{ "id": 1592784, "name": "Manuel MONTOYA, Petitioner-Appellant, v. NEW MEXICO HUMAN SERVICES DEPARTMENT, INCOME SUPPORT DIVISION, Respondent-Appellee", "name_abbreviation": "Montoya v. New Mexico Human Services Department", "decision_date": "1989-03-07", "docket_number": "No. 10156", "first_page": "263", "last_page": "267", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "108 N.M. 263" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "771 P.2d 196" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.M. Ct. App.", "id": 9025, "name": "Court of Appeals of New Mexico" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 52, "name_long": "New Mexico", "name": "N.M." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "105 N.M. 161", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1599075 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "proof of the elements of promissory estoppel is sufficient to support an oral contract for employment, otherwise barred by the statute of frauds" }, { "parenthetical": "proof of the elements of promissory estoppel is sufficient to support an oral contract for employment, otherwise barred by the statute of frauds" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/105/0161-01" ] }, { "cite": "437 A.2d 645", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "A.2d", "case_ids": [ 7977852 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/a2d/437/0645-01" ] }, { "cite": "349 So.2d 813", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "So. 2d", "case_ids": [ 9731692 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/so2d/349/0813-01" ] }, { "cite": "64 N.D. 497", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.D.", "case_ids": [ 4464676 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1934, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "503", "parenthetical": "citations omitted" }, { "page": "859", "parenthetical": "citations omitted" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nd/64/0497-01" ] }, { "cite": "58 N.M. 190", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1587692 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1954, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/58/0190-01" ] }, { "cite": "72 N.M. 336", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 2855979 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1963, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/72/0336-01" ] }, { "cite": "84 N.M. 387", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 2766540 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1972, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/84/0387-01" ] }, { "cite": "94 N.M. 241", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1573058 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "resulting trust occurs where legal estate is disposed of but the intent appears or is inferred that the beneficial interest is not to be enjoyed with the legal title" }, { "parenthetical": "resulting trust occurs where legal estate is disposed of but the intent appears or is inferred that the beneficial interest is not to be enjoyed with the legal title" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/94/0241-01" ] }, { "cite": "99 N.M. 78", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1584577 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/99/0078-01" ] }, { "cite": "100 N.M. 133", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1588630 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/100/0133-01" ] }, { "cite": "84 N.M. 58", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 2762518 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/84/0058-01" ] }, { "cite": "83 N.M. 703", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 5340350 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "705" }, { "page": "1101" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/83/0703-01" ] }, { "cite": "55 N.M. 81", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1582960 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1950, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "a statute that uses the word \"including\" is not limited in meaning to the things included" }, { "parenthetical": "a statute that uses the word \"including\" is not limited in meaning to the things included" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/55/0081-01" ] }, { "cite": "89 N.M. 756", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 2865786 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1977, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "statutes to be given effect as written and, where free from ambiguity, there is no room for construction" }, { "parenthetical": "statutes to be given effect as written and, where free from ambiguity, there is no room for construction" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/89/0756-01" ] }, { "cite": "108 N.M. 124", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1592854 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "129" }, { "page": "368" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/108/0124-01" ] }, { "cite": "105 N.M. 467", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1598990 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/105/0467-01" ] }, { "cite": "101 N.M. 291", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1586346 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1984, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/101/0291-01" ] }, { "cite": "106 N.M. 657", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 707439 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/106/0657-01" ] }, { "cite": "106 