{ "id": 12166716, "name": "STATE OF NEW MEXICO, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. GREGORY M. HOBBS, Defendant-Appellant. APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF CHAVES COUNTY Freddie J. Romero, District Judge", "name_abbreviation": "State v. Hobbs", "decision_date": "2015-10-05", "docket_number": "No. 35,584; Docket No. 32,838", "first_page": "194", "last_page": "203", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "2016-NMCA-006" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.M. Ct. App.", "id": 9025, "name": "Court of Appeals of New Mexico" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 52, "name_long": "New Mexico", "name": "N.M." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "2004-NMSC-019", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 1428026 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 17" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/135/0621-01" ] }, { "cite": "2000-NMSC-009", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 106493 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 21" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/128/0711-01" ] }, { "cite": "1997-NMSC-032", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 142264 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 16" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/123/0564-01" ] }, { "cite": "2011-NMSC-027", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 4250059 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 77" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/149/0704-01" ] }, { "cite": "2005-NMSC-038", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 2550283 ], "weight": 4, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 8" }, { "page": "\u00b6 8" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/138/0659-01" ] }, { "cite": "2002-NMSC-001", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 183167 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 20" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/131/0459-01" ] }, { "cite": "2009-NMSC-017", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 4243229 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 22" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/146/0088-01" ] }, { "cite": "2003-NMCA-107", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMCA", "case_ids": [ 77192 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 10" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/134/0294-01" ] }, { "cite": "67 N.M. 260", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 2716134 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/67/0260-01" ] }, { "cite": "1960-NMSC-084", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 6" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "2010-NMSC-016", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 4246356 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 35" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/148/0050-01" ] }, { "cite": "2002-NMCA-092", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMCA", "case_ids": [ 260673 ], "weight": 5, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 18" }, { "page": "\u00b6\u00b6 17-19" }, { "page": "\u00b6 21" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/132/0602-01" ] }, { "cite": "122 N.M. 476", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 322262 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/122/0476-01" ] }, { "cite": "1996-NMCA-109", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMCA", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 25" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "2007-NMSC-039", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 3692694 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 11" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/142/0107-01" ] }, { "cite": "121 N.M. 562", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1566533 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/121/0562-01" ] }, { "cite": "1996-NMCA-039", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMCA", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 10" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "2009-NMCA-102", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMCA", "case_ids": [ 4246562 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6\u00b6 9-15" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/147/0026-01" ] }, { "cite": "2001-NMCA-073", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMCA", "case_ids": [ 183086 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 37" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/131/0022-01" ] }, { "cite": "2002-NMSC-027", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 260689 ], "weight": 4, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 19" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/132/0657-01" ] }, { "cite": "327 P.3d 1068", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.3d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "2014-NMSC-016", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 4239185 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 11" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm-app/6/0174-01" ] }, { "cite": "2001-NMSC-013", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 352473 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 16" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/130/0179-01" ] }, { "cite": "498 F.3d 851", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.3d", "case_ids": [ 3629270 ], "year": 2007, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "855" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f3d/498/0851-01" ] }, { "cite": "116 F.3d 528", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.3d", "year": 2015, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "533", "parenthetical": "\"A defendant may certainly consent to the closure of the courtroom ifhe believes it to be in his favor, and ifhe chooses to do so, he can hardly claim on appeal that the closure violated his Sixth Amendment right.