{ "id": 12167690, "name": "STATE OF NEW MEXICO, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. LEROY ERWIN, Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "State v. Erwin", "decision_date": "2016-01-19", "docket_number": "No. S-1-SC-35753; Docket No. 33,561", "first_page": "529", "last_page": "533", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "2016-NMCA-032" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.M. Ct. App.", "id": 9025, "name": "Court of Appeals of New Mexico" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 52, "name_long": "New Mexico", "name": "N.M." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "2011-NMSC-041", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 4250792 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 49" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/150/0654-01" ] }, { "cite": "933 P.2d 96", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "1999-NMCA-146", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMCA", "case_ids": [ 106534 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 22" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/128/0382-01" ] }, { "cite": "2010-NMCA-009", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMCA", "case_ids": [ 4245929 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 11" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/147/0569-01" ] }, { "cite": "115 N.M. 308", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 725392 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/115/0308-01" ] }, { "cite": "1993-NMSC-019", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 5" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "1998-NMSC-016", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 834335 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 17" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/125/0308-01" ] }, { "cite": "309 P.3d 1047", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.3d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "2013-NMSC-043", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 4333550 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 11" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm-app/4/0700-01" ] }, { "cite": "2006-NMCA-106", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMCA", "case_ids": [ 3669982 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 8" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/140/0230-01" ] }, { "cite": "2009-NMCA-028", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMCA", "case_ids": [ 4242622 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 8" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/145/0757-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 630, "char_count": 13096, "ocr_confidence": 0.779, "pagerank": { "raw": 6.472161837452751e-08, "percentile": 0.39882846451665716 }, "sha256": "5cee829866d191c9cfb8d8e9f765c3bb820875cf8a77d6c2ffd71d80c300aae1", "simhash": "1:31d8afa0eb040b7e", "word_count": 2077 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T22:30:56.942854+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "JAMES J. WECHSLER, Judge", "MICHAEL D. BUSTAMANTE, Judge", "RODERICK T. KENNEDY, Judge" ], "parties": [ "STATE OF NEW MEXICO, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. LEROY ERWIN, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "OPINION\nWECHSLER, Judge.\n{1} We address in this appeal the elements required to convict for the crime of criminal sexual contact of a minor under NMS A 1978, Section 30-9-13(B)(2)(a) (2003), when the perpetrator is a household member.\n{2} Defendant Larry Erwin was convicted for sexually abusing his girlfriend\u2019s daughter, a person over whom he held a position of authority as a household member. He appeals, principally arguing that, although the child was a household member, the State failed to prove that he used this position of authority to coerce the child to submit to sexual contact. He alternatively argues that the evidence was insufficient to sustain his convictions because of inconsistencies in the testimony and that the district court did not properly instruct the jury because the court\u2019s elements instruction allowed the jury to convict because Defendant was a household member without finding that he was also actually in a position of authority over the child. We hold that, under the definition of \u201cposition of authority\u201d in NMSA 1978, Section 30-9-10(E) (2005), a household member is presumed to be able to exercise undue influence over a child such that additional proof concerning a perpetrator\u2019s use or possession of such position of authority is not required. We further hold that the evidence was sufficient to supportDefendant\u2019s convictions. We therefore affirm the judgment, partially suspended sentence and commitment of the district court.\nBACKGROUND\n{3} Defendant was convicted of three counts of criminal sexual contact with a minor\u2014one a second degree felony and the others third degree felonies. The child was thirteen years of age at the time of the incidents, which occurred between July 12, 2011 and December 30, 2011. Defendant had been the boyfriend of the child\u2019s mother. Defendant had moved into the home with the mother and her children in late 2009. By December 30, 2011, Defendant and the child\u2019s mother may no longer have been a couple, but Defendant continued to live in the home.\n{4} The child testified that Defendant began abusing her when she was about twelve or thirteen and that the abuse entailed numerous, almost daily sexual contact and sexual acts, including intercourse. She stated that Defendant made her promise not to tell anybody and that she complied because she was afraid that Defendant would hurt her. She also testified that she did not refuse Defendant\u2019s actions because she was afraid Defendant would hurt her or her mother and that she did not want her mother \u201cto get mad\u201d or \u201cto stress out about it.