{ "id": 1594946, "name": "George VISARRAGA, et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. GATES RUBBER COMPANY, et al., Defendants, Littlejohn's Equipment Company, Inc., Defendant-Appellee", "name_abbreviation": "Visarraga v. Gates Rubber Co.", "decision_date": "1986-02-25", "docket_number": "No. 8219", "first_page": "143", "last_page": "149", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "104 N.M. 143" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "717 P.2d 596" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.M. Ct. App.", "id": 9025, "name": "Court of Appeals of New Mexico" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 52, "name_long": "New Mexico", "name": "N.M." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "216 Cal.Rptr. 388", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Cal. Rptr.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "77 N.M. 384", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 2809067 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1966, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "390" }, { "page": "425" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/77/0384-01" ] }, { "cite": "176 N.E.2d 761", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1961, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "22 Ill.2d 432", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2788413 ], "year": 1961, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/22/0432-01" ] }, { "cite": "702 P.2d 543", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "weight": 3, "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "546" }, { "page": "552" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "216 Cal.Rptr. 385", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Cal. Rptr.", "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "39 Cal.3d 35", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Cal. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2011380 ], "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/cal-3d/39/0035-01" ] }, { "cite": "19 A.L.R.3d 13", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "A.L.R. 3d", "year": 1968, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "48-53", "parenthetical": "for full discussion, see this entire annotation entitled, Products Liability: In Personam Jurisdiction Over Nonresident Manufacturer or Seller under \"Long-Arm\" Statutes" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "444 U.S. 320", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11306221 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/444/0320-01" ] }, { "cite": "84 N.M. 469", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 2768803 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1973, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/84/0469-01" ] }, { "cite": "102 N.M. 75", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1580193 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "holding that the defendant's mailing of brochures and the extent of its general solicitation activities within New Mexico were sufficient to subject defendant to jurisdiction in New Mexico" }, { "parenthetical": "holding that the defendant's mailing of brochures and the extent of its general solicitation activities within New Mexico were sufficient to subject defendant to jurisdiction in New Mexico" }, { "page": "77" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/102/0075-01" ] }, { "cite": "357 U.S. 235", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6162253 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1958, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/357/0235-01" ] }, { "cite": "471 U.S. 462", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6205101 ], "weight": 5, "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "475" }, { "page": "2183" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/471/0462-01" ] }, { "cite": "260 U.S. 516", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11926296 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1923, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/260/0516-01" ] }, { "cite": "326 U.S. 310", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6157001 ], "weight": 6, "year": 1945, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "319" }, { "page": "160" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/326/0310-01" ] }, { "cite": "83 N.M. 469", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 5341816 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1972, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "472" }, { "page": "957" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/83/0469-01" ] }, { "cite": "102 N.M. 56", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1580006 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1984, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/102/0056-01" ] }, { "cite": "444 