\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "142 Fed. Appx. 348", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "Fed. Appx.", "weight": 2, "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "351", "parenthetical": "unpublished" }, { "parenthetical": "\"The right to a public trial . . . may be waived, so long as the waiver is knowing and intelligent. . . . Counsel can waive the right on behalf of a client, at least in the absence of an objection by the client.\" (citations omitted)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "362 U.S. 610", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6167226 ], "year": 1960, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "611, 619-20" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/362/0610-01" ] }, { "cite": "501 U.S. 923", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1108483 ], "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "936", "parenthetical": "recognizing that a defendant may waive most basic rights, including his or her right to a public trial" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/501/0923-01" ] }, { "cite": "558 U.S. 209", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 3638961 ], "year": 2010, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "213", "parenthetical": "internal quotation marks and citation omitted" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/558/0209-01" ] }, { "cite": "2001-NMCA-054", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMCA", "case_ids": [ 352361 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 11" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/130/0583-01" ] }, { "cite": "464 U.S. 501", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6200566 ], "year": 1984, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/464/0501-01" ] }, { "cite": "320 P.3d 522", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.3d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "2014-NMCA-034", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMCA", "case_ids": [ 4078318 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 6" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm-app/5/0609-01" ] }, { "cite": "2008-NMCA-073", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMCA", "case_ids": [ 4002290 ], "weight": 5, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 9" }, { "page": "\u00b6 24" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/144/0197-01" ] }, { "cite": "467 U.S. 39", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6193857 ], "weight": 5, "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "49" }, { "page": "47-48" }, { "page": "46", "parenthetical": "internal quotation marks and citations omitted" }, { "page": "47", "parenthetical": "holding that, under the Sixth Amendment, a courtroom closure must meet the four-prong test when the accused has objected to the courtroom closure" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/467/0039-01" ] }, { "cite": "2000-NMSC-026", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 1217185 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 12" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/129/0448-01" ] }, { "cite": "2003-NMSC-030", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 77174 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 52" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/134/0566-01" ] }, { "cite": "308 P.3d 964", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.3d", "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "2013-NMSC-036", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 4335024 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 1" }, { "page": "\u00b6\u00b6 17, 19" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm-app/4/0477-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1218, "char_count": 31508, "ocr_confidence": 0.783, "pagerank": { "raw": 5.7738366328965145e-08, "percentile": 0.3606341528019587 }, "sha256": "dc050e909e3be45f4d23a12a2fe062218a38f99961054450a66578ed1179cbe2", "simhash": "1:53c2ec69e6be07dd", "word_count": 5044 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T22:30:56.942854+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "LINDA M. VANZI, Judge", "MICHAEL E. VIGIL, Chief Judge", "MICHAEL D. BUSTAMANTE, Judge" ], "parties": [ "STATE OF NEW MEXICO, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. GREGORY M. HOBBS, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "OPINION\nVANZI, Judge.\n{1} Defendant Gregory Marvin Hobbs appeals his conviction for voluntary manslaughter with a firearm enhancement, contrary to NMSA 1978, \u00a7 30-2-3(A) (1994), and NMSA 1978, \u00a7 31-18-16(A) (1993). Defendant raises three issues, which we have reorganized and address as follows: (1) whether Defendant\u2019s right to a public trial was violated when the district court partially closed the courtroom during the testimony of one of his witnesses, (2) whether Defendant received ineffective assistance of counsel, and (3) whether the district court erred in denying Defendant\u2019s request for a new trial. We affirm.