{ "id": 1561267, "name": "STATE of New Mexico, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Johnny PISIO, Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "State v. Pisio", "decision_date": "1994-11-23", "docket_number": "No. 14768", "first_page": "252", "last_page": "262", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "119 N.M. 252" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "889 P.2d 860" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.M. Ct. App.", "id": 9025, "name": "Court of Appeals of New Mexico" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 52, "name_long": "New Mexico", "name": "N.M." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "784 P.2d 1005", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1990, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "109 N.M. 262", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "year": 1990, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "109 N.M. 371", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1590345 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "374" }, { "page": "285" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/109/0371-01" ] }, { "cite": "105 N.M. 214", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1598938 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "216-17" }, { "page": "1198-99" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/105/0214-01" ] }, { "cite": "111 N.M. 357", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 715214 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "361" }, { "page": "628" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/111/0357-01" ] }, { "cite": "814 P.2d 103", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "year": 1991, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "112 N.M. 235", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "year": 1991, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "112 N.M. 193", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 720256 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "199" }, { "page": "1347" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/112/0193-01" ] }, { "cite": "110 N.M. 304", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 716982 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "309" }, { "page": "1001" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/110/0304-01" ] }, { "cite": "857 P.2d 788", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "year": 1993, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "115 N.M. 677", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "year": 1993, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "117 N.M. 11", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1552677 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "14-16" }, { "page": "659-61" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/117/0011-01" ] }, { "cite": "112 N.M. 554", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 720271 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "570" }, { "page": "1212" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/112/0554-01" ] }, { "cite": "668 P.2d 308", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "100 N.M. 192", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "100 N.M. 120", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1588690 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "124" }, { "page": "1271" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/100/0120-01" ] }, { "cite": "112 N.M. 3", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 720274 ], "weight": 9, "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "14" }, { "page": "1234" }, { "page": "1234" }, { "page": "14" }, { "page": "1234" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/112/0003-01" ] }, { "cite": "777 P.2d 907", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "year": 1989, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "108 N.M. 668", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "year": 1989, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "109 N.M. 81", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1590314 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "87" }, { "page": "1165" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/109/0081-01" ] }, { "cite": "102 N.M. 652", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1580072 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "656" }, { "page": "129" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/102/0652-01" ] }, { "cite": "814 P.2d 457", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "year": 1991, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "112 N.M. 279", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "year": 1991, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "112 N.M. 358", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 720181 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "361" }, { "page": "657" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/112/0358-01" ] }, { "cite": "130 L.Ed.2d 105", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "116" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "115 S.Ct. 168", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "S. Ct.", "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "182" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "117 N.M. 501", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1552623 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "506" }, { "page": "252" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/117/0501-01" ] }, { "cite": "462 U.S. 1039", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6196866 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/462/1039-01" ] }, { "cite": "636 F.2d 517", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 3511091, 627214 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "521" }, { "page": "522", "parenthetical": "waiver is a determination that must be made in light of totality of circumstances" }, { "page": "523" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us-app-dc/204/0245-01", "/f2d/636/0517-01" ] }, { "cite": "102 L.Ed.2d 263", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "109 S.Ct. 274", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "S. Ct.", "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "488 U.S. 917", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1493216, 1494881, 1494338, 1494992, 1495413, 1495158 ], "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/488/0917-01", "/us/488/0917-03", "/us/488/0917-06", "/us/488/0917-05", "/us/488/0917-04", "/us/488/0917-02" ] }, { "cite": "522 