U.S. 286", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11306135 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "297" }, { "page": "567" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/444/0286-01" ] }, { "cite": "466 U.S. 408", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6200640 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1874" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/466/0408-01" ] }, { "cite": "21 L.Ed.2d 691", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1969, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "89 S.Ct. 686", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "S. Ct.", "year": 1969, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "393 U.S. 1049", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11416452, 11416342, 11416409, 11416250, 11416315 ], "year": 1969, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/393/1049-05", "/us/393/1049-03", "/us/393/1049-04", "/us/393/1049-01", "/us/393/1049-02" ] }, { "cite": "401 F.2d 157", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 2135173 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/401/0157-01" ] }, { "cite": "100 N.M. 363", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1588619 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/100/0363-01" ] }, { "cite": "678 P.2d 705", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "year": 1984, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "101 N.M. 77", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "year": 1984, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "101 N.M. 126", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1586395 ], "weight": 4, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "270" }, { "page": "270" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/101/0126-01" ] }, { "cite": "101 N.M. 235", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1586423 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/101/0235-01" ] }, { "cite": "94 N.M. 727", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1573124 ], "weight": 5, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "728" }, { "page": "441" }, { "page": "728" }, { "page": "441" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/94/0727-01" ] }, { "cite": "88 N.M. 532", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 2840666 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1975, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/88/0532-01" ] }, { "cite": "89 N.M. 291", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 2862283 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1976, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/89/0291-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 917, "char_count": 19996, "ocr_confidence": 0.771, "pagerank": { "raw": 2.2943587432772653e-07, "percentile": 0.7866356301081646 }, "sha256": "400e65c281c83f74a0ca4101bb77bdf9b8eda6c34e5b4956d174b755e908b8ef", "simhash": "1:7b7fc480338ef4c8", "word_count": 3164 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T22:33:25.530063+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "ALARID and GARCIA, JJ., concur." ], "parties": [ "George VISARRAGA, et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. GATES RUBBER COMPANY, et al., Defendants, Littlejohn\u2019s Equipment Company, Inc., Defendant-Appellee." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "OPINION\nDONNELLY, Chief Judge.\nPlaintiffs appeal from an order granting summary judgment in favor of defendant Littlejohn\u2019s Equipment Company, Inc. (Littlejohn). The sole issue on appeal is whether the trial court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of Littlejohn, having concluded that the corporation was not subject to the jurisdiction of the New Mexico courts \u201cas a result of the transaction of business and the commission of a tortious act within the state of New Mexico.\u201d\nFACTS\nThis is an action to recover personal injury and property damages stemming from an explosion and fire, which occurred when a tank truck was making a delivery of gasoline to the service station owned by the plaintiffs, George and Oralia Visarraga. Plaintiffs, George and Oralia Visarraga are the parents of plaintiffs Michael and Wayne Visarraga. The two sons were at the station in Pe\u00f1asco at the time of the explosion.\nThe trial court entered an order granting the motion for summary judgment of Littlejohn, dismissing it as a defendant on the basis that the court found \u201cno genuine issue as to any material fact on the \u2018minimum contacts\u2019 Littlejohn\u2019s lacks with this forum and which are the prerequisites for the Court to assert its jurisdiction.\u201d No issue is raised in this appeal concerning the status of the other defendants.