\nBACKGROUND\n{2} It is undisputed that Defendant shot and killed Ruben Archuleta, Jr. (Ruben Jr.) and Ruben Archuleta, Sr., also known as Hammer (Victim), during an altercation that occurred on June 15, 2012. The State did not prosecute Defendant for Ruben Jr.\u2019s death because it determined that the killing of Ruben Jr. was legally justified. Defendant was, however, charged with and convicted for voluntary manslaughter for causing Victim\u2019s death. Defendant appeals his conviction and raises three independent issues. The facts relevant to each issue will be discussed below.\nDISCUSSION\nCourtroom Closure\n{3} Britini S., a minor, witnessed the struggle between Defendant and Victim. She testified at Defendant\u2019s preliminary hearing and was later subpoenaed by Defendant to testify at his trial. Defendant considered Britini\u2019s testimony to be crucial to his theory of self-defense.\n{4} Britini failed to appear on the first day of trial, so the district court issued a bench warrant for her arrest. After her father called the judge\u2019s chambers to express concern for his daughter\u2019s safety, the judge held a conference regarding the conditions under which Britini would testify. The judge and counsel for the State and Defendant interviewed Britini in the presence of Defendant and Britini\u2019s mother.\n{5} Britini, who was six and one-half months pregnant at the time of trial, explained that she was not comfortable testifying in front of an audience because she feared retaliation from Victim\u2019s family. She stated that approximately two weeks after she testified at the preliminary hearing she was physically assaulted by a girl whom she did not know, but who was with two of Victim\u2019s sons. Britini informed the court that she was afraid that she would not be able to defend herself if she were attacked again due to her pregnancy, and she felt like she had to watch her back. Likewise, Britini\u2019s mother expressed concern for Britini\u2019s safety and the safety of her unborn grandchild.\n{6} Defense counsel proposed that Britini be deemed unavailable and suggested that Britini\u2019s testimony from the preliminary hearing be admitted in lieu of testimony at the trial. The State agreed that Britini\u2019s fear of retaliation was reasonable because her attacker had been in the company of Victim\u2019s sons. However, the State opposed using Britini\u2019s testimony from the preliminary hearing and argued that the situation did not rise to the level of deeming Britini unavailable. The judge also expressed his concern for Britini\u2019s safety but stated that he did not think that he had the authority to exclude the public from the proceedings. In response, defense counsel asked the judge, \u201c[n]ot even upon stipulation of the partiesf,] your honor?\u201d Counsel then stated that \u201cthe defense would be happy to stipulate for the purpose of her testimony that the court could be cleared ... of everyone but the bailiffs [and] parties[.]\u201d The State also agreed to the stipulation.\n{7} The judge and counsel for the State and Defendant discussed Defendant\u2019s rights, Victim\u2019s rights, the public\u2019s rights, and how these rights could be affected if the district court agreed to partially close the courtroom during Britini\u2019s testimony. After careful consideration, and based upon the parties\u2019 stipulation to a partial closure of the courtroom, the district court decided to exclude members of Victim\u2019s and Defendant\u2019s families from the courtroom while Britini testified. The judge explained to Britini that he would exclude Victim\u2019s and Defendant\u2019s families while she testified but that he could not seal the courtroom. The judge further said that if someone from the newspaper was in the audience, the attorneys could ask that person \u201c[t]o give some consideration so that [her] name [was not published] in the newspaper.\u201d The following day, Britini testified on behalf of Defendant. Her testimony and the partial courtroom closure lasted less than twenty minutes.\n{8} On appeal, Defendant argues that the partial courtroom closure during Britini\u2019s testimony violated his Sixth Amendment right to a public trial, despite the fact that his defense counsel stipulated to the closure. He claims that the unconstitutional closure constitutes structural error requiring a new trial. He further argues that structural errors are subject to a relaxed preservation requirement and that they are not subject to a harmless error analysis. The State, on the other hand, asserts that Defendant did not preserve this issue for appellate review, that Defendant stipulated to the closure, and that Defendant\u2019s stipulation has the effect of a waiver of this issue on appeal.\n{9} \u201cIn a criminal trial, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial.\u201d State v. Turrietta, 2013-NMSC-036, \u00b6 1, 308 P.3d 964 (citingU.S. Const. amend. VI; N.M. Const. art. II, \u00a7 14). The right to a public trial, however, \u201cis not absolute and may give way in certain cases to other rights or interests.