\u201d She believed that Defendant bought her things so that she would not tell her mother.\nSUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE\nStatutory Requirement and Position of Authority\n{5} Defendant\u2019s main argument concerns the sufficiency of the evidence underlying his convictions; he claims that the evidence did not meet the statutory requirement that he was both a \u201chousehold member\u201d and a \u201cperson who, by reason of [his] position, [was] able to exercise undue influence over a child[.]\u201d Section 30-9-10(E). We review this argument de novo because it raises an issue of statutory interpretation. State v. Smith, 2009-NMCA-028, \u00b6 8, 145 N.M. 757, 204 P.3d 1267. In interpreting a statute, we seek to fulfill the legislative intent in adopting the statute. State v. Torres, 2006-NMCA-106, \u00b6 8, 140 N.M. 230, 141 P.3d 1284. The \u201cprimary indicator\u201d of such intent is the language that the Legislature used in the statute. See Baker v. Hedstrom, 2013-NMSC-043, \u00b6 11, 309 P.3d 1047 (\u201cWe use the plain language of the statute as the primary indicator of legislative intent.\u201d (alterations, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted)).\n{6} Defendant was convicted of criminal sexual contact of a child thirteen to eighteen years of age under Subsections (B) and (C) of Section 30-9-13. Subsection (B), the second degree conviction, includes sexual contact of unclothed intimate parts. Compare \u00a7 30-9-13(B), with \u00a7 30-9-13(C). Both convictions, however, require that a perpetrator be \u201cin a position of authority over the child and use[ ] that authority to coerce the child to submit[.]\u201d Section 30-9-13(B), (C). Section 30-9-10(E) defines \u201cposition of authority\u201d as \u201cthat position occupied by a parent, relative, household member, teacher, employer or other person who, by reason of that position, is able to exercise undue influence over a child[.]\u201d\n{7} Defendant\u2019s argument, therefore, requires that the language \u201cwho, by reason of that position, is able to exercise undue influence over a child\u201d pertains to each of the types of position of authority listed in the definition. We do not believe, however, that such a reading is consistent with the apparent legislative intent.\n{8} In Section 30-9-10(E), the Legislature has designated certain relationships with a child that represent a \u201cposition of authority.\u201d The designation contains the common relationships that generate such authority: parents, relatives, household members, teachers, and employers. Section 30-9-10(E). The statutory language further indicates that the Legislature understood that those designations were not exclusive and that it additionally intended to include other relationships in which an adult can develop an authoritative position with a child that do not fall under the designated common relationships. The Legislature thus added a catch-all designation to embrace persons who are able to exercise undue influence over a child by virtue of another, undesignated, type of relationship.\n{9} The Legislature added this catch-all category using the disjunctive \u201cor.\u201d As a result, a perpetrator need only fall within any of the designated relationships to hold a position of authority. See Wilson v. Denver, 1998-NMSC-016, \u00b6 17, 125 N.M. 308, 961 P.2d 153 (\u201cAs a rule of construction, the word \u2018or\u2019 should be given its normal disjunctive meaning unless the context of a statute demands otherwise.\u201d (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). But, the disjunctive joining the catch-all category does not also link the language describing the type of \u201cother person\u201d who also can hold a position of authority. Such a requirement would be inconsistent with the Legislature\u2019s designating the specific relationships. Indeed, if the requirement of the ability to exercise undue influence over a child by reason of a position applied to each of the designated relationships, those relationships would become surplusage to the definition. All persons, regardless of their specific relationship to a child, would have a position of authority if they can exercise undue influence over a child because of their relationship with the child. See Whitely v. N.M. Pers. Bd., 1993-NMSC-019, \u00b6 5, 115 N.M. 308, 850 P.2d 1011 (\u201cNo part of a statute should be construed so that it is rendered surplusage.\u201d). And, while there may in fact be rare circumstances in which a parent or teacher is not able to exercise authority over a child, by listing each of the relationships in which an adult would naturally have such authority, the statute indicates the legislative intent of assuming that the expected authority exists.\n{10} Defendant does not dispute the evidence that he was a household member. Under Section 30-9-10(E), Defendant thus held a position of authority as a household member over the child for purposes of prosecution under Section 30-9-13(B) and (C). Defendant\u2019s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence fails in this regard.\nInconsistencies in the Evidence\n{11} Defendant additionally argues that the evidence supporting his convictions was insufficient because of inconsistencies in the evidence. According to Defendant, the child and her mother testified in a conflicting manner as to details relating to the circumstances surrounding the mother\u2019s discovery of Defendant with the child, in particular with respect to the location of a blanket, the source of light on the scene, the position of the child\u2019s shorts, and the mother\u2019s possession of her cell phone.