\nPlaintiffs\u2019 first amended complaint alleged inter alia that: (1) George and Oraba Visarraga were the owners of a service station; (2) Michael R. and Sue Ellen Robinson, d/b/a Robinson Oil, were agents of Texaco, Inc.; (3) Robinson\u2019s employee, Alfonso Vigil, while delivering gasoline to plaintiffs\u2019 station in Penasco, on June 11, 1981, negligently caused a fire and explosion; and (4) the fire and explosion resulted in destruction of plaintiffs\u2019 station and personal property, as well as impairment of their health, credit and earning ability. The explosion caused the death of the truck driver, Vigil, severe burns to plaintiff Michael Visarraga, and injuries to plaintiff Wayne Visarraga.\nThe complaint also alleged that Little-john was a Colorado corporation, not authorized to transact business in New Mexico, and was engaged in the business of selling products utilized in the distribution of gasoline and similar products; that Littlejohn purchased a hose for a gasoline tank truck from Gates Rubber Company (Gates), in Colorado, and sold the hose to Timpte-Beall. After installing the hose, plaintiffs asserted that, Timpte-Beall sold the tank truck to Robinson Oil Company in New Mexico. Plaintiffs further alleged that the hose used on the tank truck was defective and caused a spark to ignite the gasoline which flowed through the hose and that the negligence of defendants proximately contributed to the damages suffered by plaintiffs.\nIn response to plaintiffs\u2019 complaint, Littlejohn filed an answer and asserted the lack of in personam jurisdiction, among other affirmative defenses. Littlejohn also filed a motion for summary judgment based on the lack of in personam jurisdiction. In support of its motion for summary judgment, Littlejohn attached the affidavit of its company president, Kendall H. Johnson. Johnson\u2019s affidavit stated that the hose on the tank truck, delivering gasoline at the time of the fire and explosion, was manufactured by Gates. Gates sold the hose to Littlejohn, who then delivered it to defendant Timpte-Beall.\nPlaintiffs recited that in opposition to the motion for summary judgment, they relied \u201cprimarily upon the depositions of Carl Almquist, Roger W. Bybee, George T. Cook, Kendall H. Johnson, D.G. Dabbs, Bruce E. Birza, and Clarke Stroud.\u201d These depositions, except that of Johnson, were not made part of the record on appeal.\nIn his deposition, Kendall H. Johnson testified that Littlejohn was engaged in the business of distributing petroleum equipment; that approximately five percent of its business related specifically to the distribution of hoses, nozzles, and related items; that Littlejohn has only three customers in New Mexico and has engaged in business with those customers for between one and four years. Johnson\u2019s deposition and affidavit also recited that since 1980, two of these New Mexico resalers have made unsolicited contacts with Littlejohn in Denver, to order parts distributed by Little-john.\nJohnson\u2019s affidavit also asserted that Littlejohn conducts no operations in New Mexico, is not licensed to do business in this state, and does not solicit business in New Mexico. Johnson\u2019s affidavit further stated that in July 1978, Timpte-Beall, a Denver-based outfitter of petroleum distributing equipment, contacted Littlejohn and ordered a Gates Rubber 421-B Wagon-master hose, with fittings appropriate for installation on a gasoline tank truck. The truck with the hose was subsequently sold by Timpte-Beall to Robinson Oil Company in Taos, New Mexico.\nDISCUSSION\nLittlejohn contends that New Mexico courts have no basis to exercise personal jurisdiction over it under this state\u2019s long-arm statute, NMSA 1978, Section 38-1-16(A). The latter statute provides in pertinent part:\nA. Any person, whether or not a citizen or resident of this state, who in person or through an agent does any of the acts enumerated in this subsection thereby submits himself or his personal representative to the jurisdiction of the courts of this state as to any cause of action arising from:\n(1) the transaction of any business within this state;\n* * * sit * *\n(3) the commission of a tortious act within this state[.]\nLong-arm statutes have been held to be in derogation of the common law, hence, they must be strictly construed. Worland v. Worland, 89 N.M. 291, 551 P.2d 981 (1976). In order to satisfy the requirements of the long-arm statute, and invest the courts of this state with jurisdiction, the act complained of must meet a three-prong test: (1) defendant must do one of the acts enumerated in Section 38-1-16(A); (2) plaintiffs cause of action must arise from the specified act, Section 38-1-16(C); and (3) defendant must have minimum contacts sufficient to satisfy due process. See Telephonic, Inc. v. Rosenblum, 88 N.M. 532, 543 P.2d 825 (1975). As noted in Tarango v. Pastrana, 94 N.M. 727, 728, 616 P.2d 440, 441 (Ct.App.1980), \u201c[t]he question of personal jurisdiction over out-of-state residents involves more than a technical \u2018transaction of any business\u2019 or the technical \u2018commission of a tortious act\u2019 within New Mexico. The meaning of those terms, in our statute, is to be equated with the minimum contacts sufficient to satisfy due process.