\u201d Id. Whether Defendant\u2019s constitutional rights were violated is a question of law and, therefore, our review is de novo. Id. \u00b6 14.\n{10} As an initial matter, Defendant appears to concede that he did not preserve this issue for appellate review, and we agree. See Rule 12-216(A) NMRA (\u201cTo preserve a question for review it must appear that a ruling or decision by the district court was fairly invoked}.]\u201d); see also State v. Vandenberg, 2003-NMSC-030, \u00b6 52, 134 N.M. 566, 81 P.3d 19 (\u201cIn analyzing preservation, we look to the arguments made by Defendant below.\u201d); State v. Jacobs, 2000-NMSC-026, \u00b6 12, 129 N.M. 448, 10 P.3d 127 (\u201cIn order to preserve an issue for appeal, it is essential that a party must make a timely objection that specifically apprises the [district] court of the claimed error and invokes an intelligent ruling thereon.\u201d). Despite Defendant\u2019s failure to preserve his Sixth Amendment claim, however, we address his assertion that the alleged unconstitutional closure violates his right to a public trial and constitutes a structural error requiring a new trial. See Waller v. Georgia, 467 U.S. 39, 49 (1984).\n{11} \u201cA structural error is a defect affecting the framework within which the trial proceeds, rather than simply an error in the trial process itself.\u201d State v. Nguyen, 2008-NMCA-073, \u00b6 9, 144 N.M. 197, 185 P.3d 368 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). \u201cIf a hearing is closed in violation of the Constitution, the denial of the right to a public trial is a structural error; thus, it is not subject to a harmless error analysis.\u201d State v. Hood, 2014-NMCA-034, \u00b6 6, 320 P.3d 522. Therefore, if Defendant\u2019s right to a public trial was violated, such error would be a structural error.\n{12} When determining the constitutionality of a courtroom closure, our Supreme Court in Turrietta adopted the \u201coverriding interest\u201d standard, discussed by the United States Supreme Court in Waller, 467 U.S. 39, and Press-Enterprise Co. v. Superior Court of California, 464 U.S. 501 (1984). See Turrietta, 2013-NMSC-036, \u00b6\u00b6 17, 19. In Waller, the United States Supreme Court held that a closure \u201cover the objections of the accused\u201d must meet the following \u201coverriding interest\u201d four-pronged test:\n[1] the party seeking to close the hearing must advance an overriding interest that is likely to be prejudiced, [2] the closure must be no broader than necessary to protect that interest, [3] the [district] court must consider reasonable alternatives to closing the proceeding, and [4] it must make findings adequate to support the closure.\nWaller, 467 U.S. at 47-48.\n{13} Defendant asserts that none of these prongs were satisfied. Specifically, he argues that: (1) neither party demonstrated an overriding interest for the closure; (2) the closure was overly broad; (3) the district court failed to adequately assess possible alternatives to closure; and (4) the district court failed to make adequate findings to support closure. Conversely, the State contends that the four prongs were met in this case. It contends that: (1) Britini\u2019s safety and the safety of her unborn child were the overriding interests for the closure; (2) the partial closure was not overly broad in scope or duration; (3) the district court considered alternatives and determined that the partial closure was the best option; and (4) the district court interviewed Britini and her mother in the presence of counsel for Defendant and the State and made sufficient factual findings to support the closure. For the reasons that follow, we conclude that Defendant waived his right to a public trial when his attorney expressly consented to the partial courtroom closure during Britini\u2019s testimony. Therefore, his structural error argument fails and consideration of the \u201coverriding interest\u201d standard is not required. We explain.\n{14} \u201cFundamental rights, including constitutional rights, can be waived.\u201d State v. Singleton, 2001-NMCA-054, \u00b6 11, 130 N.M. 583, 28 P.3d 1124. While \u201c[s]ome rights are considered so personal to the defendant they necessitate inquiry into the individual defendant\u2019s decision-making processf,] . . . [o]ther rights generally pertaining to the conduct of trial may be waived through counsel and without an inquiry on the record into the validity of the waiver.\u201d Id. \u00b6 12. \u201cDefense attorneys make a wide variety of tactical decisions during the course of a criminal trial, and many of these decisions implicate the constitutional rights of a defendant.\u201d Nguyen, 2008-NMCA-073, \u00b6 24. \u201cA personal waiver by the defendant is not required for all of these decisions.\u201d Id. Furthermore, the United States Supreme Court has \u201cuniformly recognized the public-trial guarantee as one created for the benefit of the defendant.\u201d Presley v. Georgia, 558 U.S. 209, 213 (2010) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). The right to \u201ca public trial is for the benefit of the accused; that the public may see he is fairly dealt with and not unjustly condemned,\u201d and \u201cencourages witnesses to come forward [while] discouraging] perjury.