{ "id": 720264, "name": "Philip CARISTO, Petitioner, v. George E. SULLIVAN, Respondent; Jimmy Neil KINSLOW, Petitioner, v. George E. SULLIVAN, Warden, Respondent", "name_abbreviation": "Caristo v. Sullivan", "decision_date": "1991-09-23", "docket_number": "Nos. 19,190, 19,232", "first_page": "623", "last_page": "632", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "112 N.M. 623" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "818 P.2d 401" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.M.", "id": 8835, "name": "Supreme Court of New Mexico" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 52, "name_long": "New Mexico", "name": "N.M." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "794 P.2d 734", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "year": 1990, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "110 N.M. 260", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "year": 1990, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "110 N.M. 393", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 716932 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "395-97" }, { "page": "616-18" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/110/0393-01" ] }, { "cite": "418 U.S. 539", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6173832 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1974, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "minimum requirements of procedural due process apply to deprivation of state-created right to good time credit" }, { "parenthetical": "minimum requirements of procedural due process apply to deprivation of state-created right to good time credit" }, { "parenthetical": "minimum requirements of procedural due process apply to deprivation of state-created right to good time credit" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/418/0539-01" ] }, { "cite": "632 P.2d 837", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "case_ids": [ 10440931 ], "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "839", "parenthetical": "\"no basis in law, logic or justice\" to give credit on Utah sentence for time served in foreign state penal institutions on separate offenses committed while on escape from Utah" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/p2d/632/0837-01" ] }, { "cite": "98 N.M. 213", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1582585 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1982, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/98/0213-01" ] }, { "cite": "100 N.M. 498", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1588679 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "501" }, { "page": "1132" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/100/0498-01" ] }, { "cite": "88 N.M. 52", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 2842009 ], "weight": 4, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "54-55" }, { "page": "1110-11" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/88/0052-01" ] }, { "cite": "107 N.M. 478", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1597078 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/107/0478-01" ] }, { "cite": "797 P.2d 983", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "year": 1990, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "110 N.M. 533", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "year": 1990, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "110 N.M. 534", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 716939 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/110/0534-01" ] }, { "cite": "96 N.M. 29", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1577356 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "second conviction of armed robbery under Section 30-16-2 (Repl.Pamp.1984)" }, { "parenthetical": "second conviction of armed robbery under Section 30-16-2 (Repl.Pamp.1984)" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/96/0029-01" ] }, { "cite": "76 N.M. 177", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 8501008 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1966, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "181" }, { "page": "217" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/76/0177-01" ] }, { "cite": "83 L.Ed.2d 161", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1984, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "105 S.Ct. 232", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "S. Ct.", "year": 1984, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "469 U.S. 874", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 12021126, 12021224, 12021039, 12021074, 12021111, 12021176 ], "year": 1984, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/469/0874-04", "/us/469/0874-06", "/us/469/0874-01", "/us/469/0874-02", "/us/469/0874-03", "/us/469/0874-05" ] }, { "cite": "733 F.2d 18", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 576629 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "21-22" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/733/0018-01" ] }, { "cite": "27 L.Ed.2d 143", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1970, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "91 S.Ct. 147", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "S. Ct.", "year": 1970, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "400 U.S. 906", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 12096066, 12096104, 12095945, 12095897, 12095788, 12095980, 12095604, 12095638, 12096024, 12095705, 12095674, 12095835, 12095741 ], "year": 1970, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/400/0906-12", "/us/400/0906-13", "/us/400/0906-09", "/us/400/0906-08", "/us/400/0906-06", "/us/400/0906-10", "/us/400/0906-01", "/us/400/0906-02", "/us/400/0906-11", "/us/400/0906-04", "/us/400/0906-03", "/us/400/0906-07", "/us/400/0906-05" ] }, { "cite": "424 F.2d 134", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 