\u201d See also Aetna Casualty & Surety Co. v. Bendix Control Division, 101 N.M. 235, 680 P.2d 616 (Ct.App.1984).\n(A) Claim of Transaction of Business\nPlaintiff argues on appeal that Littlejohn has had sufficient minimum contacts with the State of New Mexico through the transaction of business to subject it to the jurisdiction of our courts.\nNew Mexico decisions have consistently recognized that courts of this state may exercise personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant only so long as sufficient minimum contacts exist between the defendant and the forum state. See Swindle v. General Motors Acceptance Corp., 101 N.M. 126, 679 P.2d 268 (Ct.App.), cert. denied, 101 N.M. 77, 678 P.2d 705 (1984). New Mexico courts equate the \u201ctransaction of business\u201d and \u201cthe commission of a tortious act\u201d required under our long-arm statute with the due process \u201cminimum contacts\u201d standard. Id. at 128, 679 P.2d at 270.\nIn order to satisfy both state and federal constitutional requirements, the minimum contacts with New Mexico must be sufficient so as not to violate basic principles of due process. Roberts v. Piper Aircraft Corp., 100 N.M. 363, 670 P.2d 974 (Ct.App.1983). A trial court may not exercise more jurisdiction than the state statute permits. Beaty v. M.S. Steel Co., 401 F.2d 157 (4th Cir.1968), cert. denied, 393 U.S. 1049, 89 S.Ct. 686, 21 L.Ed.2d 691 (1969). The due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment operates to limit the power of a state to assert in personam jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant. Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia, S.A. v. Hall, 466 U.S. 408, 104 S.Ct. 1868, 80 L.Ed.2d 404 (1984). The defendant\u2019s contacts with the forum state must be such that he should \u201creasonably anticipate being haled into court there\u201d. World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 297, 100 S.Ct. 559, 567, 62 L.Ed.2d 490 (1980).\nA single transaction of business within this state can be sufficient to subject a nonresident defendant to in person-am jurisdiction in this state, provided that the cause of action involved in the suit arises from the transaction of that particular business. Customwood Manufacturing, Inc. v. Downey Construction Co., 102 N.M. 56, 691 P.2d 57 (1984). See also \u00a7 38-1-16(A)(1) and (C). There must be a close relationship between the claimed transaction of business in New Mexico and the cause of action. Winward v. Holly Creek Mills, Inc., 83 N.M. 469, 493 P.2d 954 (1972). The test for determining the sufficiency of minimum contacts is whether plaintiffs claim \u201clies in the wake of defendant\u2019s commercial activities in New Mexico.\u201d Id. at 472, 493 P.2d at 957.\nIn their claim that New Mexico jurisdiction was proper, based on Littlejohn\u2019s doing of business in New Mexico, plaintiffs rely on the fact that Littlejohn had three New Mexico customers over the past few years. Each of these customers, however, was unsolicited by Littlejohn. A similar argument was advanced in Helic\u00f3pteros Nacionales de Columbia, S.A. v. Hall, a recent United States Supreme Court decision. The Supreme Court held in part:\nThis court in International Shoe [Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 66 S.Ct. 154, 90 L.Ed. 95 (1945)] acknowledged and did not repudiate its holding in Rosenberg [Brothers Co v. Curtis Brown Co., 260 U.S. 516, 43 S.Ct. 170, 67 L.Ed. 372 (1923) ]. * * * In accordance with Rosenberg, we hold that mere purchases, even if occurring at regular intervals, are not enough to warrant a State\u2019s assertion of in personam jurisdiction over a nonresident corporation in a cause of action not related to those purchase transactions. [Emphasis added.]\n104 S.Ct. at 1874.\nA defendant corporation need not be physically present in the forum state to subject it to in personam jurisdiction. Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 105 S.Ct. 2174, 85 L.Ed.2d 528 (1985). However, the nonresident defendant must purposefully avail itself of the privilege of conducting activities within the forum state to be subject to that state\u2019s jurisdiction. Id.; Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235, 78 S.Ct. 1228, 2 L.Ed.2d 1283 (1958). The purposeful activity requirement ensures that a defendant will not be subject to jurisdiction \u201csolely as a result of \u2018random,\u2019 \u2018fortuitous\u2019 or \u2018attenuated\u2019 contacts.\u201d Burger King Corp., 471 U.S. at 475, 105 S.Ct. at 2183.