See Headley v. Morgan Mgmt. Corp., 2005-NMCA-045, \u00b6 15, 137 N.M. 339, 110 P.3d 1076 (noting that New Mexico courts \u201cwill not review unclear arguments, or guess at what [litigants\u2019) arguments might be\u201d).\nBecause \u201c[t]he general rule is that cases are not authority for propositions not considered,\u201d Clark cannot be read to support the idea that litigants may automatically avail themselves of a new rule, irrespective of any retroactivity doctrine, if they have argued in favor of that rule on appeal. Fernandez v. Farmers Ins. Co. of Ariz., 1993-NMSC-035, \u00b6 15, 115 N.M. 622, 857 P.2d 22 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Unlike Clark, Kersey focused solely on whether the doctrine of retroactivity permitted the petitioner to benefit from a new rule. See Kersey, 2010-NMSC-020, \u00b6\u00b6 15-31.\nClark and Kersey addressed separate issues. Clark addressed whether a habeas petitioner can relitigate claims disposed of on appeal, while Kersey addressed whether new laws, if there are any, retroactively apply in analyzing those relitigated claims. See Kersey, 2010-NMSC-020, \u00b6\u00b6 21-31; Clark, 1994-NMSC-098, \u00b6 14. Because Kersey and Clark concern different issues, Kersey did not have to overrule Clark. See Kersey, 2010-NMSC-020, \u00b6 25; Clark, 1994-NMSC-098, \u00b6 14. Consequently, both Kersey and Clark can, and should be, followed in this case. We next apply the analysis we announced in Kersey to determine whether Montoya should be applied retroactively.\nII. Montoya Does Not Apply Retroactively\nAs we indicated in paragraph 11, supra,Montoya announces anew rule because Montoya explicitly overruled Dominguez I. See Montoya, 2013-NMSC-020, \u00b6\u00b6 2, 54; Kersey, 2010-NMSC-020, \u00b6 16 (noting that \u201ca court establishes a new rule when its decision is flatly inconsistent with the prior governing precedent and is an explicit overruling of an earlier holding\u201d (internal quotation marks and citations omitted)). Dominguez argues that Montoya does not announce a new rule because his argument in Dominguez I paralleled the reasoning in Montoya. This rationale contravenes Kersey's standard for determining the existence of a new rule. See 2010-NMSC-020, \u00b6 16. We look to precedent to determine whether a rule is new. See id. Thus, the single question is whether the double jeopardy analysis in Montoya should be applied retroactively.\nKersey adopted the federal standard of retroactivity in Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 301 (1989), holding limited on other grounds, Lockhart v. Fretwell, 506 U.S. 364, 372 (1993), to determine whether a new rule applies retroactively. Kersey, 2010-NMSC-020, \u00b6\u00b6 25-26. This Court adopted the Teague standard because it \u201cappropriately balances both the purpose of the writ [of habeas corpus] and the government\u2019s interest in finality by applying the law prevailing at the time a conviction became final and refusing, except in limited circumstances, to dispose of [habeas] cases on the basis of intervening changes in constitutional interpretation.\u201d Kersey, 2010-NMSC-020, \u00b6 26 (second alteration in original) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).\nPursuant to Teague, Kersey mandates a two-pronged test to determine retroactivity. 2010-NMSC-020, \u00b6 25. \u201c[N]ew rules generally should not be afforded retroactive effect unless (1) the rule is substantive in nature, in that it alters the range of conduct or. the class of persons that the law punishes, or (2) although procedural in nature, the rule announces a watershed rule of criminal procedure.\u201d Id. (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). A substantive change must therefore \u201cplace[] an entire category of primary conduct beyond the reach of the criminal law, or . . . prohibit]] imposition of a certain type of punishment for a class of defendants because of their status or offense.\u201d Kersey, 2010-NMSC-020, \u00b6 28 (ellipsis in original) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Watershed rules are those that are necessary to the fundamental fairness or accuracy of a criminal proceeding. Id. \u00b6\u00b6 28, 30 (citations omitted). Only the rule establishing a universal right to counsel in criminal proceedings has been upheld as a retroactively applied watershed rule. See Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335, 344-45 (1963); Jennifer H. Berman, Padilla v. Kentucky: Overcoming Teague\u2019s \u201cWatershed\" Exception to Non-Retroactivity, 15 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 667, 685 (2012) (\u201cIndeed, in the years following Teague, the [United States Supreme] Court has yet to find a new rule that falls under the second Teague exception. Since Teague was decided in 1989, the Supreme Court has considered fourteen cases where the petitioner argued that a new rule is \u2018watershed\u2019 in nature and in every case the Court has refused to find the rule as such.