{ "id": 731587, "name": "Bob D. YADON, Claimant-Appellant, v. QUINOCO PETROLEUM, INC., and Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, Respondents-Appellees", "name_abbreviation": "Yadon v. Quinoco Petroleum, Inc.", "decision_date": "1992-12-08", "docket_number": "No. 13180", "first_page": "808", "last_page": "817", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "114 N.M. 808" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "845 P.2d 1262" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.M. Ct. App.", "id": 9025, "name": "Court of Appeals of New Mexico" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 52, "name_long": "New Mexico", "name": "N.M." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "98 N.M. 540", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1582485 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1982, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "541", "parenthetical": "courts should be wary of taking upon itself to raise, argue, and decide legal questions overlooked by the lawyers" }, { "page": "825", "parenthetical": "courts should be wary of taking upon itself to raise, argue, and decide legal questions overlooked by the lawyers" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/98/0540-01" ] }, { "cite": "104 N.M. 623", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1595002 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "623-24" }, { "page": "599-600" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/104/0623-01" ] }, { "cite": "78 N.M. 743", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 5322715 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1968, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "error cannot be predicated on inconsistencies between judge's oral remarks from the bench and the written decision" }, { "parenthetical": "error cannot be predicated on inconsistencies between judge's oral remarks from the bench and the written decision" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/78/0743-01" ] }, { "cite": "98 N.M. 570", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1582553 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "574" }, { "page": "109" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/98/0570-01" ] }, { "cite": "77 L.Ed.2d 300", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "trial court may sever causation issue" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "103 S.Ct. 2090", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "S. Ct.", "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "trial court may sever causation issue" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "461 U.S. 929", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11316064, 11316000, 11315811, 11315875, 11315619, 11315732, 11316150, 11315575, 11315512, 11315673, 11315932 ], "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "trial court may sever causation issue" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/461/0929-10", "/us/461/0929-09", "/us/461/0929-06", "/us/461/0929-07", "/us/461/0929-03", "/us/461/0929-05", "/us/461/0929-11", "/us/461/0929-02", "/us/461/0929-01", "/us/461/0929-04", "/us/461/0929-08" ] }, { "cite": "695 F.2d 207", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 1492050 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "216" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/695/0207-01" ] }, { "cite": "112 N.M. 249", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 720186 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "252" }, { "page": "120" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/112/0249-01" ] }, { "cite": "94 N.M. 325", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1573243 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/94/0325-01" ] }, { "cite": "76 N.M. 623", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 8503968 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1966, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/76/0623-01" ] }, { "cite": "615 P.2d 992", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "94 N.M. 675", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "95 N.M. 675", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1575608 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "681" }, { "page": "1198" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nm/95/0675-01" ] }, { "cite": "86 N.M. 697", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 2823433 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "705" }, { "page": "1298" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nm/86/0697-01" ] }, { "cite": "105 N.M. 453", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1599051 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "455", "parenthetical": "due process includes reasonable amount of time to prepare" }, { "page": "233", "parenthetical": "due process includes reasonable amount of time to prepare" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nm/105/0453-01" ] }, { "cite": "56 N.M. 158", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1584802 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1952, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "179" }, { "page": "842" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nm/56/0158-01" ] }, { "cite": "112 N.M. 528", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 720235 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "530", "parenthetical": "\"Administrative proceedings must conform to fundamental principles of justice and the requirements of due process of law.