2250986 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "138" }, { "page": "138" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/424/0134-01" ] }, { "cite": "507 F.2d 919", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 130097 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "924" }, { "page": "924" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/507/0919-01" ] }, { "cite": "780 F.2d 509", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 1531425 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "514" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/780/0509-01" ] }, { "cite": "28 U.S.C. \u00a7 2254", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "U.S.C.", "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "78 N.M. 374", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 5327213 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1967, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "377" }, { "page": "755" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/78/0374-01" ] }, { "cite": "28 U.S.C. \u00a7 2255", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "U.S.C.", "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "77 N.M. 420", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 2801810 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1967, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/77/0420-01" ] }, { "cite": "640 F.2d 175", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 1369868 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "176" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/640/0175-01" ] }, { "cite": "660 F.2d 337", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 390900 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "unreasonable delay may satisfy requirement for availability of writ that confinement be in violation of the Constitution" }, { "page": "340" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/660/0337-01" ] }, { "cite": "572 F.2d 1278", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 1234605 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1280" }, { "page": "1280" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/572/1278-01" ] }, { "cite": "391 U.S. 54", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1767493 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1968, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "59", "parenthetical": "emphasis in original" }, { "page": "1552", "parenthetical": "emphasis in original" }, { "parenthetical": "emphasis in original" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/391/0054-01" ] }, { "cite": "372 U.S. 391", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1765582 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1963, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "400", "parenthetical": "quoting Secretary of State for Home Affairs v. O'Brien, 1923 App.Cas. 603, 609" }, { "page": "828", "parenthetical": "quoting Secretary of State for Home Affairs v. O'Brien, 1923 App.Cas. 603, 609" }, { "parenthetical": "quoting Secretary of State for Home Affairs v. O'Brien, 1923 App.Cas. 603, 609" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/372/0391-01" ] }, { "cite": "394 U.S. 286", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6170863 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1969, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "292" }, { "page": "1087" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/394/0286-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1272, "char_count": 36085, "ocr_confidence": 0.787, "pagerank": { "raw": 2.5453658334280397e-07, "percentile": 0.8138152069869711 }, "sha256": "3c9792ead9eaea46822eebd653fa161ea8d67df0da82c2347d84fb50b5bea8da", "simhash": "1:8acde88c6e188623", "word_count": 5926 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T17:49:39.380170+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "RANSOM and FRANCHINI, JJ., concur." ], "parties": [ "Philip CARISTO, Petitioner, v. George E. SULLIVAN, Respondent. Jimmy Neil KINSLOW, Petitioner, v. George E. SULLIVAN, Warden, Respondent." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "OPINION\nMONTGOMERY, Justice.\nWe granted each petitioner\u2019s petition for a writ of certiorari to the District Court of Santa Fe County to review the court\u2019s dismissal of each petitioner\u2019s petition for a writ of habeas corpus in that court. We ordered these review proceedings consolidated to consider an important issue common to both \u2014 whether the inordinate delays between the filing of the habeas petitions and their ultimate disposition in the district court entitled either petitioner to relief in the form of a default judgment or other remedy.\nWe are greatly concerned by the delays that occurred in the district court's consideration of these cases \u2014 almost five years in Caristo\u2019s case and three and one-half years in Kinslow\u2019s. While we believe that a default judgment may be appropriate in an extreme case for the State\u2019s failure to respond to a writ of habeas corpus or other court order, we decline to impose that remedy in favor of either petitioner here. The State\u2019s conduct \u2014 though not a model of diligent attention to these pending cases\u2014 seems never to have reached the point of stubborn resistance to the court\u2019s orders that would justify such an extreme sanction. Nevertheless, we proceed to rule on the merits of both petitions in order to bring these protracted proceedings to an end and conserve judicial resources. We find that Kinslow is not entitled to relief and dismiss his petition; we reverse the denial of Caristo\u2019s petition and remand his case for resentencing.\nI.\nThe important facts relate to the merits of the petitioners\u2019 claims and the course of proceedings in each case.