\nIn the recent case of Kathrein v. Parkview Meadows, Inc., 102 N.M. 75, 691 P.2d 462 (1984) (holding that the defendant\u2019s mailing of brochures and the extent of its general solicitation activities within New Mexico were sufficient to subject defendant to jurisdiction in New Mexico), the supreme court noted that among relevant factors in determining whether a nonresident defendant has transacted any business within the state is \u201cthe voluntariness of defendant\u2019s contact with the State.\u201d Id. at 77, 691 P.2d at 464. It is defendant\u2019s activities which must provide the basis for personal jurisdiction, not the acts of other defendants or third parties. See Telephonic, Inc. v. Rosenblum; Diamond A Cattle Co. v. Broadbent, 84 N.M. 469, 505 P.2d 64 (1973). The unilateral activity of those who claim a relationship with a nonresident defendant does not alone satisfy the requirement of contact with the forum state. World-Wide Volkswagen; Rush v. Savchuk, 444 U.S. 320, 100 S.Ct. 571, 62 L.Ed.2d 516 (1980).\nApplying these principles for determining the transaction of business to the instant case, we find that there is no factual issue as to soliciting business or advertising to customers.\n(B) Claim of Tortious Act\nAre there disputed issues of material fact concerning plaintiff\u2019s contention that defendant Littlejohn committed a tortious act in New Mexico?\nPlaintiffs\u2019 complaint alleges that Little-john created a defective product and is responsible, under principles of product liability, for the injuries and damage which occurred in this state.\nIn Swindle v. General Motors Acceptance Corp., this court discussed whether a manufacturer of a defective product can be held to answer in this state for an injury caused by the product, wherever the injury occurred, if the manufacturer has chosen to distribute its product nationally. The court held:\nTo satisfy constitutional due process requirements in applying this theory, we must find that [defendant] has purposely availed itself of the privilege of conducting activities in New Mexico. [Citation omitted.] For example, we might apply this theory if [defendant] itself had sold a defective product in a nationwide market. That is not the case.\n101 N.M. at 128, 679 P.2d at 270.\nHere, the undisputed facts show Little-john has never advertised nationally; it has not solicited business in New Mexico newspapers, television or radio stations; nor has it participated in trade shows or fairs in New Mexico.\nPlaintiffs argue that because Littlejohn sold a hose in Colorado for installation on a petroleum tank truck, it should have foreseen that the truck might be driven and used in New Mexico. \u201cForeseeability,\u201d without more, does not suffice to establish the necessary minimum contacts under a state\u2019s long-arm requirements. See World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson; Roberts v. Piper Aircraft Corp. See also Annot., 19 A.L.R.3d 13, 48-53 (1968) (for full discussion, see this entire annotation entitled, Products Liability: In Personam Jurisdiction Over Nonresident Manufacturer or Seller under \u201cLong-Arm\u201d Statutes).\nAs observed in International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 319, 66 S.Ct. 154, 160, 90 L.Ed. 95 (1945), the minimum contacts test depends on the \u201cquality and nature\u201d of defendant\u2019s activities within the state. If the activities of a nonresident entity are extensive, systematic and continuous, it may subject it to jurisdiction within this state on a cause of action unrelated to those activities. Asahi Metal Industry Ltd. v. Superior Court, 39 Cal.3d 35, 216 Cal.Rptr. 385, 702 P.2d 543 (1985); Gray v. American Radiator & Standard Sanitary Corp, 22 Ill.2d 432, 176 N.E.2d 761 (1961). However, if the activity is less extensive, the cause of action must arise out of or be connected with the defendant\u2019s contacts related to the forum. See Gray.\nIn Blount v. T D Publishing Corp., 77 N.M. 384, 390, 423 P.2d 421, 425 (1966), the supreme court held that \u201c[t]he jurisdictional act is not the creation of a defect, but the nationwide distribution of defective products.\u201d See also Swindle v. General Motors Acceptance Corp. The acts of Littlejohn relied upon by plaintiffs do not rise to the level to satisfy the \u201cquantum of contact sufficient to warrant jurisdiction.\u201d (Citation omitted.) Tarango v. Pastrana, 94 N.M. at 728, 616 P.2d at 441. As noted in Tarango, even though an \u201calleged tort may have been completed in New Mexico that, in itself, is insufficient. The minimum contact requirement must be met.\u201d Id.