\"" }, { "page": "723", "parenthetical": "\"Administrative proceedings must conform to fundamental principles of justice and the requirements of due process of law.\"" }, { "page": "530" }, { "page": "723" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nm/112/0528-01" ] }, { "cite": "94 N.M. 602", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1573113 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "604", "parenthetical": "embodied in procedural due process is reasonable notice, the opportunity to be heard and present a claim or defense" }, { "page": "16", "parenthetical": "embodied in procedural due process is reasonable notice, the opportunity to be heard and present a claim or defense" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nm/94/0602-01" ] }, { "cite": "546 P.2d 70", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "89 N.M. 5", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "88 N.M. 492", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 2836970 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "498" }, { "page": "1188" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nm/88/0492-01" ] }, { "cite": "85 N.M. 224", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 2768296 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1973, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "226", "parenthetical": "parties turned summary judgment hearing into trial as evidenced by presenting opening statements, examining and cross-examining witnesses, admitting exhibits into evidence, and resting at conclusion of evidence" }, { "page": "552", "parenthetical": "parties turned summary judgment hearing into trial as evidenced by presenting opening statements, examining and cross-examining witnesses, admitting exhibits into evidence, and resting at conclusion of evidence" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nm/85/0224-01" ] }, { "cite": "108 N.M. 658", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1592829 ], "weight": 6, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "662" }, { "page": "390" }, { "page": "662-63" }, { "page": "390-91", "parenthetical": "in quasi-judicial proceedings witnesses should be sworn and testimony taken under oath, unless administration of oath is waived" }, { "page": "662-63" }, { "page": "390-91" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nm/108/0658-01" ] }, { "cite": "92 N.M. 414", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1557099 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "416" }, { "page": "200" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nm/92/0414-01" ] }, { "cite": "500 N.E.2d 1229", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "case_ids": [ 11034554 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1238" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ne2d/500/1229-01" ] }, { "cite": "92 N.M. 106", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1557070 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1978, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "108", "parenthetical": "summary judgment should not be used as a substitute for trial" }, { "page": "472", "parenthetical": "summary judgment should not be used as a substitute for trial" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nm/92/0106-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1239, "char_count": 30891, "ocr_confidence": 0.761, "pagerank": { "raw": 4.856319230494445e-08, "percentile": 0.30443493037624975 }, "sha256": "470e3df47087f62484d7fdf5277b0fcba1f79ae0ed50e588a73da9be735708cd", "simhash": "1:6eb2ebb2bd40f8e8", "word_count": 5100 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T15:11:13.314573+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "BIVINS, J., concurs.", "DONNELLY, J., dissents." ], "parties": [ "Bob D. YADON, Claimant-Appellant, v. QUINOCO PETROLEUM, INC., and Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, Respondents-Appellees." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "OPINION\nHARTZ, Judge.\nBob D. Yadon (\u201cWorker\u201d) appeals from a decision by the Workers\u2019 Compensation Judge (\u201cWCJ\u201d) denying him benefits. Worker\u2019s principal argument is that the WCJ abused her discretion and violated Worker\u2019s constitutional right to due process when she converted a summary judgment hearing to a trial on the merits without proper notice and failed to grant Worker a continuance that she had promised him. Worker argues in the alternative that if this court views the WCJ\u2019s order as a summary judgment, we should reverse the order because there were genuine issues of material fact. We affirm. Because Worker suffered no prejudice from any impropriety in the WCJ\u2019s treatment of the proceeding as a trial and because the WCJ acted within her discretion in denying a continuance, we need not reach Worker\u2019s alternative argument.