\nA. Caristo\nPetitioner Caristo was convicted in the District Court of Bernalillo County of one second-degree and two fourth-degree felonies. At the sentencing hearing, the State announced its intention to seek aggravation of the basic sentences for the offenses under NMSA 1978, Section 31-18-15.1 (Repl.Pamp.1990). That section permits the court to alter the basic sentence for the offense \u201cupon a finding by the judge of any mitigating or aggravating circumstances surrounding the offense or concerning the offender.\u201d The judge found aggravating circumstances and increased the penalty for each offense by one-third of the basic sentence, the maximum amount permitted by the statute. See \u00a7 31-18-15.1(C). There is no indication in the record of the aggravating circumstances urged by the State at the hearing or of the circumstances relied upon by the judge in enhancing the sentence.\nOn August 1,1985, Caristo petitioned the district court for a writ of habeas corpus, contending that his sentence was illegal because he had not been given notice of the State\u2019s intention to seek enhancement. Caristo filed his petition through counsel, the public defender, who represented him throughout the case. He also asserted that Section 31-18-15.1 was unconstitutional for failing to include a notice requirement.\nThe court issued a writ of habeas corpus shortly after the petition was filed. The writ ordered respondent (the warden at the penitentiary) to respond to the petition in writing and scheduled a hearing for September 26, 1985, at which respondent was to appear with Caristo. There is no record, however, that the writ was served upon respondent or the attorney general, and we accept respondent\u2019s representation that the writ was not in fact served. Accordingly, no response was filed by the State. For reasons unexplained by the parties and not apparent in the record, the scheduled hearing was not held.\nIn April of the following year, the court issued a second writ in the case. Again respondent was ordered to respond and to appear with petitioner at a hearing, this time scheduled for June 12, 1986. Again there is no record of service of the writ upon respondent or the attorney general. Respondent apparently learned of the hearing date only after Caristo\u2019s counsel sent a discovery request to the Corrections Department. Respondent then filed a motion for continuance, which the court granted on June 9, 1986.\nAfter one and one-half months had passed without the court\u2019s rescheduling a hearing, Caristo requested a hearing on the merits of the petition. The court did not act on the request. There was no further activity in the case for almost a year, when on June 9, 1987, the court issued an order to show cause why the case should not be dismissed for inactivity of the file. Caristo failed to respond to the order and the case was dismissed; however, the public defender objected to the dismissal and requested a hearing, whereupon the court reinstated the case on July 22, 1987.\nThe court failed to act upon Caristo\u2019s renewed request for a hearing and on February 4, 1988, again ordered Caristo to show cause why his case should not be dismissed for inactivity. This time the court held a hearing on the show cause order, at which it determined that the case would not be dismissed and that an evidentiary hearing on the merits would be required.\nThe court at last held such a hearing on May 11, 1988. Caristo presented testimony, undisputed by the State, that he had not received notice of the State\u2019s intention to seek enhancement of the basic penalty and only learned that enhancement would be sought at the sentencing hearing itself. Both sides then presented legal argument on whether notice was required, and the court indicated a ruling would be issued within two weeks.\nThe court, however, never issued a ruling. Soon after the hearing, Caristo was informed that the case would be transferred to another judge, whereupon he moved that the judge who had presided over the case up to that point, including the evidentiary hearing, be permitted to retain the case because a transfer at that stage would \u201cdisrupt the orderly resolution of Petitioner\u2019s case.\u201d Over this objection, the case was transferred to another division on June 6, 1988.\nAfter three months had passed without a ruling from the court, Caristo filed a request for a ruling. Another three months passed without a ruling, after which the court issued a third order to show cause why the case should not be dismissed for inactivity. Caristo responded to the order on February 7, 1989, pointing out that an evidentiary hearing had been held and a request for a ruling filed, and that there had been no recent activity in the case \u201cbecause petitioner is awaiting a ruling by the Court/\u2019 He renewed his request for a ruling.\nAgain the court failed to respond to the request. On April 17, 1989, almost a year after the evidentiary hearing, Caristo for a third time requested a ruling from the court. Again, however, the court failed to issue a ruling on the petition, although it did order, finally, respondent to respond to the petition. As with previous orders, however, there is no indication that the order was served by Caristo or by the court upon respondent. The State filed no response.\nAfter almost nine months had passed without a ruling from the court or a response from the State, Caristo obtained a certificate of nonappearance and on January 11, 1990, filed a motion for default judgment, accompanied by a memorandum of points and authorities. Respondent filed a response to the motion on January 16, 1990, and Caristo replied on January 22.\nOnce again, however, the court took no action. On March 9, 1990, Caristo for the fourth time requested a ruling from the court. This time \u2014 almost five years after the initial petition had been filed and almost two years following the evidentiary hearing \u2014 the court, without considering the record of the evidentiary hearing, summarily dismissed the petition, reciting \u201cPetitioner is not entitled to relief as a matter of law.