\u201d (footnotes omitted) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted)). The paucity of case law upholding watershed rules reflects the belief that new rules concerning basic due process are unlikely to emerge. See Teague, 489 U.S. at 311-13 (\u201c[W]ebelieveitunlikely that many such components of basic due process have yet to emerge.\u201d).\nIn Kersey, we concluded that a new procedural rule of law was announced in State v. Frazier, 2007-NMSC-032, \u00b6 1, 142 N.M. 120, 164 P.3d 1, which held that \u201cthe predicate felony is always subsumed into a felony murder conviction, and no defendant can be convicted of both.\u201d Kersey, 2010-NMSC-020, \u00b6 1 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Kersey concluded that our opinion in Frazier adopted \u201ca new methodology for the review of double jeopardy claims involving multiple separate convictions for felony murder and the underlying predicate felony.\u201d Id. \u00b6 30. Kersey held that this rule is not a substantive change in the law, but instead, it is a formulation of a new rule of criminal procedure. Id. Kersey noted that the new rule did not decriminalize any formerly criminal activities, and therefore it \u201cdid not alter the range of [punishable] conduct or the class of persons\u201d punished. Id. Moreover, the rule left undisturbed the requirements for conviction such that both before and after Frazier, \u201cthe State [was and] is required to prove the essential elements of felony murder, as well as the essential elements of the underlying predicate felony, in order to secure a conviction.\u201d Kersey, 2010-NMSC-020, \u00b6 30. Consequently, the Kersey court concluded that Frazier \u201cformulated a new rule of criminal procedure, which does not implicate the fundamental fairness or accuracy of the criminal proceeding and, as such, is not available for retroactive application in habeas corpus proceedings.\u201d Kersey, 2010-NMSC-020, \u00b6 30. Thus, Kersey held that the new rule in Frazier was not subject to retroactive application under either of the two exceptions established in Teague. Kersey, 2010-NMSC-020, \u00b6 31.\nOur analysis of Montoya in this opinion should parallel the analysis of Frazier in Kersey. Aggravated battery, voluntary manslaughter, and shooting at or from a motor vehicle were crimes prior to Montoya and they remain crimes since Montoya was filed. See \u00a7\u00a7 30-2-3(A), 30-3-5, & 30-3-8(B). Moreover, the requirements for conviction of those crimes were not altered by this Court\u2019s opinion in Montoya. See generally \u00a7\u00a7 30-2-3(A), 30-3-5, & 30-3-8(B); Montoya, 2013-NMSC-020. Under Kersey, 2010-NMSC-020, \u00b6 30, Montoya announces a procedural rule, not a substantive one. Therefore, Kersey precludes the retroactive application o\u00ed Montoya under the first Teague exception. See Kersey, 2010-NMSC-020, \u00b6 30.\nMontoya also does not qualify for the watershed exception under Teague. \u201cIn order to qualify as watershed, a new rule must meet two requirements. First, the rule must be necessary to prevent an impermissibly large risk of an inaccurate conviction. Second, the rule must alter our understanding of the bedrock procedural elements essential to the fairness of a proceeding.\u201d Whorton v. Bockting, 549 U.S. 406, 418 (2007) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).\nMontoya concerns double jeopardy jurisprudence. See 2013-NMSC-020, \u00b6 11. Double jeopardy analysis is \u201capplied at the conclusion of a case.\u201d Id. \u00b6 53 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). A new rule concerning double jeopardy cannot possibly impact the accuracy of criminal convictions. Consequently, Montoya fails Teague\u2019s second exception, precluding Dominguez from applying Montoya retroactively as a watershed rule.\nUsing the Kersey analysis, 2010-NMSC-020, \u00b6 30, Montoya announces a new rule that cannot be retroactively applied. This is because Montoya\u2019s new rule, which concerns a new methodology for reviewing double jeopardy claims, is neither a substantive change in the law nor a watershed rule. Consequently, Dominguez cannot avail himself of Montoya.\nIII. Kersey Cannot Be Overruled Because of Stare Decisis\nDominguez argues that Kersey should be overruled if it precludes the retroactive application of Montoya to his convictions. He maintains that Kersey\u2019s characterization of the new double jeopardy analysis as procedural is improper, or in the alternative, that Kersey\u2019s adoption of Teague was improper. We are not persuaded by either argument.