\nI. BACKGROUND\nOn July 12, 1990, Worker filed an Amended Claim for Workers\u2019 Compensation Benefits based on an alleged accident occurring on April 3, 1989. After a mediation conference the mediator issued a Recommended Resolution on August 29, 1990, stating, \u201cClaimant is not entitled to benefits at this time because he failed to establish a causal connection between an on the job injury and his present disability as a probability by expert testimony of a health care provider.\u201d Worker rejected the Recommended Resolution because \u201cI believe my medical condition was due to breathing of EQS [hydrogen sulfide] gases over the years I worked for Quinoco Pet Inc.\u201d On February 14,1991, the Respondents, Quinoco Petroleum, Inc. and Liberty Mutual Insurance Company (jointly referred to as \u201cEmployer\u201d), filed an answer including the following two affirmative defenses:\n5. A causal link between disability and accident has not been shown to a reasonable medical probability.\n6. Claimant\u2019s treating physician, Dr. James Vincent, in his Physical Capacities Evaluation Form, states that he is unable to relate [Worker\u2019s] conditions or complaints to a work related injury, and that the disease which [Worker] is suffering from is not work related.\nOn March 26, 1991, Employer took Worker's deposition in Sidney, Montana. Employer also took the deposition of Dr. Donald Cooper in Sidney on the same day. On March 27, 1991, Employer took the deposition of Dr. Vincent in Billings, Montana. Worker, who lived in Montana and received ample notice, did not attend Dr. Vincent\u2019s deposition.\nOn April 3, 1991, Worker and Employer filed a Pre-trial Order with the Workers\u2019 Compensation Administration. The order stated that among the issues remaining to be tried were: \u201c3. Whether there is a causal connection between disability and occurrence.\u201d and \u201c4. Whether the disease which [Worker] is suffering from is work related.\u201d The parties estimated that the trial would take three hours. The order set the trial for April 15, 1991. Worker listed Carol J. Yadon, his wife, as his sole witness. Employer listed Dr. Cooper and Dr. Vincent, both by deposition, and Worker. Worker\u2019s list of exhibits named reports by Dr. Vincent, Dr. Cooper, and Pamela Bailey, a Montana attorney who had represented Worker. Employer listed as exhibits the depositions of Drs. Cooper and Vincent, medical records and forms, and a report of accident.\nOn April 5, 1991, Employer moved for summary judgment on the ground that Worker had failed \u201cto establish that his disability is a natural and direct result of his employment as a medical probability\u201d and that the claim was barred by untimely notice and untimely filing of the claim. Employer\u2019s request for setting on the motion recited that a formal hearing had already been set for April 15, 1991, and requested 15 minutes for the summary judgment hearing. The notice of hearing on the motion for summary judgment set the hearing at the same time as the prior scheduled trial, with three hours allocated for the hearing. Nothing in the notice indicated that the trial was being postponed. Nor would it be reasonable to infer from the notice of hearing on the summary judgment motion that the trial was indefinitely postponed. On the contrary, because Worker and his wife would be coming from Montana, it would not make sense to postpone the trial to a later date, necessitating an additional long-distance trip for Worker and his wife.\nWorker attended the April 15 proceedings without counsel representing him. (Worker stated that he had sought to obtain counsel but the attorney he had consulted was unwilling to represent him without better evidence on causation.) The proceeding began with the hearing on Employer\u2019s motion for summary judgment. With respect to the causation issue, counsel for Employer read from pertinent portions of the depositions of Drs. Cooper and Vincent. After hearing the recitation of evidence and the argument of Worker and Employer\u2019s counsel, the WCJ indicated her belief that the motion for summary judgment was meritorious. She offered Worker a continuance until the next afternoon, however, so that Worker could go through the depositions to see whether there was testimony favorable to his case and so that Worker would have an opportunity to retain counsel. The WCJ told Worker that if he could show her \u201ceven just a little bit of evidence\u201d establishing causation, then she would find an issue of fact and they would go to a full trial.\nShortly after the proceeding resumed on the following day, the WCJ repeated her concern that the required evidence of causation was absent from the depositions. She then added, \u201cIf I denied the [summary judgment] motion, we would go forward with the trial and I don\u2019t think you have any other evidence to offer me at the trial.\u201d Worker\u2019s wife responded that she thought that she and Worker could get evidence. But the WCJ noted that the trial would be held then, not later. The day before, when Worker\u2019s wife had asked about getting more evidence, the WCJ informed her that there needed to be a point when collecting evidence ended.