\u201d\nB. Kinslow\nPetitioner Kinslow was serving a life sentence (the first of three) for murder when on June 29, 1981, he escaped from the Wyoming correctional facility where he was serving the sentence under an interstate prison compact. He was apprehended seventeen days later in the state of Georgia and was incarcerated in the Georgia state prison on an unrelated charge. After serving his term in Georgia for the Georgia offense, he was returned to the custody of New Mexico corrections officials and incarcerated in the state penitentiary to serve the remainder of his New Mexico sentences. The Department set back his parole eligibility date by the four years, seven months, and four days that he was out of its actual or constructive custody. On his \u201cGood Time Figuring Sheet\u201d\u2014 a form used by the Department to keep a record of meritorious \u201cgood time\u201d awards earned and forfeited by an inmate and to calculate parole eligibility and discharge dates \u2014 the four-plus years were shown as having been \u201cforfeited\u201d from his good time credits in a column headed \u201cCredits Forfeited.\u201d Despite the suggestion in the sheet that the Department had forfeited credits he had previously accrued, the Department nevertheless awarded him credit upon his return for good time served before the escape. He resumed earning good time credits upon his return.\nAsserting that the Department had illegally deprived him of more than four and one-half years of good time credit, Kinslow petitioned the district court for a writ of habeas corpus, claiming that prison officials should only have forfeited the seventeen days during which he was an escapee until his capture by Georgia authorities. He also maintained that the Department was not statutorily authorized to forfeit more than thirty days of good time and that the \u201cforfeiture\u201d abridged his due process rights to notice and hearing.\nAppearing pro se, Kinslow filed his petition on January 5, 1987, and sent a notice of filing on that day to the Department. On January 13, the attorney general was served with a summons; but the warden at the penitentiary, apparently, was not. After one and one-half months had passed without an initial ruling from the district court or a response from the State, Kin-slow filed a motion for default judgment and a request for hearing. The court never scheduled a hearing, however, and the State did not respond. Four months later, on July 16, 1987, the case was transferred to another division of the court.\nThe case languished without activity until five months later, when. Kinslow renewed his request for hearing on the default motion and requested that counsel be appointed for him. The court appointed the public defender as his counsel on January 5, 1988. Again the court failed to order any action in the case for over a year, other than to transfer the case a second time to another division in June 1988. On January 26, 1989, the court issued to the public defender an order to show cause why the case should not be dismissed for lack of activity.\nThe public defender promptly responded, noting that the court had not yet responded to Kinslow\u2019s habeas petition or his request for a hearing and requesting that the court follow the procedure required by SCRA 1986, 5-802. This rule requires the court upon receipt of a habeas petition to examine it \u201cpromptly\u201d and either to order summary dismissal or to direct the respondent to file a response. The court took no action following counsel\u2019s request.\nOn May 18, 1989, the public defender filed a motion for an order to compel the State to respond to Kinslow\u2019s petition. At the same time, the defender noted that since the court had not yet ordered a response, appointment of counsel for petitioner under Rule 5-802 was premature; the public defender accordingly moved to withdraw pending a response to the petition. The court failed to rule on either motion. On July 12, 1989, Kinslow filed a third request for a hearing on his default judgment motion, which the court (also for the third time) failed to act upon. The case was then transferred between divisions of the district court for the third time.\nThe year 1990 began with a fourth transfer of the case to another judge, ordered on January 24. On April 2,1990, the court for a second time ordered Kinslow to show cause why his case should not be dismissed for inactivity. This order was addressed directly to Kinslow rather than to the public defender, although the defender\u2019s motion to withdraw had never been granted. Kinslow requested the defender\u2019s assistance in responding to the order. The public defender responded by informing Kin-slow that the defender could not respond to the court\u2019s order because his case lacked merit. Kinslow failed to make any response pro se, and on May 31, 1990 \u2014 three and one-half years after the petition had been filed \u2014 the court ordered the case dismissed for inactivity of the file.\nII.\nWe have recited the facts above in some detail to demonstrate the numerous delays, failures to act, and inappropriate orders for which the district court was chiefly responsible in these cases. To summarize, in Caristo\u2019s case the court (1) failed initially to respond to Caristo\u2019s request for a hearing, (2) failed to rule on the petition until almost two years after the evidentiary hearing, (3) failed to respond to repeated requests for a ruling, (4) issued repeated orders to show cause why the case should not be dismissed despite pending motions and requests for hearing or a ruling, and (5) entered a summary dismissal after an evidentiary hearing had been held. In Kinslow\u2019s case the court (1) failed to rule on the petition until three and one-half years after it was filed, (2) failed to respond to repeated requests for a hearing on the motion for default judgment, (3) failed to respond to a motion to compel a response from respondent, (4) transferred the case between judges no less than four times, and (5) issued repeated orders to show cause for inactivity of the file, when the \u201cinactivity\u201d was plainly due to pending motions or requests that had not yet been acted upon.