\n{12} As Defendant acknowledges, however, \u201cit is the role of the factfinder to judge the credibility of witnesses and determine the weight of evidence.\u201d State v. LaPietra, 2010-NMCA-009, \u00b6 11, 147 N.M. 569, 226 P.3d 668 (alteration, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted). Moreover, the facts Defendant questions do not undermine the more specific testimony of sexual abuse that Defendant does not dispute. Under our standard of review, the inconsistencies Defendant points out do not render the evidence insufficient to support the verdicts. State v. Ortiz-Burciaga, 1999-NMCA-146, \u00b6 22, 128 N.M. 382, 933 P.2d 96 (\u201cIt is the exclusive province of the jury to resolve factual inconsistencies in testimony.\u201d (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).\nVALIDITY OF THE JURY INSTRUCTION\n{13} Defendant additionally argues that the district court improperly instructed the jury because its instruction did not require the jury to find all the elements of criminal sexual contact with a minor. This argument parallels Defendant\u2019s main argument concerning the sufficiency of the evidence by arguing that the jury instruction allowed the jury to convict without finding that he was a person in a position of authority over the child.\n{14} Defendant did not raise this objection to the jury instruction in the district court and thus argues on appeal that the instruction given constituted fundamental error. See Rule 12-216(B)(2) NMRA (\u201cThis rule shall not preclude the appellate court from considering jurisdictional questions or, in its discretion, questions involving . . . fundamental error.\u201d). \u201c[Fjundamental error occurs where there has been a miscarriage of justice, the conviction shocks the conscience, or substantial justice has been denied.\u201d State v. Cabezuela, 2011-NMSC-041, \u00b6 49, 150 N.M. 654, 265 P.3d 705 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).\n{15} The elements instruction given for each of the crimes of which Defendant was convicted read:\n[Defendant was a household member or person who by reason of [Defendant\u2019s relationship to [the child] was able to exercise undue influence over [the child] AND used this authority to coerce [the child] to submit to sexual contactf.]\nDefendant argues that the instruction was in error because the \u201cuse of the \u2018or\u2019 in the instruction allowed a conviction for simply being a household member\u201d without requiring the jury to additionally find that Defendant was in a position of authority over the child and used that authority to coerce the child. However, as we have held with respect to Defendant\u2019s sufficiency of the evidence argument, Section 30-9-13(B) and (C) do not require the additional finding that Defendant states that the instruction lacks.\n{16} Nor do we agree with Defendant that the given instructions deviated from the applicable uniform jury instruction (UJI). UJI 14-926 NMRA reads:\nFor you to find the defendant guilty of criminal sexual contact of a minor by use of coercion by a person in a position of authority [as charged in Count_], the state must prove to your satisfaction beyond a reasonable doubt each of the following elements of the crime:\n1. The defendant [touched or applied force to the [unclothed]_of _ (name of victim);]\n[OR]\n[caused _ (name of victim) to touch the _ of the defendant;]\n2. The defendant was a [parent] [relative] [household member] [teacher] [employer]\n[person who by reason of the defendant\u2019s relationship to _(name of victim) was able to exercise undue influence over _(name of victim)]\nAND used this authority to coerce _ (name of victim) to submit to sexual contact;\n3. (name of victim) was at least thirteen (13) but less than eighteen (18) years old;\n[4. The defendant\u2019s act was unlawful;]\n5. This happened in New Mexico on or about the_day of\n(Emphasis omitted). Use Note 4 to UJI 14-926 instructs the court to \u201c[u]se the applicable alternative\u201d for the bracketed language in paragraph two of the instruction.\n{17} While we agree with Defendant that UJI 14-926 does not specify the use of \u201cor\u201d in stating the specified relationships listed in the UJI, Use Note 4 clearly indicates that the bracketed descriptions are alternatives. An \u201calternative\u201d offers \u201ca choice of two or more things.\u201d Webster\u2019s Third New Int\u2019l Dictionary 63 (2002). Like \u201cor,\u201d it is disjunctive. See id. 651 (defining \u201cdisjunctive\u201d in part as \u201cexpressing an alternative\u201d). The court\u2019s jury instruction comports with UJI 14-926.\nCONCLUSION\n{18} We affirm Defendant\u2019s convictions.\n{19} IT IS SO ORDERED.\nJAMES J. WECHSLER, Judge\nWE CONCUR:\nMICHAEL D. BUSTAMANTE, Judge\nRODERICK T. KENNEDY, Judge", "type": "majority", "author": "WECHSLER, Judge." } ], "attorneys": [ "Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General Santa Fe, NM Adam Greenwood, Assistant Attorney General Albuquerque, NM for Appellee", "Jorge A. Alvarado, Chief Public Defender Allison H. Jaramillo, Assistant Appellate Defender Santa Fe, NM for Appellant" ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "Certiorari Denied, March 8, 2016,\nNo. S-1-SC-35753\nIN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO\nOpinion Number: 2016-NMCA-032\nFiling Date: January 19, 2016\nDocket No. 33,561\nSTATE OF NEW MEXICO, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. LEROY ERWIN, Defendant-Appellant.\nHector H. Balderas, Attorney General Santa Fe, NM Adam Greenwood, Assistant Attorney General Albuquerque, NM for Appellee\nJorge A. Alvarado, Chief Public Defender Allison H. Jaramillo, Assistant Appellate Defender Santa Fe, NM for Appellant" }, "file_name": "0529-01", "first_page_order": 545, "last_page_order": 549 }