\nAfter the parties had presented all their contentions regarding the issues of causation and notice, the WCJ stated: \u201cBasically what we\u2019ve done * * * is we\u2019ve had an evidentiary hearing.\u201d She said that she would treat Employer\u2019s motion for summary judgment as a motion to dismiss and would grant the motion. Given that the WCJ entered findings and conclusions, it is apparent that she was referring to dismissal pursuant to SCRA 1986, 1-041(B) (Repl.1992) (dismissal at close of plaintiff\u2019s case). We first discuss whether the WCJ improperly converted the motion hearing into a trial and then discuss whether the WCJ improperly reneged on a promise to grant Worker a continuance.\nII. DISCUSSION\nA. Conversion of Motion Hearing to Trial\nWorker contends that his constitutional right to due process was violated by the \u201cconversion\u201d of the proceeding from a hearing on a motion for summary judgment to a trial. We disagree.\nOn its face, Worker\u2019s contention appears correct. As Judge Donnelly\u2019s dissent points out, the WCJ dispensed with the formalities of a trial. The WCJ should have proceeded by first stating that she denied the motion for summary judgment and then asking the parties if they wished to present opening statements and offer evidence with respect to the trial on the merits. Nevertheless, the failure to follow such procedures does not require reversal in this case. Worker was provided a full opportunity to do everything he could have done if the WCJ had proceeded in a formally correct manner. We reach this conclusion based on (1) the statutory requirement that causation be proved by expert medical testimony in workers\u2019 compensation litigation, (2) the requirement of the Pre-trial Order that all expert medical testimony be presented through previously designated documentary evidence, and (3) the WCJ\u2019s authority to bifurcate issues in this litigation.\nNMSA 1978, Section 52-l-28(B) (Repl.Pamp.1991) states:\nIn all cases where the employer or his insurance carrier deny that an alleged disability is a natural and direct result of the accident, the worker must establish that causal connection as a probability by expert testimony of a health care provider * * * testifying within the area of his expertise.\nIf the trier of fact is not convinced of causation by the expert medical testimony, benefits must be denied. See Torres v. Kennecott Copper Corp., 76 N.M. 623, 417 P.2d 435 (1966); Perea v. Gorby, 94 N.M. 325, 610 P.2d 212 (Ct.App.1980).\nWorker had ample notice that he would need to be prepared to try the case on April 15 and that a central issue would be whether there was expert medical testimony sufficient to establish causation. The Pre-trial Order listed the expert medical evidence that would be offered at the trial; it consisted solely of depositions of doctors, medical records, and medical reports. All of that evidence was available and presented to the WCJ on April 15 and 16. When the WCJ stated that Worker had no additional evidence on causation, the only response was the statement by Worker\u2019s wife that she thought they could get additional evidence. Moreover, the parties thoroughly argued the content and meaning of the medical evidence at the motion hearing. Thus, with respect to the causation issue, the WCJ heard all the evidence and argument that she could have heard at trial. In particular, nothing could be added by sworn witnesses because the Pre-Trial Order did not allow for any live expert testimony.\nOf course, there may have been significant additional evidence on such matters as the timeliness of Worker\u2019s notice and claim and the extent of his disability. But if one issue at trial may be dispositive, the WCJ has authority to bifurcate the trial and first litigate the possibly dispositive issue. See Formal Hearing Rules, N.M. Workers\u2019 Compensation Admin. Rule 1(A), 184 N.M.Reg. No. 1-18 (June 1989) (Rules of Civil Procedure for district courts apply to hearings before WCJ); SCRA. 1986, 1-042(B) (Repl.1992) (trial court may order separate trial of any separate issue); Ortiz v. New Mexico State Police, 112 N.M. 249, 252, 814 P.2d 117, 120 (Ct.App.1991); In re Beverly Hills Fire Litigation, 695 F.2d 207, 216 (6th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 461 U.S. 929, 103 S.Ct. 2090, 77 L.Ed.2d 300 (1983) (trial court may sever causation issue). Consequently, once the WCJ decided that Employer was entitled to judgment on the causation issue, the WCJ had no obligation to conduct a formal trial on the other issues.\nIn short, the WCJ\u2019s procedure, although formally incorrect, did not prejudice any rights of Worker in the particular circumstances of this case. Here we had the unusual situation of a dispositive issue being decided on previously designated documentary evidence. A trial of the causation issue would not have looked like a typical trial m any event. We must disregard errors or defects in a proceeding which do not affect the substantial rights of the parties. El Paso Elec. Co. v. Real Estate Mart, Inc., 98 N.M. 570, 574, 651 P.2d 105, 109 (Ct.App.1982). Therefore, we do not reverse on this ground.