\nIt is true that both petitioners could have taken steps beyond their repeated requests for action by the court which might have ensured that their petitions received the court\u2019s or the respondent\u2019s attention. For example, either could have applied to this Court for a writ of mandamus directing the district court to rule on his petition or to hold hearings on the merits or on default motions. In addition, either could have made sure that respondent was properly served with the petitions, writs, and orders to respond. At times each petitioner was not represented by counsel; each was an inmate at the state penitentiary, and we believe that both the district court and the attorney general\u2019s office could have instituted procedures to ensure that these cases did not simply sit on the court\u2019s docket waiting for someone to do something.\nNor does a busy court docket adequately explain what occurred in these cases. While court congestion undoubtedly played a major role in retarding the progress of these cases, complete responsibility for their slow progress cannot be assigned to that factor alone. The United States Supreme Court has made clear that \u201c[tjhere is no higher duty of a court, under our constitutional system, than the careful processing and adjudication of petitions for writs of habeas corpus \u2014 \u201d Harris v. Nelson, 394 U.S. 286, 292, 89 S.Ct. 1082, 1087, 22 L.Ed.2d 281 (1969). Because the writ of habeas corpus protects our most basic right of freedom from illegal restraint on personal liberty, the writ must be construed to afford \u201c \u2018a swift and imperative remedy in all cases of illegal restraint or confinement,\u2019 \u201d Fay v. Noia, 372 U.S. 391, 400, 83 S.Ct. 822, 828, 9 L.Ed.2d 837 (1963) (quoting Secretary of State for Home Affairs v. O\u2019Brien, 1923 App.Cas. 603, 609), and therefore requires \u201cprompt adjudication of the validity of the challenged restraint,\u201d Peyton v. Rowe, 391 U.S. 54, 59, 88 S.Ct. 1549, 1552, 20 L.Ed.2d 426 (1968) (emphasis in original). \u201cThe writ of habeas corpus, challenging illegality of detention, is reduced to a sham if the trial courts do not act within a reasonable time.\u201d Jones v. Shell, 572 F.2d 1278, 1280 (8th Cir.1978).\nUnreasonable delays in the processing of a habeas petition may deny the petitioner constitutional due process. See Jones, 572 F.2d at 1280 (court\u2019s 14-month delay denied petitioner due process); Ruiz v. Cady, 660 F.2d 337, 341 n. 5 (7th Cir. 1981) (unreasonable delay may satisfy requirement for availability of writ that confinement be in violation of the Constitution); cf. Seemiller v. Circuit Court Clerk, 640 F.2d 175, 176 (8th Cir.1981) (Section 1983 action for violation of constitutional rights premature in light of only three-month delay).\nThe delays in these cases are not attributable entirely to lack of management by the district court. The treatment accorded the claims by the State and even, to some extent, by the public defender also seems to have been somewhat cavalier at best. In any event, these delays, whatever their cause, provide an additional reason for our conclusion that petitioners are entitled to review on the merits.\nIII.\nBoth Kinslow and Caristo argue that the delays by the State and the district court entitled them to default judgments on their habeas corpus petitions and that the district court erred in failing to grant their motions for default. The State responds that default judgment is not authorized against it. All parties, relying on seemingly well-settled New Mexico precedent, see, e.g., State v. Weddle, 77 N.M. 420, 423 P.2d 611 (1967), assert that habeas corpus actions are civil proceedings and that Rule 55 of the Rules of Civil Procedure, SCRA 1986, 1-055, therefore governs the availability of default judgment in these cases.\nIn considering petitioners\u2019 assertion that a default judgment is available in a habeas corpus proceeding, we begin by noting that we seriously question whether Rule 1-055 \u2014 and for that matter any of the Rules of Civil Procedure \u2014 applies in these cases. Both Caristo and Kinslow\u2019s petitions are post-conviction habeas corpus petitions. Since 1975, this Court, by including the rules relating to post-conviction collateral attacks and habeas proceedings in the Rules of Criminal Procedure, has signaled a modification of the traditional rule that such proceedings are civil in nature. See SCRA 1986, 5-802; see also N.M.R.Crim.P. 57 (Repl.Pamp.1985).\nIn 1975, we adopted Rule 57 of the Rules of Criminal Procedure to govern motions for post-conviction relief. This rule superseded a former rule of civil procedure, Rule 93, as the applicable rule in such proceedings. The committee commentary to Rule 57 expressed the position that the rule was intended to incorporate the federal view of post-conviction motions under 28 U.S.C. \u00a7 2255 (1988) \u2014 that such proceedings are a further step in the movant\u2019s criminal case and not a separate civil action. Thus, the committee stated that Rule 57 \u201csupersedes cases holding that the post-conviction remedy is a separate civil action. See, e.g., State v. Hardy, 78 N.M. 374, 377, 431 P.2d 752, 755 (1967).