\u201d Waller, 467 U.S. at 46 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted); see also Peretz v. United States, 501 U.S. 923, 936 (1991) (recognizing that a defendant may waive most basic rights, including his or her right to a public trial); Levine v. United States, 362 U.S. 610, 611, 619-20 (1960) (holding that the defendant\u2019s due process and public trial rights were not violated after the public had been excluded from the courtroom, in what began as a grand jury proceeding and continued as a hearing for the defendant\u2019s criminal contempt; the Supreme Court noted that the defendant made no request at any time to open the courtroom and simply \u201craise [d] an abstract claim only as an afterthought on appeal\u201d).\n{15} In this case, Defendant believed that Britini\u2019s testimony was critical and would bolster his theory of self-defense. But Britini did not want to testify in front of an audience because she feared retaliation from Victim\u2019s family. After the district court denied defense counsel\u2019s request to use her preliminary hearing testimony in lieu of having her testify at trial, defense counsel proposed closing the courtroom for Britini\u2019s testimony. Counsel further stated that Defendant would stipulate to excluding everyone from the courtroom except the bailiffs and parties. Defendant was present when his attorney proposed this stipulation, and there is no indication in the record that he objected to it. Based on these facts, it is clear that Defendant waived his right to a public trial when his counsel expressly stipulated to\u2014and even encouraged\u2014the partial courtroom closure. See Knighten vs. Commandant, 142 Fed. Appx. 348, 351 (10th Cir. 2005) (unpublished) (holding that the defendant\u2019s counsel\u2019s express waiver of objection to the trial court\u2019s closure of courtroom during the victim\u2019s testimony during court-martial on criminal charges precluded review of claim on military prisoner\u2019s application for writ of habeas corpus); id. (\u201cThe right to a public trial . . . may be waived, so long as the waiver is knowing and intelligent. . . . Counsel can waive the right on behalf of a client, at least in the absence of an objection by the client.\u201d (citations omitted)); see also Addai v. Schmalenberger, 116 F.3d 528, 533 (8th Cir. 2015) (\u201cA defendant may certainly consent to the closure of the courtroom ifhe believes it to be in his favor, and ifhe chooses to do so, he can hardly claim on appeal that the closure violated his Sixth Amendment right.\u201d); Crawford v. Minnesota, 498 F.3d 851, 855 (8th Cir. 2007) (stating that, in Minnesota, a defendant\u2019s passive failure to object to closing the courtroom does not waive compliance with the public trial mandates set forth by statute and Waller, \u201c[b]ut if the defendant acting through his attorney agrees to closure (and assuming no member of the public lodges a First Amendment objection), the issue is procedurally defaulted on appeal\u201d). Given that defense counsel did not object to the partial courtroom closure during Britini\u2019s testimony and affirmatively encouraged it, Defendant is in no position to now claim that his Sixth Amendment right to a public trial was violated.\n{16} Because we conclude that Defendant expressly consented to the closure to make his witness feel more comfortable during her testimony, we need not determine whether the Waller \u201coverriding interest\u201d four-pronged standard was met. See Waller, 467 U.S. at 47 (holding that, under the Sixth Amendment, a courtroom closure must meet the four-prong test when the accused has objected to the courtroom closure); see also Addai, 776 F.3d at 534 (explaining that, in a case where the defendant expressly consents to a courtroom closure, the court is not required to balance the interests described in Waller). Accordingly, we affirm on this issue.\nIneffective Assistance of Counsel\n{17} Defendant claims that he received ineffective assistance of counsel because his attorney failed to retain or call an expert on bullet trajectories. Defendant contends that such expert testimony could have corroborated his self-defense theory and effectively rebutted the State\u2019s evidence. Defendant raises this issue as an alternative to his newly discovered evidence argument, which we discuss later in this Opinion.\n{18} It is well established that criminal defendants have a constitutional right to effective assistance of counsel. See Patterson v. LeMaster, 2001-NMSC-013, \u00b6 16, 130 N.M. 179, 21 P.3d 1032 (\u201cThe Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment, guarantees not only the right to counsel but the right to the effective assistance of counsel.\u201d (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).\u201d We review the legal issues involved with claims of ineffective assistance of counsel de novo. . . [and] . , . defer to the findings of fact of the [district] court if substantial evidence supports the court\u2019s findings.\u201d State v. Crocco, 2014-NMSC-016, \u00b6 11, 327 P.3d 1068 (citations omitted).\n{19} Defendant bears the burden of showing that his counsel\u2019s performance was deficient and that he suffered prejudice as a result of the deficiency. See State v. Roybal, 2002-NMSC-027, \u00b6 19, 132 N.M. 657, 54 P.3d 61. \u201cWhen an ineffective assistance claim is first raised on direct appeal, we evaluate the facts that are part of the record.\u201d Id. \u201cIf facts necessary to a full determination are not part of the record, an ineffective assistance claim is more properly brought through a habeas corpus petition[.]\u201d Id.