\nRelying on Asahi Metal Industry Co. v. Superior Court, plaintiffs contend that delivery of a product into the stream of commerce with the expectation that it will be purchased by New Mexican consumers, is a sufficient basis for jurisdiction in New Mexico. Asahi is distinguishable from the facts of the instant case. There, cross-claimant sought to subject the third-party defendant Asahi, a Japanese corporation, to the jurisdiction of the California court under that state\u2019s long-arm statute. Third-party defendant Asahi was a manufacturer of tire valve assemblies, which were incorporated into tires and tubes sold throughout the world. Asahi engaged in business with cross-claimant Cheng Shin, a tube manufacturer, which made approximately twenty percent of its total sales in California. As a result of discussions with the tube manufacturer, Asahi knew that its valve assemblies would be placed in tubes sold in California and that it would derive economic benefit from the California sales. The court in Asahi held that defendant delivered its products into the stream of commerce with the expectation that they would be purchased in California and in other parts of the United States. The California court in Asahi also found that the minimum contacts requirement was met and thus defendant was properly subject to California law.\nPlaintiffs argue that the historical trend has been toward the expansion of the jurisdiction of state courts over foreign corporations and other nonresidents, and plaintiffs urge that New Mexico should expand its minimum contacts test for jurisdiction. In construing the \u201cstream of commerce rule\u201d announced in World-Wide Volkswagen, the court in Asahi observed that while the minimum contacts limitation upon the exercise of jurisdiction has been liberalized, this \u201cliberalization has not proceeded unabated.\u201d Asahi, 216 Cal.Rptr. 388, 702 P.2d at 546. To satisfy the minimum contacts, World-Wide Volkswagen requires that a corporation must purposefully avail itself of the privilege of conducting activities in the forum state. The court in Asahi noted that in applying the purposeful availment test, World-Wide Volkswagen made a distinction between the availment of manufacturers or primary distributors of a broad market with known benefits and the availment of secondary distributors or retailers of a narrower market. Adopting the World-Wide Volkswagen distinction, the court in Asahi found that \u201cthe minimum contacts requirement is satisfied where, as here, the manufacturer is aware that a substantial number of its products will be sold in the forum state.\u201d Id. at 393, 702 P.2d at 552.\n. The present case is distinguishable from Asahi. Here, Littlejohn\u2019s contact with New Mexico as the forum state, is more attenuated. Littlejohn was a secondary distributor, having at best a narrow market for its products here. Littlejohn has not pursued a policy of purposeful business activity in this state and its contacts herein may be fairly characterized as minimal and random in nature. Littlejohn did not purposefully cause the hose in question, or any substantial number of the products sold by it, to be shipped into New Mexico; and did not engage in a nationwide sales or distribution scheme. Littlejohn maintained no property or agents in this state, nor did it engage in business in New Mexico and solicited no business nor made any direct sales in New Mexico. Compare Gray v. American Radiator & Standard Sanitary Corp.; Kathrein v. Parkview Meadows, Inc.\nThe record herein failed to establish that Littlejohn had sufficient minimum contacts with New Mexico to invest this state with in personam jurisdiction over it, either on the basis of its transaction of business or the commission of a tortious act. Moreover, the requirements of due process also necessitate a determination of whether the court\u2019s exercise of its jurisdiction would be fair and reasonable. Asahi Metal Industry Co. v. Superior Court. Under the record herein, the contacts of defendant in this state were not sufficient to meet the requirements of due process. The trial court properly granted summary judgment as to Littlejohn.\nThe order granting summary judgment is affirmed.\nIT IS SO ORDERED.\nALARID and GARCIA, JJ., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "DONNELLY, Chief Judge." } ], "attorneys": [ "Robert Dale Morrison, P.C., Taos, for plaintiffs-appellants.", "Paul L. Butt, Shaffer, Butt, Thornton & Baehr, P.C., Albuquerque, for defendantappellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "717 P.2d 596\nGeorge VISARRAGA, et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. GATES RUBBER COMPANY, et al., Defendants, Littlejohn\u2019s Equipment Company, Inc., Defendant-Appellee.\nNo. 8219.\nCourt of Appeals of New Mexico.\nFeb. 25, 1986.\nCertiorari Quashed April 18, 1986.\nRobert Dale Morrison, P.C., Taos, for plaintiffs-appellants.\nPaul L. Butt, Shaffer, Butt, Thornton & Baehr, P.C., Albuquerque, for defendantappellee." }, "file_name": "0143-01", "first_page_order": 177, "last_page_order": 183 }