\u201d\nWe agree with the committee that post-conviction habeas petitions are not appropriately characterized as civil actions. As one court observed of the federal laws governing post-conviction habeas corpus proceedings by state prisoners under 28 U.S.C. \u00a7 2254 (1988):\nThese rules are special ones governing collateral attacks on criminal convictions and are distinct from both the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure and Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. This distinction is made because habeas corpus proceedings are a hybrid, being civil dispositions of already-resolved criminal matters. Thus, habeas cases are not automatically subject to the rules governing ordinary civil actions.\nDillard v. Blackburn, 780 F.2d 509, 514 (5th Cir.1986).\nCaristo filed his petition in 1985 and thus invoked Rule 57, which governed post-conviction motions filed between September 1, 1975, and March 1, 1986. His action was therefore not a civil action and thus is not controlled by the Rules of Civil Procedure.\nKinslow filed his petition in 1987, and his action is therefore governed not by Rule 57 but by Rule 5-802, applicable to habeas petitions filed after March 1, 1986. We believe that post-conviction habeas actions under this rule, as under Rule 57, are no longer appropriately characterized as civil proceedings.\nNevertheless, we also believe that default judgment should be available in post-conviction habeas proceedings. The district court, in the exercise of its original jurisdiction under Article VI, Section 13, of our state constitution to issue writs of habeas corpus, has the inherent power to find a recalcitrant respondent in default and to impose an appropriate sanction for noncompliance with its orders, including even the relief requested in the petition.\nIt is true, as the State argues, that an award of default judgment runs the risk of burdening the public for the failures of its state officials. For this reason, some courts have held that default judgments are inappropriate in habeas cases. See United States ex rel. Mattox v. Scott, 507 F.2d 919, 924 (7th Cir.1974); Allen v. Perini, 424 F.2d 134, 138 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 400 U.S. 906, 91 S.Ct. 147, 27 L.Ed.2d 143 (1970). However, we find this rationale insufficient to deny the availability of this remedy in habeas proceedings.\nIn the first place, the court may determine that the public safety may be adequately preserved by subjecting a requested default judgment to the same limitation as is provided in Rule 1-055(E) \u2014 that no default may be entered against the state \u201cunless the claimant establishes his claim or right to relief by evidence satisfactory to the court.\u201d See Bermudez v. Reid, 733 F.2d 18, 21-22 (2d Cir.) (principles of federal Rule 55(e) should govern in habeas cases), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 874, 105 S.Ct. 232, 83 L.Ed.2d 161 (1984). This would ensure that petitioners with meritless claims are not set free or permitted to burden state resources with a retrial.\nEven if default judgments were permitted without a full inquiry into the merits, the burden on the public might be purely fiscal, since an award of default judgment in a habeas proceeding does not necessarily require the petitioner to be set free; rather, the court may determine the proper remedy for default and can simply order that an evidentiary hearing be held or proceed to rule on the merits of the petitioner\u2019s claim without considering any response by the state. The courts in Mattox and Perini, while holding that default judgment is not available in habeas proceedings (believing that a default judgment would require the petitioner\u2019s release), nevertheless fashioned one of these alternative remedies as a sanction for the delay. Mattox, 507 F.2d at 924; Perini, 424 F.2d at 138. In this regard we also note that Caristo, in his certiorari petition in this Court, specifically requested only that the case be remanded for an evidentiary hearing if a default were entered; the same remedy was requested in the alternative by Kin-slow.\nFinally, the additional time and expense of having to order a new trial or sentencing proceeding if default judgment is permitted is not an adequate reason to deny the availability of default in a habeas proceeding. We agree that \u201c[wjhere the respondent is guilty of long and inadequately explained delays, it may be presumed that the petitioner is being illegally confined.\u201d Ruiz, 660 F.2d at 340. The remedy is therefore necessary to vindicate a petitioner\u2019s rights and as a sanction against the state in those extreme cases in which it is guilty of lengthy and unwarranted delay.\nNotwithstanding the availability of a default judgment in an extreme case, in the cases before us it is questionable that the State may be severely chastised (at least to the extent of imposing a default judgment as a sanction) for the delays and for the lack of any responses to the petitions. In Kinslow, as we have indicated, the State was never under a court-imposed duty to respond to the petition. In Caristo, although the court issued two writs and one order commanding a response, these commands apparently were never served upon respondent. Additionally, respondent, through the attorney general, appeared at the evidentiary hearing and responded to Caristo\u2019s motion for default judgment. In light of these facts, we doubt that default would have been appropriate in either case.\nIY.\nWe turn now to the merits of petitioners\u2019 claims. Although Kinslow\u2019s case was dismissed for inactivity after he failed to respond to the court\u2019s order to show cause, in the interest of judicial economy we treat the dismissal as a dismissal on the merits of the petition. In Caristo\u2019s case, the court summarily dismissed the petition for its failure to state a valid claim for relief, and we therefore proceed to review that dismissal on the merits.