-, see also State v. Herrera, 2001-NMCA-073, \u00b6 37, 131 N.M. 22, 33 P.3d 22 (\u201cWhen the record on appeal does not establish a prima facie case of ineffective assistance of counsel, this Court has expressed its preference for resolution of the issue in habeas corpus proceedings over remand for an evidentiary hearing.\u201d).\n{20} Here, the jury convicted Defendant of voluntary manslaughter on February 1, 2013. On February 14, 2013, defense counsel filed a motion for a new trial and asserted that, while preparing for a different trial on February 6, 2013, she discovered thatNelson Welch, an expert witness whom she had retained in a different case, is qualified to give expert opinions regarding situations where two people are struggling over a weapon, as well as weapon discharges, trajectory, and angles of bullets. Had she known about his expertise in this area before Defendant\u2019s trial, defense counsel says she would have hired Welch to testify on behalf of Defendant because he would have provided useful information central to Defendant\u2019s theory of self-defense. For the reasons that follow, we are not persuaded that defense counsel\u2019s failure to hire Welch rises to the level of ineffective assistance of counsel.\n{21} Even if Defendant could show that counsel\u2019s performance was deficient because there was no tactical or strategic basis for failing to retain or consult with Welch or another trajectory expert, see State v. Aragon, 2009-NMCA-102, \u00b6\u00b6 9-15, 147 N.M. 26, 216 P.3d 276, Defendant \u201cmust demonstrate that his counsel\u2019s errors prejudiced his defense such that there was a reasonable probability that the outcome of the trial would have been different.\u201d Id. \u00b6 16 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). In the present case, Defendant claims that he suffered prejudice as a result of counsel\u2019s failure to call an expert witness to corroborate his theory of self-defense; however, there is no evidence in the record that the outcome would have been different if counsel had retained or called a trajectory expert to testify on his behalf. To the contrary, Dr. Sam Andrews from the Office of the Medical Investigator (OMI) testified regarding the path of the bullets through Victim\u2019s body, including that the fatal bullet was shot very close to the body and from a position above Victim\u2019s chest. Further, there was evidence presented regarding the struggle between Defendant and Victim for the firearm, which would have supported Dr. Andrews\u2019 testimony. Other than being possibly cumulative or contradictory, Defendant does not show a probability that an expert\u2019s testimony regarding a struggle for a firearm and the trajectory of bullets would change the outcome if a new trial was granted.\n{22} Defendant\u2019s claim of prejudice is based on mere speculation. Without specifying what an expert would have testified to, Defendant asserts that the expert \u201ccould have provided useful information . .. central to the theory of defense};]\u201d \u201ccould have reviewed Dr. Andrews\u2019 analysis to confirm or contest his findings[;]\u201d \u201ccould have corroborated Dr. Andrews\u2019 theories if accurate, and if contradictory, would have provided necessary assistance for effective cross-examination of those theories\u201d and \u201ccould have offered scientific evidence\u201d that would have bolstered his self-defense theory. This conjecture is not enough to establish prejudice. See In re Ernesto M., Jr., 1996-NMCA-039, \u00b6 10, 121 N.M. 562, 915 P.2d 318 (\u201cAn assertion of prejudice is not a showing of prejudice.\u201d).\n{23} Therefore, we conclude that Defendant has not established a prima facie case of ineffective assistance of counsel. See State v. Grogan, 2007-NMSC-039, \u00b6 11, 142 N.M. 107, 163 P.3d 494 (\u201cThe defendant has the burden to show both incompetence and prejudice.\u201d). Absent a prima facie case of ineffective assistance of counsel, Defendant\u2019s remedy is through habeas proceedings. State v. Martinez, 1996-NMCA-109, \u00b6 25, 122 N.M. 476, 927 P.2d 31 (stating that \u201c[tjhis Court has expressed its preference for habeas corpus proceedings over remand when the record on appeal does not establish a prima facie case of ineffective assistance of counsel\u201d).\nDenial of Request for New Trial\n{24} Defendant asserts that the district court abused its discretion in denying his request for a new trial on three grounds: (1) juror bias, (2) newly discovered evidence, and (3) the district court\u2019s failure to instruct the jury regarding the timing of a break during Defendant\u2019s closing argument. \u201cThe general rule is that a motion for a new trial is not favored and this Court will only reverse a denial of a motion for new trial upon a showing of a clear abuse of discretion by the trial court.\u201d State v. Curry, 2002-NMCA-092, \u00b6 18, 132 N.M. 602, 52 P.3d 974.\nJuror Bias\n{25} Defendant asserts that his right to a fair trial was compromised because a juror failed to disclose during voir dire that he knew one of the State\u2019s witnesses. See State v. Johnson, 2010-NMSC-016, \u00b6 35, 148 N.M. 50, 229 P.3d 523 (\u201cThe Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution guarantees defendants the right to trial by a fair and impartial jury and is implicated during voir dire.\u201d); State v. McFall, 1960-NMSC-084, \u00b6 6, 67 N.M. 260, 354 P.2d 547 (emphasizing that the New Mexico Constitution guarantees a trial by an \u201cimpartial\u201d jury). Specifically, he contends that the juror concealed that he knew witness Trisha Hart during voir dire.