\nB. Alleged Promised Continuance\nWorker also contends that the WCJ violated his right to due process by first promising a continuance to enable him to re-depose Dr. Vincent and then reneging on that promise. The statement by the WCJ upon which Worker bases this contention was made after Worker complained that Dr. Vincent\u2019s deposition testimony was contrary to what the doctor had told Worker privately. (Worker, although given notice, did not attend the deposition of Dr. Vincent.) The WCJ stated:\nOkay, but the problem is we are faced with the evidence that exists right now, and at a trial I would accept the deposition of Dr. Vincent as it\u2019s written unless you\u2019re going to object to that, and what you\u2019re telling me, you\u2019re \u2014 you\u2019re going to object to that, all I would do is authorize you to take another deposition. So you need to think about what it is you think you could change if you had opportunity to depose the doctor.\nWe do not interpret the statement by the WCJ as a ruling that grants a continuance. The WCJ spoke conditionally. She said, \u201cAll I would do * * Indeed, in context it appears likely that the WCJ meant to say, \u201cAll I could do.\u201d Also, implicit in the WCJ\u2019s statement is that authorization of a new deposition would be conditional on a meritorious objection. We find it hard to believe that the WCJ intended to grant relief to Worker simply if Worker made an objection, regardless of the objection\u2019s merit. Here, Worker had made no meritorious objection. On the contrary, at the beginning of the hearing on April 15 Worker had not objected to introduction of the deposition testimony. Moreover, Worker\u2019s complaint was simply that Dr. Vincent had not testified truthfully. Insofar as Worker's concern was that he was surprised by the deposition testimony, we note that Dr. Vincent\u2019s Physical Capacities Evaluation Form, referred to in Employer\u2019s answer of February 14, 1991, said that he could not relate Worker\u2019s condition to his work. Thus, Worker had ample notice of Dr. Vincent\u2019s views. In any event, any surprise from the deposition testimony could have been obviated if Worker had attended the deposition, for which he acknowledged having received notice.\nFurthermore, nothing in the record indicates that Worker believed the WCJ to have promised him the opportunity to re-depose Dr. Vincent. Worker never claimed during the proceedings that the WCJ had reneged on a promise.\nFinally, and perhaps most importantly, even if the comment by the WCJ could be construed as a promise, we see no denial of due process to Woiker arising from a reconsideration of the matter by the WCJ. It is not uncommon for a judge to change a decision on a matter prior to entry of final judgment. Such a change does not infringe on the due process rights of a party when there has been no detrimental reliance by the party on the original decision by the judge. See Fox v. Doak, 78 N.M. 743, 438 P.2d 153 (1968) (error cannot be predicated on inconsistencies between judge\u2019s oral remarks from the bench and the written decision). In this ease Worker claims no such detrimental reliance, nor do we see how there could have been any. Given the notice of the trial and the terms of the Pre-trial Order, Worker was ade-' quately advised of the need to have all pertinent evidence ready for presentation on April 15. We fail to see any way in which Worker could have had additional evidence available on April 16 if the WCJ had clearly stated on April 15 that Worker would not be permitted to re-depose Dr. Vincent.\nWe note that Worker does not argue that denial of a continuance would have been an abuse of discretion even if the WCJ had not purportedly promised a continuance. Because the dissent addresses that point, however, we express our view that the WCJ did not abuse her discretion in determining that Worker had already received sufficient notice and time to gather and present evidence on causation.\nWorker had known of the need to obtain favorable expert medical testimony on causation at least since issuance of the Recommended Resolution, which stated that Worker was not entitled to benefits because he had \u201cfailed to establish a causal connection * * * as a probability by expert testimony of a health care provider.\u201d This gave Worker more than seven months to prepare for the hearing. That was ample time. Indeed, this court has applauded a district judge (now a member of this court) for taking a workers\u2019 compensation case from filing of the claim to judgment in seven months. Gallegos v. Yeargin Western Constructors, 104 N.M. 623, 623-24, 725 P.2d 599, 599-600 (Ct.App.1986). Although the dissent here notes that this case was apparently \u201clost in the system\u201d at one time, we have no indication that Worker was thereby prejudiced in preparing his case.