\nA. Caristo\nCaristo claims that his sentence is illegal because he was not given notice prior to his sentencing hearing of the State\u2019s intention to seek enhancement of his basic sentence under NMSA 1978, Section 31-18-15.1, which permits the court to enhance the penalty for the offense upon a finding of aggravating circumstances.\nIn State v. Rhodes, 76 N.M. 177, 181, 413 P.2d 214, 217 (1966), we established the principle that \u201cessential fairness requires that there be some pleading filed by the state ... by which a defendant is given notice and opportunity to be heard before an increased penalty can be imposed.\u201d This principle has since been applied unwaveringly in a line of cases requiring notice under various sentence-enhancement statutes. See State v. Stout, 96 N.M. 29, 627 P.2d 871 (1981) (second conviction of armed robbery under Section 30-16-2 (Repl.Pamp.1984)); State v. Smith, 110 N.M. 534, 797 P.2d 984 (Ct.App.) (enhancement for injury to person sixty years of age or older under Section 31-18-16.1 (Repl.Pamp.1990)), cert. denied, 110 N.M. 533, 797 P.2d 983 (1990); State v. Morton, 107 N.M. 478, 760 P.2d 170 (Ct.App.1988) (aggravating circumstances for death penalty under Sections 31-20A-2, -5 (Repl.Pamp.1990)); State v. Barreras, 88 N.M. 52, 536 P.2d 1108 (Ct.App.1975) (enhancement for use of a firearm under NMSA 1953, 2d Repl.Vol. 6, Section 40A-29-3.1 (1972)).\nRespondent counters that enhancement under Section 31-18-15.1 is different and that the cases cited above are inapplicable. He argues that each case in which we have held that prior notice was required involved statutes where enhancement was predicated upon proof by the state of a certain fact, such as injury to a person sixty years of age or older, use of a firearm, or a prior conviction. Aggravation under Section 31-18-15.1, however, does not require the state to prove a specific fact enumerated in the statute. Moreover, respondent asserts, the court has authority under the statute to enhance a basic sentence based on any of the potentially limitless relevant circumstances irrespective of whether the state has sought enhancement. See State v. Segotta, 100 N.M. 498, 501, 672 P.2d 1129, 1132 (1983). Respondent also maintains that the statute itself provides adequate notice that a sentence may be aggravated. A defendant is already entitled to a hearing and an opportunity to be heard under the statute, Tomlinson v. State, 98 N.M. 213, 647 P.2d 415 (1982); and, he asserts, nothing more is required.\nWe disagree. We believe the principle established in Rhodes is fundamental to due process and applies whether or not the state is required to allege and prove a specific fact before the sentence may be enhanced. While we established in Tomlinson that a defendant is entitled under Section 31-18-15.1 to a hearing and an opportunity to be heard, these rights are virtually meaningless if the defendant is not first given notice of the specific aggravating factors on which the state intends to rely so that the defendant will have an opportunity to prepare a response. The statute itself, by providing notice of the possibility of aggravation, therefore does not provide adequate notice.\nWe recognize that if aggravation under the statute is premised upon a circumstance which itself was an element of the offense or a fact upon which such an element was established, the defendant will already have been put on notice of the aggravating circumstance and will have had an opportunity to prepare a response. See Barreras, 88 N.M. at 54-55, 536 P.2d at 1110-11. We therefore hold that under Section 31-18-15.1 a defendant must be given notice of the state\u2019s intention to seek aggravation and of the aggravating circumstances on which it intends to rely, unless the circumstance was itself an element of the underlying offense or a fact used to establish such an element. While the court may rely upon aggravating circumstances not urged by the state, the court should also provide notice to the defendant of those circumstances that were not established at trial under the foregoing exception.\nBecause there is no indication in the record of the circumstances relied upon by the trial judge in enhancing Caristo\u2019s sentence, we have no way of knowing whether Caristo was entitled to notice. Rather than hold an additional hearing on this issue, in the interest of judicial economy we reverse the district court\u2019s dismissal of Caristo\u2019s petition, vacate his prior sentence, and remand with instructions to enter an order directing respondent to deliver petitioner to the sentencing court for a new hearing under Section 31-18-15.1, to be conducted in conformity with this opinion.\nB. Kinslow\nKinslow\u2019s petition raises three related issues regarding the legality of his detention. First and foremost, he argues that the Department acted illegally and in violation of his due process rights by \u201cforfeiting\u201d from his good time credits four years, seven months, and four days for his escape, rather than only the seventeen days he was at large, and by not awarding him credits for time served in the Georgia prison. He also asserts that he was not given any notice of the \u201cforfeiture\u201d or opportunity to challenge the Department\u2019s actions in a disciplinary hearing and that the Department was only authorized to forfeit up to a maximum of 30 days of good time credit.\nThere is no merit to Kinslow\u2019s claim of entitlement to credit for time served on his separate Georgia offense. It is axiomatic that he could not earn actual or good time credit on his New Mexico sentence for\nconfinement which was unrelated to his New Mexico offense. Sampley v. Morris, 632 P.2d 837, 839 (Utah 1981) (\u201cno basis in law, logic or justice\u201d to give credit on Utah sentence for time served in foreign state penal institutions on separate offenses committed while on escape from Utah).