\n{26} Tricia Hart investigated the crime scene on behalf of the OMI and was called to testify by the State. Prior to testifying, and outside the presence of the jury, Hart disclosed that she knew the juror from church and that the juror probably knew her \u201cas Jerry\u2019s wife.\u201d Defense counsel stated that she had no objection to the juror, as long as the relationship was not a close and personal one. Although Defendant did not object to the juror at the time, he later argued in his post-trial motion and now on appeal that the district court erred by not asking the juror whether his acquaintance with Hart would affect his impartiality. Additionally, Defendant contends that he would have used a peremptory challenge to excuse the juror if the juror had disclosed his connection to Hart during voir dire. In its response to Defendant\u2019s motion for a new trial on this issue, the State attached an affidavit from the juror. The affidavit stated that the juror only realized that he and Hart attended the same church after the conclusion of the trial. It also stated that his verdict and consideration of the evidence was not influenced by any prior knowledge of Hart.\n{27} While we recognize that \u201ca lone biased juror undermines the impartiality of an entire jury,\u201d State v. Gardner, 2003-NMCA-107, \u00b6 10, 134 N.M. 294, 76 P.3d 47, \u201cDefendant bears the burden to establish that the jury was not fair and impartial, and must demonstrate bias or prejudice on the part of the remaining jurors.\u201d State v. Gallegos, 2009-NMSC-017, \u00b6 22, 146 N.M. 88, 206 P.3d 993. Here, Defendant did not object to Hart\u2019s disclosure about the juror and made no attempt to inquire further into any relationship between Hart and the juror. Further, he makes no real argument that the juror was biased nor does he challenge the juror\u2019s sworn statement that the juror did not recognize Hart at the time of trial and only realized that they attended the same church when Hart introduced herself on the Sunday after the trial had concluded. Defendant has not come forth with any evidence that the juror recognized or knew Hart during the trial or that they had any relationship requiring the district court to hold an evidentiary hearing. Accordingly, we hold that Defendant has not sustained his burden of showing that this juror was biased or impartial. See State v. Mann, 2002-NMSC-001, \u00b6 20, 131 N.M. 459, 39 P.3d 124 (\u201cThe essence of cases involving juror . . . bias is whether the circumstance unfairly affected the jury\u2019s deliberative process and resulted in an unfair jury.\u201d). The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Defendant a new trial on this basis.\nNewly Discovered Evidence\n{28} This is an alternative argument to Defendant\u2019s ineffective assistance of counsel claim. It is unclear when counsel learned about Welch\u2019s trajectory expertise. In the State\u2019s response to the motion for a new trial, the State argued that defense counsel knew about Welch and his expertise before Defendant\u2019s trial because Welch had performed an examination of a firearm and viewed evidence in the other case months before Defendant\u2019s trial. During the hearing on Defendant\u2019s motion for a new trial, defense counsel advised the district court only that she hired Welch as a firearms expert in the other case, Welch has been an expert witness since 1974, and that she did not learn about his trajectory expertise until after Defendant\u2019s trial. The district court did not make a finding as to when defense counsel learned about Welch\u2019s trajectory expertise. Instead, the district court determined that the proffered expert testimony did not constitute newly discovered evidence or grounds for a new trial. The court based its decision on the fact that defense counsel had already argued trajectory issues in closing argument based on testimony presented to the jury.\n{29} In his ineffective assistance of counsel claim, Defendant acknowledges that trajectory experts existed before his trial. And he states specifically that his attorney \u201cdiscovered the usefulness of a bullet trajectory expert in a separate case prior to [Defendant\u2019s] trial.\u201d Now, however, Defendant claims that this is newly discovered evidence and that his attorney did not learn about trajectory experts until after Defendant\u2019s trial and this discovery constitutes newly discovered evidence that warrants a new trial. Defendant cannot have it both ways.\n{30} A motion for a new trial based on an allegation of newly discovered evidence must meet six requirements to be granted: (1) \u201cit will probably change the result if a new trial is granted;\u201d (2) \u201cit must have been discovered since the trial;\u201d (3) \u201cit could not have been discovered before the trial by the exercise of due diligence;\u201d (4) \u201cit must be material;\u201d (5) \u201cit must not be merely cumulative; and\u201d (6) \u201cit must not be merely impeaching or contradictory.\u201d State v. Garcia, 2005-NMSC-038, \u00b6 8, 138 N.M. 659, 125 P.3d 638 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).