\nNew Mexico utilizes a four-factor test to determine - whether to overturn precedent:\n1) whether the precedent is so unworkable as to be intolerable; 2) whether parties justifiably relied on the precedent so that reversing it would create an undue hardship; 3) whether the principles of law have developed to such an extent as to leave the old rule no more than a remnant of abandoned doctrine; and 4) whether the facts have changed in the interval from the old rule to reconsideration so as to have robbed the old rule of justification.\nState v. Pieri, 2009-NMSC-019, \u00b6 21, 146 N.M. 155, 207 P.3d 1132 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). These factors must convincingly demonstrate that a precedent is wrong. Id.\nKersey recognized that the United States Supreme Court adopted the approach taken in Teague so that retroactivity jurisprudence can generate more consistent results because the earlier approach to determining retroactivity involved a multifactor balancing test that proved unworkable. See Kersey, 2010-NMSC-020, \u00b6\u00b6 22-25. In addition, we recently applied Kersey to another case, proving that it is not an abandoned doctrine. See, e.g., Ramirez v. State, 2014-NMSC-023, \u00b6 11, 333 P.3d 240. As a result, we see no compelling reason to overturn Kersey.\nIV. State v. Forbes Does Not Hold That Litigating a Claim on Appeal Automatically Entitles the Litigant to Retroactive Application of New Rules\nFinally, Dominguez argues that under State v. Forbes, 2005-NMSC-027, 138 N.M. 264, 119 P.3d 144, this Court may retroactively apply Montoya only to the case at bar because he \u201cexpressly advocated the position adopted in Montoya.\u201d Forbes does not stand for this proposition.\nForbes involved a habeas petitioner who challenged his conviction on Confrontation Clause grounds. U.S. Const, amend. VI; N.M. Const, art. II, \u00a7 14; Forbes, 2005-NMSC-027, \u00b6\u00b6 1-2. Prior to his habeas petition, the petitioner initially appealed his conviction to the New Mexico Supreme Court on the same Confrontation Clause grounds and had obtained a reversal of his convictions. Id. \u00b6 1, The United States Supreme Court vacated the reversal and remanded the case to the New Mexico Supreme Court, instructing this Court to apply the reliability analysis presented in Lee v. Illinois, 476 U.S. 530 (1986), limited by Idaho v. Wright, 497 U.S. 805, 817 (1990). On remand, the New Mexico Supreme Court affirmed the petitioner\u2019s conviction. Forbes, 2005-NMSC-027, \u00b6 1. However, Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 68 (2004) validated the rationale used by this Court in its original reversal of the petitioner\u2019s conviction. Forbes, 2005-NMSC-027, \u00b6\u00b6 1, 6. The New Mexico Supreme Court granted the petitioner habeas relief and ordered a new trial. Id. \u00b6 13.\nDuring the habeas proceedings, the Forbes court had to determine whether the petitioner should benefit from the holding in Crawford, which was a case that was announced almost 20 years after the petitioner\u2019s conviction. Forbes, 2005-NMSC-027, \u00b6 7. This issue \u201cinitially turn[ed] on whether Crawford announce[d] a new constitutional procedural rule\u201d because Forbes' noted that the United States Supreme Court did not expressly state whether Crawford announced a new rule. Forbes, 2005-NMSC-027, \u00b6 7. Forbes concluded that Crawford did not announce a new rule because the result was dictated by United States Supreme Court precedent existing at the time of the petitioner\u2019s conviction and the petitioner could rely on Crawford. Forbes, 2005-NMSC-027, \u00b6\u00b6 8-10. Thus, under Forbes, a petitioner may rely upon case law post-dating the petitioner\u2019s conviction if the case law vindicates previously overruled precedent. See id. \u00b6 13.\nIn summary, when we granted habeas relief in Forbes, we did so on the basis of well-established existing precedent, not a new rule. See id. \u00b6\u00b6 13-14. The viability of the previous law may have been confirmed by a more recent case, but the precedent had already been established. See id. \u00b6 13. Forbes enables a habeas petitioner to rely upon existing precedent to relitigate a claim on the basis that a court failed to apply law that was available at the time of conviction. Id. \u00b6\u00b6 7-9. In addition, the decision in Forbes was \u201climited to the very special facts of this case,\u201d id. \u00b6 13, and it is also limited to situations where the petitioner is relitigating claims based upon existing precedent.\nDominguez cannot rely upon Forbes because he does not rely upon existing precedent to support his position. Dominguez relies upon Montoya, a case decided many years after his conviction was final. Instead of being dictated by previous precedent, Montoya expressly departs from established law to create a new rule. Compare Montoya, 2013-NMSC-020, \u00b6 2 (overruling Gonzales, 1992-NMSC-003, Dominguez, 2005-NMSC-001, and State v. Riley, 2010-NMSC-005, 147 N.M. 557, 226 P.3d 65), with Forbes, 2005-NMSC-027, \u00b6 13 (\u201cOur decision is . . . highlighted by the fact that the very law this Court applied to [the petitioner\u2019s] case twenty years ago has now been vindicated, which entitled him now to the same new trial he should have received back then.