\nWe accept the proposition that had the Department actually forfeited good time credits already earned or his ability to earn good time credit in the future, he might have been entitled to notice and a hearing on the validity of the forfeiture. See Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 94 S.Ct. 2963, 41 L.Ed.2d 935 (1974) (minimum requirements of procedural due process apply to deprivation of state-created right to good time credit). Additionally, the legality of the amount of the forfeiture might have been called into question. However, notwithstanding the fact that the four-plus years in question appear in the \u201cCredits Forfeited\u201d column on Kinslow\u2019s Good Time Figuring Sheet, we determine that his credits were not in fact forfeited. He was awarded good time credits earned before his escape and began accruing good time after his return to New Mexico. Service of his sentence was merely suspended during the period in question; he simply was not given actual or good time credit for the period during which he was not serving his New Mexico sentence. This conclusion answers Kinslow\u2019s other claims.\nThe order of the district court dismissing Kinslow\u2019s petition for a writ of habeas corpus is accordingly affirmed, with prejudice.\nIT IS SO ORDERED.\nRANSOM and FRANCHINI, JJ., concur.\n. Pursuant to SCRA 1986, 12-501.\n. Issuance of such orders appears to be a routine procedure by which the court attempts to purge inactive files.\n. Pursuant to NMSA 1978, Sections 33-2-34 to -38 (Repl.Pamp.1990).\n. Section 2255 governs motions for post-conviction relief by prisoners in federal custody.\n. We note that Rule 5-802, unlike its predecessor, Rule 57, is not limited by its terms to post-conviction habeas actions and on its face appears to apply to all habeas corpus proceedings, whether challenging confinement before or after conviction or, for that matter, civil custody. The rule provides, in pertinent part:\nA. Scope of Rule. This rule governs the procedure for filing a writ of habeas corpus by persons in custody or under restraint for a determination that such custody or restraint is, or will be, in violation of the constitution or laws of the State of New Mexico or of the United States[.]\nHabeas proceedings challenging preconviction or civil custody, however, are unrelated to any prior criminal proceeding and are still appropriately characterized as civil actions, brought under NMSA 1978, Sections 44-1-1 to -38. We need not and do not address whether Rule 5-802 applies to \u2014 and, if it applies, whether it provides the exclusive procedure for \u2014 these civil actions. See State v. Peppers, 110 N.M. 393, 395-97, 796 P.2d 614, 616-18 (Ct.App.) (Rule 5-802 not exclusive means for seeking post-conviction relief), cert, denied, 110 N.M. 260, 794 P.2d 734 (1990). It would seem, however, that even if Rule 5-802 applies, the Rules of Civil Procedure, including Rule 1-055, would also apply (except, perhaps, to the extent inconsistent with Rule 5-802).\n. The State contends that Rule 1-055(E) prohibits default judgment against the state. Paragraph (E) reads:\nE. Judgments against the state; exceptions. No judgment by default shall be entered against the state or an officer or agency thereof or against a party in any case based upon a negotiable instrument, or where the party was only constructively served with the process, or where the damages claimed are unliquidated unless the claimant establishes his claim or right to relief by evidence satisfactory to the court.\nSCRA 1986, 1-055(E) (emphasis added). The State argues that the exception at the end of the paragraph applies only to cases involving unliquidated damages.\nParagraph (E) was derived from Rule 55(e) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which provides:\nNo judgment by default shall be entered against the United States or an officer or agency thereof unless the claimant establishes his claim or right to relief by evidence satisfactory to the court.\nConsidering the rules together, it is apparent that the exception at the end of the paragraph applies to the prohibition of a default judgment against the state. A default judgment, therefore, is available under Rule 1-055(E) against the state if the claimant establishes his right to relief. The clauses added to our state rule were intended to establish additional categories of cases in which a default judgment would not be permitted unless the claimant established a valid cause of action by evidence satisfactory to the court.\n. Ordinarily, adequate notice will be afforded by the presentence report, provided it clearly informs the defendant that the state will seek aggravation of the penalty (if in fact the state intends to do so) and refers to the facts to be relied on (if those facts are not covered by the exception stated in the text). The presentence report should also inform the defendant that the court may enhance the penalty on its own motion based upon facts adduced at trial or contained in the presentence report.", "type": "majority", "author": "MONTGOMERY, Justice." } ], "attorneys": [ "Jacquelyn Robins, Chief Public Defender, Gina Maestas, Hilary Lamberton, Asst. Appellate Defenders, Santa Fe, for petitioner Caristo.", "Robert J. Jacobs, Taos, for petitioner Kinslow.", "Tom Udall, Atty. Gen., Anthony Tupler, Asst. Atty. Gen., Santa Fe, for respondents." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "818 P.2d 401\nPhilip CARISTO, Petitioner, v. George E. SULLIVAN, Respondent. Jimmy Neil KINSLOW, Petitioner, v. George E. SULLIVAN, Warden, Respondent.\nNos. 19,190, 19,232.\nSupreme Court of New Mexico.\nSept. 23, 1991.\nRehearing Denied Oct. 24, 1991.\nJacquelyn Robins, Chief Public Defender, Gina Maestas, Hilary Lamberton, Asst. Appellate Defenders, Santa Fe, for petitioner Caristo.\nRobert J. Jacobs, Taos, for petitioner Kinslow.\nTom Udall, Atty. Gen., Anthony Tupler, Asst. Atty. Gen., Santa Fe, for respondents." }, "file_name": "0623-01", "first_page_order": 657, "last_page_order": 666 }