\nWe also find that Worker had ample time to prepare for the adverse testimony in the deposition of Dr. Vincent. In its answer two months before trial, Employer asserted that Dr. Vincent was \u201cunable to relate\u201d Worker\u2019s condition to his work. Worker received proper notice of the deposition of Dr. Vincent nineteen days before trial but chose not to attend. And the transcript of that deposition was provided to Worker two days before trial. In El Paso Electric Co., we found no abuse of discretion by the trial court in permitting a party to call a witness who was added to the pretrial order only three days before the witness was to testify; we noted that the opposing party was afforded an opportunity to interview the witness over the weekend before trial. Although in El Paso Electric Co. the new witness was an expert being substituted for a previously disclosed expert, here we have a witness who had submitted a report months earlier and who had been available for questioning at a deposition almost three weeks earlier. The WCJ acted well within her discretion in ruling that Worker was not entitled to more time to prepare.\nThus, we reject Worker\u2019s contention that he was denied due process when the WCJ, after making the statement quoted above, did not later order a continuance to enable Worker to re-depose Dr. Vincent.\nIII. CONCLUSION\nFor the reasons stated above, we affirm the decision of the WCJ.\nIT IS SO ORDERED.\nBIVINS, J., concurs.\nDONNELLY, J., dissents.\n. There are two other issues discussed in the dissent which we do not address. First, Worker\u2019s briefs on appeal do not seek relief on the ground that Dr. Cooper had failed to sign his deposition, so we need not determine what relief would be appropriate for such a violation. See State ex rel. Human Servs. Dep\u2019t v. Staples, 98 N.M. 540, 541, 650 P.2d 824, 825 (1982) (courts should be wary of taking upon itself to raise, argue, and decide legal questions overlooked by the lawyers). Second, because the WCJ denied the motion for summary judgment, we need not decide whether the motion was untimely or otherwise procedurally deficient.", "type": "majority", "author": "HARTZ, Judge." }, { "text": "DONNELLY, Judge\n(dissenting).\nI respectfully dissent. I am unable to agree with the majority\u2019s determination that the Workers\u2019 Compensation Judge (WCJ) satisfied fundamental due process requirements in conducting the proceedings below. Affirmance of the WCJ\u2019s decision on the merits under circumstances where neither Worker nor Respondents were alerted to the fact that the proc\u00e9edings had been transformed from a hearing on Respondents\u2019 motion for summary judgment to a trial on the merits was prejudicial and establishes questionable precedent for future workers\u2019 compensation trials.\nThe majority concedes that the WCJ dispensed with the formalities of a trial and that, at the conclusion of the hearing on Respondents\u2019 motion for summary judgment, \u201c[t]he WCJ should have proceeded by first stating that she denied the motion for summary judgment and then asking the parties if they wished to present opening statements and offer evidence with respect to the trial on the merits.\u201d However, they reason that the decision on the merits should be affirmed because worker was unable to prove causation by expert medical testimony; thus, Worker\u2019s substantial rights were not prejudiced. I disagree with this analysis.\nThe administrative hearing in this case did not satisfy the requirements of basic due process. The right to a fair hearing necessarily embraces the right of the parties to be informed that they are involved in a trial on the merits. This requirement is heightened where, as was the case here, Worker was appearing pro se. It is somewhat inconsistent to conclude that Worker presented sufficient facts to withstand a motion for summary judgment, including facts bearing upon causation, and yet no prejudice can result from the failure of the WCJ to advise the parties that the proceedings had, at some point unknown to either Worker or Respondents, become a trial on the merits. I would reverse and remand for a new trial on the merits.\nThe procedure employed by the WCJ in dismissing Worker\u2019s claim in the instant case leaves considerable doubt as to whether the WCJ, in fact, adjudicated the issue of causation as part of Respondents\u2019 motion for summary judgment or proceeded to dispose of Worker\u2019s claims on the merits. Under either alternative, requisite due process requirements were not observed. See Fidelity Nat\u2019l Bank v. Tommy L. Goff, Inc., 92 N.M. 106, 108, 583 P.2d 470, 472 (1978) (summary judgment should not be used as a substitute for trial); see also Holland v. King, 500 N.E.2d 1229, 1238 (Ind.Ct.App.1986) (even if court believes nonmoving party may not prevail at trial, summary judgment should not be entered where there is a conflict in material facts or different inferences may be drawn).\nWorker\u2019s claim was originally filed in April 1990. However, as the WCJ noted at the status conference held in February 1991, the case had become \u201clost in the system\u201d in its early stages. Once the case was rediscovered, it was set for formal hearing, formal discovery was authorized in Montana, other discovery permitted, and the case was then disposed of on the merits in slightly over two months. Respondents\u2019 motion for summary judgment was filed after the deadline set by the WCJ for filing motions had passed. The depositions on which the motion was based were not transcribed at the time the motion was filed, and were served on Worker less than forty-eight hours before the motion hearing.