\u201d). At the time of Dominguez\u2019s appeal in Dominguez I, a majority of this Court relied on existing precedent to affirm his convictions. See generally Dominguez I, 2005-NMSC-001 (citing Gonzales, 1992-NMSC-003). Unlike Crawford or Forbes, Montoya does not reaffirm previously ambiguous case law. Compare Crawford, 541 U.S. at 57 (citing Douglas v. Alabama, 380 U.S. 415, 418-20 (1965), and Forbes, 2005-NMSC-027, \u00b6 8 (acknowledging the United States Supreme Court\u2019s reliance on Douglas, 280 U.S. 415, in Crawford, 541 U.S. 36, was contrary to New Mexico v. Earnest, 477 U.S. 648 (1986)), with Montoya, 2013-NMSC-020, \u00b6 2 (overruling, rather than vindicating, prior double jeopardy jurisprudence). Consequently, Dominguez must request the retroactive application of Montoya under Kersey to prevail. In fact, Forbes merely followed the Teague approach in first determining whether Crawford announced a new rule as a possible prelude to retroactivity analysis. See Forbes, 2005-NMSC-027, \u00b6\u00b6 7-8 (citing Teague, 489 U.S. 288). Moreover, Dominguez cannot try to extend Forbes beyond its narrow holding. Forbes is limited to a situation where the petitioner had relitigated claims based upon a previous rule that was subsequently vindicated by the Court\u2019s later holding. See id. \u00b6 13.\nDominguez nevertheless contends that Forbes vindicated the rights of the petitioner on appeal \u201cbecause this Court had relied on then-existing precedent when it initially reversed the conviction,\u201d and thus the petitioner preserved his identical argument on appeal. However, such an extension misses a critical policy distinction between Forbes and the position Dominguez urges us to adopt. By limiting its holding to case law available at the time of the petitioner\u2019s conviction, Forbes promotes the finality of convictions by reaffirming existing precedent. See Kersey, 2010-NMSC-020, \u00b6 26 (noting that applying the prevailing law at the time that a conviction becomes final acknowledges the government\u2019s interest in the finality of the convictions). This limited holding \u201cis consistent with our responsibility to do justice to each litigant on the merits of his [or her] own case.\u201d Forbes, 2005-NMSC-027, \u00b6 13 (emphasis added) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). In contrast, Dominguez\u2019s position undermines the finality of convictions by making it easier to retroactively apply new laws that were unavailable at the time of the petitioner\u2019s conviction. Dominguez\u2019s position would allow criminal petitioners to relitigate their convictions any time a new law is announced, regardless of whether the new law was available at the time of their convictions. We are not persuaded by Dominguez\u2019s reliance on Forbes.\nCONCLUSION\nDominguez has the right to relitigate his double jeopardy claims in the habeas petition before us. See Clark, 1994-NMSC-098, \u00b6\u00b6 11, 14. However, Kersey precludes the retroactive application of Montoya during this relitigation, and Dominguez is not entitled to relief on any of his double jeopardy claims. We therefore affirm the' trial court\u2019s dismissal of Dominguez\u2019s writ of habeas corpus.\nIT IS SO ORDERED.\nEDWARD L. CHAVEZ, Justice\nWE CONCUR:\nBARBARA J. VIGIL, Chief Justice\nPETRA JIMENEZ MAES, Justice\nRICHARD C. BOSSON, Justice\nCHARLES W. DANIELS, Justice\nOverruling recognized by State v. Servantez, 2014 WL 4292919, No. 30,414, mem. op. (N.M. Ct. App. Jul. 30, 2014) (non-precedential).\nDominguez also claims that his two convictions for shooting at or from a motor vehicle violated the protection against double jeopardy. However, because Dominguez cites to no intervening change of law concerning unit of prosecution claims, he cannot relitigate these convictions.\nThe right to counsel applied retroactively because the absence of criminal defense attorneys produces a high risk of unreliable convictions. See Whorton v. Bockting, 549 U.S. 406, 416, 419 (2007).", "type": "majority", "author": "CH\u00c1VEZ, Justice." } ], "attorneys": [ "Jorge A. Alvarado, Chief Public Defender Kimberly M. Chavez Cook, Assistant Appellate Defender Santa Fe, NM for Petitioner", "Hector Balderas, Attorney General Joel Jacobsen, Assistant Attorney General Santa Fe, NM for Respondent" ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO\nOpinion Number: 2015-NMSC-014\nFiling Date: April 16, 2015\nDocket No. 34,295\nRODRIGO DOMINGUEZ, Petitioner, v. STATE OF NEW MEXICO, Respondent.\nJorge A. Alvarado, Chief Public Defender Kimberly M. Chavez Cook, Assistant Appellate Defender Santa Fe, NM for Petitioner\nHector Balderas, Attorney General Joel Jacobsen, Assistant Attorney General Santa Fe, NM for Respondent" }, "file_name": "0692-01", "first_page_order": 708, "last_page_order": 718 }