N.M. 715", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 707895 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/106/0715-01" ] }, { "cite": "7 C.F.R. \u00a7 273.8", "category": "laws:admin_compilation", "reporter": "C.F.R.", "weight": 2, "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "(e)(8)" }, { "page": "(e)(8)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 768, "char_count": 15166, "ocr_confidence": 0.786, "pagerank": { "raw": 9.190475474329763e-08, "percentile": 0.509407498274996 }, "sha256": "23fa7d141f20a7133805b54f25f2dbc00f919f00430e6bc280af1b729c4524bf", "simhash": "1:9426361f0993e62a", "word_count": 2513 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T16:06:26.206257+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "BIVINS, C.J., and ALARID, J., concur." ], "parties": [ "Manuel MONTOYA, Petitioner-Appellant, v. NEW MEXICO HUMAN SERVICES DEPARTMENT, INCOME SUPPORT DIVISION, Respondent-Appellee." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "OPINION\nMINZNER, Judge.\nClaimant Manuel Montoya appeals from a decision of the Human Services Department (HSD) terminating his food stamp benefits. Claimant\u2019s wife, Maria, had attempted to make a gift of land to her children, but she continued to hold legal title. HSD determined that under these circumstances, claimant had an accessible resource valued in excess of the $3,000 permitted for program eligibility. See 7 C.F.R. \u00a7 273.8(e)(8) (1987). This appeal raises issues of first impression: whether an oral gift of real property is enforceable in New Mexico and, if so, whether land that is the subject of an enforceable gift is a resource that is accessible to the donor. We hold that under the circumstances of this case, Maria\u2019s attempted oral gift of land to her children created an equitable cloud on the title, and therefore the land was not an accessible resource. Thus, we reverse the agency\u2019s decision.\nFACTS\nThe Montoyas first became eligible for food stamps in 1985. They did not report ownership of the land in question when they applied for benefits. The land is not adjacent to their home.\nIn 1986, HSD became aware that Maria held legal title to unreported land, and county officials investigated. In 1987, HSD notified the Montoyas that their food stamp benefits would be eliminated. After requesting a fair hearing on the appeal, Maria quitclaimed her interest in the property to her children, Ysrael and Cruzita.\nThe evidence offered by the Montoyas and their children at the administrative hearing was not disputed. Thus, the facts on which we rely are primarily based on their testimony and documents.\nThe land in question had been the subject of an attempted oral gift to Maria by her parents in 1973. Maria\u2019s parents told her the property was hers; they were observing longstanding northern New Mexico tradition in orally declaring, prior to their death, their children\u2019s portions. In keeping with that tradition, Maria\u2019s parents intended the land to be part of Maria\u2019s inheritance, but it was to be presently enjoyed. Nevertheless, Maria did not receive a deed to the property until after both her parents had died in 1976. At that time, her brothers quitclaimed their interests to her.\nAfter Maria received legal title, she elected to observe the same tradition her parents had observed, and she told Ysrael and Cruzita that the property belonged to them. Ysrael testified that the attempted oral gift to him occurred in 1976; Cruzita testified that the attempted oral gift to her occurred in 1978. Maria testified that she gave her children the property in 1977. For our purposes, the variation in dates is not important.\nBoth Ysrael and Cruzita relied upon the oral conveyance and built major permanent improvements on their respective portions of the property. Ysrael took possession, dug a well and built a home; Cruzita built a garage and intends to build a home on her half of the property. Ysrael and Cruzita paid the taxes after the attempted oral conveyances. Claimant and Maria exercised no authority or control over the land.\nThe hearing officer ruled that the household owned property the value of which exceeded the maximum, because Maria had retained legal title. HSD affirmed the hearing officer.\nDISCUSSION\nIn reviewing an administrative decision, this court will not disturb the decision unless it is found to be \u201c(1) arbitrary, capricious or an abuse of discretion; (2) not supported by substantial evidence in the record as a whole; or (3) otherwise not in accordance with law.\u201d NMSA 1978, \u00a7 27-3-4(F) (Repl.Pamp.1984); Landavazo v. New Mexico Dep\u2019t of Human Servs., Income Support Div., 106 N.M. 715, 749 P.2d 538 (Ct.App.1988). We do not reweigh the evidence in such a review, nor do we resolve any conflicts in evidence. State Dep\u2019t of Transp., Motor Vehicle Div. v. Romero, 106 N.M. 657, 748 P.2d 30 (Ct.App.1987). If there is substantial evidence on which a reasonable mind would have made such a decision, we should affirm the administrative officer\u2019s decision. Duke City Lumber Co. v. New Mexico Envtl. Improvement Bd., 101 N.M. 291, 681 P.2d 717 (1984). However, our review must be of the \u201cwhole record.\u201d Id.\nUnder the whole record standard of review, we consider all the evidence, whether favorable or unfavorable. Trujillo v. Employment Sec. Dep\u2019t, 105 N.M. 467, 734 P.2d 245 (Ct.App.1987). Recently, this court discussed the standard in the context of reviewing decisions by the workers\u2019 compensation administration. The discussion is also relevant in the context of reviewing decisions by HSD.