\n{31} The allegedly newly discovered evidence was Welch, an expert in bullet trajectory who had previously been retained by defense counsel in a separate case. Defendant claims that Welch could have testified about the trajectory in this case and, in particular, the position of Victim\u2019s body when the bullets entered his body. According to Defendant, the angle of the lethal shot could have assisted his self-defense argument. We conclude that counsel\u2019s realization that a trajectory expert may have bolstered Defendant\u2019s theory of self-defense does not constitute newly discovered evidence. See Curry, 2002-NMCA-092, \u00b6\u00b6 17-19 (holding that the testimony of a witness known before trial, but who was not available at trial, did not constitute newly discovered evidence). Even if defense counsel did not learn about Welch\u2019s trajectory expertise until after Defendant\u2019s trial, the existence of trajectory experts could have been discovered before trial by the exercise of due diligence. Moreover, because it is unclear what Welch, or another trajectory witness, would have testified, we cannot assess whether the evidence would probably change the result if a new trial is granted or whether the evidence would be material, cumulative, impeaching, or contradictory. See Garcia, 2005-NMSC-038, \u00b6 8.\n{32} \u201cGiven the wide latitude we provide to district courts in resolving motions for a new trial based on newly discovered evidence, we cannot conclude that an abuse of discretion occurred on these facts.\u201d State v. Gallegos, 2011-NMSC-027, \u00b6 77, 149 N.M. 704, 254 P.3d 655; see also State v. Sosa, 1997-NMSC-032, \u00b6 16, 123 N.M. 564, 943 P.2d 1017 (explaining that motions for a new trial based on newly discovered evidence are \u201cnot encouraged\u201d and the \u201cdenial of such a motion will only be reversed if the district court has acted arbitrarily, capriciously, or beyond reason\u201d); Curry, 2002-NMCA-092, \u00b6 21 (affirming denial of motion for new trial thus rejecting the defendant\u2019s attempt to \u201ctake another bite at the apple\u201d).\nJury Break\n{33} During Defendant\u2019s closing argument, the State asked for a bench conference and among other issues, asked the district court to admonish the spectators for their disruptive actions. Following the bench conference, the district court sent the jury out for a break in order to address the trial spectators. The court did not inform the jury of the reason for the break, and Defendant did not object or request a curative instruction to address the timing of the break.\n{34} After the jury convicted him of voluntary manslaughter, Defendant argued that he was entitled to a new trial because the timing of the break may have left the jury with the impression that defense counsel did or said something inappropriate to cause the break and that the appearance of impropriety prejudiced him. The district court denied Defendant\u2019s request for a new trial, and Defendant raises the same argument on appeal.\n{35} Defendant acknowledges that he did not preserve this issue for appellate review, and he raises this cursory argument as fundamental error pursuant to Rule 12-216(B)(2) NMRA. Parties alleging fundamental error must demonstrate the existence of circumstances that \u201cshock the conscience\u201d or implicate a fundamental unfairness within the system that would undermine judicial integrity if left unchecked. State v. Cunningham, 2000-NMSC-009, \u00b6 21, 128 N.M. 711, 998 P.2d 176; see also State v. Barber, 2004-NMSC-019, \u00b6 17, 135 N.M. 621, 92 P.3d 633 (providing that fundamental error only occurs in \u201ccases with defendants who are indisputably innocent, and cases in which a mistake in the process makes a conviction fundamentally unfair notwithstanding the apparent guilt of the accused\u201d).\n{36} Defendant provides no argument concerning this hypothetically perceived prejudice to him based on the timing of the break and the district court\u2019s failure to give a curative instruction. Indeed he contends only that the timing \u201cmight have led the jury to believe that defense counsel\u2019s conduct caused the break.\u201d (Emphasis added.) This equivocal statement simply does not rise to the level of fundamental error and does not demonstrate the existence of circumstances that \u201cshock the conscience.\u201d Therefore, we hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Defendant a new trial on this basis.\nCONCLUSION\n{37} For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.\n{38} IT IS SO ORDERED.\nLINDA M. VANZI, Judge\nWE CONCUR:\nMICHAEL E. VIGIL, Chief Judge\nMICHAEL D. BUSTAMANTE, Judge", "type": "majority", "author": "VANZI, Judge." } ], "attorneys": [ "Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General Paula E. Ganz, Assistant Attorney General Santa Fe, NM for Appellee", "Jorge A. Alvarado, Chief Public Defender Tania Shahani, Assistant Appellate Defender Santa Fe, NM for Appellant" ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "Certiorari Denied, December 7, 2015,\nNo. 35,584\nIN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO\nOpinion Number: 2016-NMCA-006\nFiling Date: October 5, 2015\nDocket No. 32,838\nSTATE OF NEW MEXICO, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. GREGORY M. HOBBS, Defendant-Appellant.\nHector H. Balderas, Attorney General Paula E. Ganz, Assistant Attorney General Santa Fe, NM for Appellee\nJorge A. Alvarado, Chief Public Defender Tania Shahani, Assistant Appellate Defender Santa Fe, NM for Appellant" }, "file_name": "0194-01", "first_page_order": 210, "last_page_order": 219 }