\nIt is axiomatic that due process applies to administrative proceedings. See Reid v. New Mexico Bd. of Examiners in Optometry, 92 N.M. 414, 416, 589 P.2d 198, 200 (1979). Moreover, as our Supreme Court has observed, due process requires more than notice and an opportunity to be heard; in addition, it requires that the proceedings be fundamentally fair and that \u201cthe appearance of complete fairness be present.\u201d Id. These requirements apply with particular force in administrative proceedings \u201cwhere many of the customary safeguards affiliated with court proceedings have, in the interest of expedition and a supposed administrative efficiency, been relaxed.\u201d Id. Administrative proceedings which adjudicate substantial rights are bound by fundamental principles of justice and procedural due process. State ex rel. Battershell v. City of Albuquerque, 108 N.M. 658, 662, 777 P.2d 386, 390 (Ct.App.1989). In this case, the WCJ dispensed with basic trial procedures to such an extent that the proceedings neither appeared to be nor were fair to Worker.\nAt the beginning of the proceedings on April 15, 1991, the WCJ stated that the parties would \u201cproceed initially [that] afternoon on a motion for summary judgment and then determine whether or not we need a formal trial thereafter.\u201d (Emphasis added.) At the end of the first day the WCJ announced that the hearing would resume on the following day and if Worker could point to \u201ceven just a little bit of evidence [regarding causation] I\u2019m going to say there is a factual issue and we\u2019ll go to a full trial. But right now * * * I haven\u2019t found anything.\u201d When the hearing resumed on April 16, 1991, the WCJ announced that the parties were present on \u201ca continuation of yesterday\u2019s hearing on a motion for summary judgment.\" (Emphasis added.)\nThroughout the remaining portion of the hearing, the statements of the WCJ reinforced the impression that the parties were proceeding on the motion for summary judgment, not a trial on the merits. At one point the WCJ stated, \u201cI really don\u2019t see enough evidence to go forward with trial.\u201d Still later, the WCJ, in explaining to Worker that he must respond to the motion for summary judgment by showing that there is a genuine issue of fact, stated, \u201cthere is nothing that you've shown me at this point,\u201d indicating the existence of material disputed facts. The WCJ explained that she had read the depositions carefully to determine whether Worker had met the standard of a compensable claim and concluded that the evidence was \u201cjust not [there],\u201d and added, \u201cif I denied the motion we would go forward with the trial and I don\u2019t think you have any other evidence to offer me at the trial.\u201d\nAt some point unknown to the parties on both sides, however, the WCJ determined that the proceedings had moved from a hearing on the motion for summary judgment to a trial on the merits. The parties were not alerted by any ruling, however, that the WCJ had concluded that the motion for summary judgment should be and was denied, and that the case was now to be heard on the merits. Under the procedure followed by the WCJ below, no opportunity was given to either party to present opening statements, neither Worker nor his wife was administered the oath as witnesses, no right of cross-examination was accorded either party, no formal introduction of depositions or exhibits was made or ruled upon, and no closing statements were made. Yet, the WCJ undertook to render a decision on the merits. Under these circumstances, the proceedings lacked minimal procedural requisites to constitute a trial on the merits. Cf. Summers v. American Reliable Ins. Co., 85 N.M. 224, 226, 511 P.2d 550, 552 (1973) (parties turned summary judgment hearing into trial as evidenced by presenting opening statements, examining and cross-examining witnesses, admitting exhibits into evidence, and resting at conclusion of evidence); Battershell, 108 N.M. at 662-63, 777 P.2d at 390-91 (in quasi-judicial proceedings witnesses should be sworn and testimony taken under oath, unless administration of oath is waived); In re Protest of Miller, 88 N.M. 492, 498, 542 P.2d 1182, 1188 (Ct.App.) (litigants in administrative proceedings must be given full opportunity to be heard with all rights related thereto), cert. denied sub nom., Dale Bellamah Land Co. v. County Assessor for Bernalillo County, 89 N.M. 5, 546 P.2d 70 (1985).\nFurther indicia of the WCJ\u2019s sua.sponte transition to a trial on the merits appears in the WCJ's ruling at the conclusion of the proceedings, where she stated, \u201cwhat I am going to do is treat [Respondents\u2019] motion for summary judgment as a motion to dismiss your claim, and I am going to grant that motion.