\nThe reviewing court starts out with the perception that all evidence, favorable and unfavorable, will be viewed in the light most favorable to the agency\u2019s decision. This would, however, not preclude the court from setting aside the agency decision when it cannot conscientiously say that the evidence supporting the decision is substantial, when viewed in the light that the whole record furnishes.\nTollman v. ABF, 108 N.M. 124, 129, 767 P.2d 363, 368 (Ct.App.1988).\nOn appeal, HSD argues that the land does not come under one of the exclusions listed in the regulations, and therefore the resource is accessible for food stamp eligibility determinations. We disagree.\nThe regulation provides, in relevant part, that resources that are excluded from the determination of the household\u2019s resources include:\nResources having a cash value which is not accessible to the household, such as but not limited to, irrevocable trust funds, security deposits on rental property or utilities, property in probate, and real property which the household is making a good faith effort to sell at a reasonable price and which has not been sold * * *. [Emphasis added.]\n7 C.F.R. \u00a7 273.8(e)(8). See also III HSD Income Support Division Program Manual (ISDPM) \u00a7 FS 412.5 (Effective December 1, 1987) (similar language); cf. ISDPM \u00a7 FS 412.1 (home and adjacent property excluded).\nThe list of exclusions was not intended to be exhaustive. The language clearly contemplates other items with cash values not accessible to the household in addition to the items specifically listed. The regulation should be interpreted as written. Cf. State v. Elliott, 89 N.M. 756, 557 P.2d 1105 (1977) (statutes to be given effect as written and, where free from ambiguity, there is no room for construction); Wilson v. Rowan Drilling Co., 55 N.M. 81, 227 P.2d 365 (1950) (a statute that uses the word \u201cincluding\u201d is not limited in meaning to the things included).\nThe issue is whether the land in question is an available resource. \u201cUnder the State regulations, resources which are not in fact available to meet current needs are not to be considered in determining eligibility for public assistance.\u201d Baca v. New Mexico Health & Social Servs. Dep\u2019t, 83 N.M. 703, 705, 496 P.2d 1099, 1101 (Ct.App.1972). See also Trujillo v. Health & Social Servs. Dep\u2019t, 84 N.M. 58, 499 P.2d 376 (Ct.App.1972).\nThe question of availability is ordinarily a question of fact to be proved by substantial evidence. We assume but need not decide that HSD was required to prove availability, that a prima facie case of availability was made by proof of legal title to the resource, and that the resource was not within a specific exclusion. Nevertheless, the resource was not available if a valid competing equitable claim to title existed. See Cruz v. New Mexico Dep\u2019t of Human Servs., Income Support Div., 100 N.M. 133, 666 P.2d 1280 (Ct.App.1983); Russell v. New Mexico Human Servs. Dep\u2019t, Income Support Div., 99 N.M. 78, 653 P.2d 1224 (Ct.App.1982).\nIn Cruz, claimant\u2019s mother transferred legal title to her property to claimant. However, the mother continued to reside on the land, and claimant was not aware that her mother had made the transfer. This court determined that a resulting trust had been created, and that claimant did not have any beneficial interest in the land. See generally Thomas v. Reid, 94 N.M. 241, 608 P.2d 1123, (1980) (resulting trust occurs where legal estate is disposed of but the intent appears or is inferred that the beneficial interest is not to be enjoyed with the legal title). Accordingly, the claimant in Cruz had no interest in the land that was available to meet her needs.\nSimilarly, in Russell, a case involving termination of both food stamp and AFDC benefits, this court determined that claimant had, in effect, transferred her interest in a house, without formal conveyance by deed, to her children as payment for a debt. The proceeds from a subsequent sale of the house were not a resource available to claimant\u2019s household for purposes of determining HSD benefit eligibility, because she had retained no beneficial interest in the house.\nAlthough the facts in Cruz and Russell are somewhat different from those in the present case, the principle recognized there has application here. In keeping with the accessibility requirements of 7 C.F.R. Section 273.8(e)(8) and ISDPM Section 412.5, claimant\u2019s household must have a right to the cash value of the resource in order for the resource to be considered in an eligibility determination. In keeping with Cruz and Russell, claimant was entitled to show the land in question was not an available resource, because the Montoya children had an equitable claim to title. That brings us to the question of whether the Montoya children had an equitable claim to title. We conclude they did.\nAlthough an oral conveyance of property is generally not enforceable under the statute of frauds, there are exceptions. While this case presents an issue of first impression in New Mexico, our cases clearly recognize other exceptions, such as the enforceability of an oral contract to sell real property. See, e.g., Candelaria v. Sandoval, 84 N.M. 387, 503 P.2d 1165 (1972); Alvarez v. Alvarez, 72 N.M. 336, 383 P.2d 581 (1963); Shipp v. Thomas, 58 N.M. 190, 269 P.2d 741 (1954). Under these cases, an oral contract is given effect when it has been performed to such an extent that it would be inequitable to deny enforcement. See, e.g., Shipp v. Thomas.\nSuits for specific performance of oral promises to give land are governed by the same rules as those for the sale of land. Ill American Law of Property \u00a7\u00a7 11.7, 15.25 (A. Casner ed. 1952). The same equitable rules, including promissory estoppel, protect oral gifts as well as oral contracts for the sale of land.\nThere is no good reason why a gift should not be subject to the same rules as a sale, and the cases so hold. Thus where under a parol gift of land the donee takes possession and makes improvements in reliance on the gift so it would work a substantial injustice to hold the gift void, the transaction is taken out of the statute of frauds.\nHeuer v. Heuer, 64 N.D. 497, 503, 253 N.W. 856, 859 (1934) (citations omitted).\nIt has been said that a parol gift of property is enforceable when there is conclusive proof of words showing that the donor intended to make a gift, that possession was taken in reliance on the gift, and that the donee made permanent and valuable improvements. Locke v. Pyle, 349 So.2d 813 (Fla.App.1977). The evidence must be clear and convincing and referable exclusively to the gift. Id. Alternatively, it has been said that the circumstances must be such that refusal to enforce the promise would work fraud on the donee. Tozier v. Tozier, 437 A.2d 645 (Me.1981). These appear to be alternative theories of enforceability. See generally J. Cribbet, Principles of the Law of Property 130-31 (2d ed. 1975) (discussing the doctrine of part performance as operating on one of two theories: unequivocal referability or equitable fraud). These theories are recognized in our case law on the enforceability of a contract to sell real property. See Candelaria v. Sandoval; Alvarez v. Alvarez; Shipp v. Thomas.\nWe are persuaded that there is no essential difference between the circumstances that make it inequitable to deny enforcement to an oral contract to sell real property and those that make it inequitable to refuse to enforce a promise to give real property. Thus, we hold that if there is proof of the elements of promissory estoppel, an oral gift of real property is enforceable in New Mexico. Cf. Eavenson v. Lewis Means, Inc., 105 N.M. 161, 730 P.2d 464 (1986) (proof of the elements of promissory estoppel is sufficient to support an oral contract for employment, otherwise barred by the statute of frauds).\nIn the instant case, it is undisputed that Maria made what she believed to be a valid gift, that both Ysrael and Cruzita reasonably relied upon her attempt, and that in reliance thereon they built major permanent improvements on their respective portions. There was also uncontradicted testimony that thereafter claimant and Maria exercised no authority or control over the land and Ysrael and Cruzita paid the taxes. The attempted transfer in this case occurred many years before the Montoyas applied for food stamps; there is no evidence of an intent to defraud. This evidence, if found to be clear and convincing by the trier of fact, would support enforcement of Maria\u2019s oral gift under the theory of equitable fraud. See Tozier v. Tozier. Under these circumstances, Ysrael and Cruzita had competing, equitable claims to title that made Maria\u2019s legal title of doubtful value.\nHSD has argued that, because Maria has never denied the gift, this is not a case in which the theory of equitable fraud applies. HSD argues that the principle is intended to prevent injustice to a donee, not a donor. This argument is without merit.\nHSD\u2019s decision in effect denies the gift on Maria\u2019s behalf. The impact on Ysrael and Cruzita is indirect, but it is articulable. If we were to affirm the decision, Ysrael and Cruzita can retain the legal title their mother transferred, but they will do so at their parents\u2019 expense. We have no doubt that this situation would place pressure on the donees either to reconvey the land or to provide their parents with other support. If in fact the land belongs to Ysrael and Cruzita, neither alternative is required of them.\nThe regulations, and our case law, favor substance over form. There was substantial evidence in the record as a whole that Maria held legal title subject to a claim of equitable title in her children. We conclude the resource was not accessible within the meaning of 7 C.F.R. Section 273.-8(e)(8). In view of our disposition, we do not reach the other issues argued on appeal.\nCONCLUSION\nThe HSD decision in this case is therefore incorrect and should be reversed. We remand for reinstatement of benefits as well as reimbursement for the benefits lost after termination of claimant\u2019s benefits. No costs are awarded.\nIT IS SO ORDERED.\nBIVINS, C.J., and ALARID, J., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "MINZNER, Judge." } ], "attorneys": [ "Clark De Schweinitz, Northern New Mexico Legal Services, Inc., Santa Fe, for petitioner-appellant.", "Jennifer A. Salisbury, Gen. Counsel, Ernest 0. Pacheco, Susan K. Rehr, Sp. Assistants Gen. Counsel, Human Services Dept., Santa Fe, for respondent-appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "771 P.2d 196\nManuel MONTOYA, Petitioner-Appellant, v. NEW MEXICO HUMAN SERVICES DEPARTMENT, INCOME SUPPORT DIVISION, Respondent-Appellee.\nNo. 10156.\nCourt of Appeals of New Mexico.\nMarch 7, 1989.\nClark De Schweinitz, Northern New Mexico Legal Services, Inc., Santa Fe, for petitioner-appellant.\nJennifer A. Salisbury, Gen. Counsel, Ernest 0. Pacheco, Susan K. Rehr, Sp. Assistants Gen. Counsel, Human Services Dept., Santa Fe, for respondent-appellee." }, "file_name": "0263-01", "first_page_order": 301, "last_page_order": 305 }