\u201d\nIn order to treat Respondents\u2019 motion for summary judgment as a motion to dismiss on the merits, the WCJ had to first deny the motion for summary judgment. The parties, however, were never advised of this ruling or the WCJ\u2019s disposition of the motion. At the very minimum, due process of law requires that litigants must be apprised that they are involved in a trial on the merits so that they can exercise their trial rights. See McCoy v. New Mexico Real Estate Comm\u2019n, 94 N.M. 602, 604, 614 P.2d 14, 16 (1980) (embodied in procedural due process is reasonable notice, the opportunity to be heard and present a claim or defense); see also Uhden v. New Mexico Oil Conservation Comm\u2019n, 112 N.M. 528, 530, 817 P.2d 721, 723 (1991) (\u201cAdministrative proceedings must conform to fundamental principles of justice and the requirements of due process of law.\u201d).\nWhere administrative proceedings deprive a party of a fair and full hearing, with opportunity to cross-examine witnesses, inspect documents, offer evidence in explanation or rebuttal, and to be fully apprised of evidence, there is no hearing. Transcontinental Bus Sys., Inc. v. State Cory. Comm\u2019n, 56 N.M. 158, 179, 241 P.2d 829, 842 (1952). Administrative adjudicatory proceedings must adhere to the fundamental principles of procedural due process and justice. Uhden, 112 N.M. at 530, 817 P.2d at 723; Battershell, 108 N.M. at 662-63, 777 P.2d at 390-91.\nIn addition to a failure to follow basic trial procedure, the proceedings conducted by the WCJ herein failed to conform to requisite administrative due process when Worker was denied sufficient time to respond to the motion for summary judgment and to go forward with a trial on the merits because of the late-filed depositions of Respondents. See March v. State, 105 N.M. 453, 455, 734 P.2d 231, 233 (1987) (due process includes reasonable amount of time to prepare). Worker alerted the WCJ to his need for additional time to prepare for the hearing on the motion and proceedings below in a variety of ways.\nAt various times, Worker pointed out to the WCJ that he had not had sufficient time to prepare for the hearing, that Dr. Vincent\u2019s deposition conflicted with what the doctor had told him, and that Dr. Vincent had requested, but was not given, an opportunity to review and sign his deposition. In addition, Worker stated that he felt that his heart and lung problems were caused, in part, by breathing hydrogen sulfide gas in his work over the years, and asked for an opportunity to obtain expert testimony on this issue. Neither doctor had been deposed about this issue during his deposition. However, Dr. Cooper stated in a form filed with the Workers\u2019 Compensation Administration, which was before the WCJ, that \u201cASCVD [arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease was] probably not related but M.I. [myocardial infarction] occurrence may well be related to [Worker\u2019s] work schedule and/or gas exposure and is certainly triggered by work hours and conditions.\u201d (Emphasis added.) This evidence raised a material issue of fact as to causation requiring a trial on the merits.\nIn spite of Worker\u2019s showing of the brief time span between his receipt of the depositions and the scheduled hearing, the WCJ denied Worker\u2019s request for a continuance, informing him that there had to be a point at which discovery ended. While I agree that discovery must end at some point, discovery only had been authorized six weeks earlier, the WCJ permitted Respondents to depart from the discovery time limits contained in the pretrial order, one of the deponents had not signed his deposition, and Worker had received the depositions less than forty-eight hours prior to the hearing. See Cordova v. City of Albuquerque, 86 N.M. 697, 705, 526 P.2d 1290, 1298 (Ct.App.1974) (untimely filed affidavits in support of motion for summary judgment held properly admissible, but a continuance may be necessary to allow defending party sufficient time to prepare response); see also Richards v. Upjohn Co., 95 N.M. 675, 681, 625 P.2d 1192, 1198 (Ct.App.) (late filed affidavits should be permitted; however, hearing should be postponed where other party needs more time to rebut matters in affidavit), cert. denied, 94 N.M. 675, 615 P.2d 992 (1980).\nI disagree that the procedures and rulings of the WCJ at the hearings conducted below satisfied fundamental due process. The order of dismissal should be reversed and the case remanded for a full hearing on the merits.", "type": "dissent", "author": "DONNELLY, Judge" } ], "attorneys": [ "Cynthia A. Fry, Albuquerque, for claimant-appellant.", "Charles E. Stuckey, Rodey, Dickason, Sloan, Akin & Robb, P.A., Albuquerque, for respondents-appellees." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "845 P.2d 1262\nBob D. YADON, Claimant-Appellant, v. QUINOCO PETROLEUM, INC., and Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, Respondents-Appellees.\nNo. 13180.\nCourt of Appeals of New Mexico.\nDec. 8, 1992.\nCertiorari Denied Jan. 15, 1993.\nCynthia A. Fry, Albuquerque, for claimant-appellant.\nCharles E. Stuckey, Rodey, Dickason, Sloan, Akin & Robb, P.A., Albuquerque, for respondents-appellees." }, "file_name": "0808-01", "first_page_order": 842, "last_page_order": 851 }