N.E.2d 1124", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1132-33" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "119 Ill.Dec. 265", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. Dec.", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "273-74" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "122 Ill.2d 176", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5550081 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/122/0176-01" ] }, { "cite": "479 U.S. 157", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6213196 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "170" }, { "page": "523" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/479/0157-01" ] }, { "cite": "119 N.M. 174", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1561332 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "178-179" }, { "page": "213-214" }, { "page": "178" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/119/0174-01" ] }, { "cite": "111 N.M. 234", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 715244 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "238", "parenthetical": "compulsion present in emergency room atmosphere rose above that inherent in custody itself, and police took advantage of it by subjecting the defendant to circumstances which they knew or should have known were likely to yield incriminating responses" }, { "page": "1057", "parenthetical": "compulsion present in emergency room atmosphere rose above that inherent in custody itself, and police took advantage of it by subjecting the defendant to circumstances which they knew or should have known were likely to yield incriminating responses" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/111/0234-01" ] }, { "cite": "446 U.S. 291", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6182222 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "301" }, { "page": "1689-90" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/446/0291-01" ] }, { "cite": "384 U.S. 436", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 12046400 ], "weight": 8, "year": 1966, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "475" }, { "page": "1628" }, { "page": "478" }, { "page": "1630" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/384/0436-01" ] }, { "cite": "117 N.M. 751", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1552598 ], "weight": 7, "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "755" }, { "page": "561", "parenthetical": "fundamental error for trial court not to instruct the jury on the single criminal intent doctrine when Supreme Court on appeal could not ascertain whether there existed a single intent as a matter of law" }, { "page": "560" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/117/0751-01" ] }, { "cite": "856 P.2d 250", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "year": 1993, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "115 N.M. 602", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "year": 1993, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "115 N.M. 718", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 725425 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "720" }, { "page": "96" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/115/0718-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1249, "char_count": 30807, "ocr_confidence": 0.748, "pagerank": { "raw": 2.5027448430403447e-07, "percentile": 0.8097248140721718 }, "sha256": "bc40262d56ed2e4ac58d4403ff6f91d140f1c5cf25e9b7bb04515887723bfd93", "simhash": "1:5de27c3daf46bd70", "word_count": 4971 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T22:42:52.429175+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "DONNELLY and PICKARD, JJ., concur." ], "parties": [ "STATE of New Mexico, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Johnny PISIO, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "OPINION\nMINZNER, Chief Judge.\nDefendant appeals his convictions for two counts of second-degree criminal sexual penetration (criminal sexual penetration committed during a felony) (CSP II, felony), and one count each of kidnapping, assault with intent to commit a violent felony, and criminal sexual contact (CSC). In his briefs Defendant argued that the trial court committed reversible error (1) by failing to suppress a question he asked police followmg his request for assistance of counsel; and (2) in faihng to instruct the jury (a) on false imprisonment as a lesser-included offense of kidnapping; (b) on third-degree criminal sexual penetration (CSP III) as a lesser-included offense of CSP II, felony; and (c) on assault as a lesser-included offense of assault with intent to commit a violent felony. Issues raised in the docketing statement but not briefed are deemed abandoned. State v. Ramos, 115 N.M. 718, 720, 858 P.2d 94, 96 (Ct.App.), cert. denied, 115 N.M. 602, 856 P.2d 250 (1993).\nWe granted Defendant\u2019s motion prior to oral argument to argue the effect of State v. Brooks, 117 N.M. 751, 877 P.2d 557 (1994), decided after his appeal had been fully briefed. In his motion and at oral argument, Defendant urged us to hold that fundamental error resulted from the lack of adequate jury instruction or instructions on the issue(s) of whether the facts supported his convictions of five separate criminal offenses. We reverse Defendant\u2019s conviction for kidnapping on the ground that on the facts of this case, double jeopardy principles preclude a conviction for kidnapping in addition to convictions for CSP II, felony. We affirm the other convictions. We remand for resentencing and entry of an amended judgment.\nFACTS\nVictim testified to an incident that occurred while she was moving out of a residential alcohol treatment center on February 29, 1992, the day before her graduation from the program. Defendant neither testified nor presented evidence. The following factual background paraphrases Victim\u2019s testimony.\nVictim met Defendant about three weeks earlier when he entered the program and moved into apartment 124A; Victim resided in 124C. Although they became friends and visited in each other\u2019s apartments, they were not romantically or intimately acquainted.\nSometime after 4:30 p.m., February 29, Victim gave Defendant a ride to a bar across town to repay a debt. Upon their return, Defendant went to Victim\u2019s apartment to give her his phone number; there, he offered to carry things to the car for her. She declined. However, to get from her apartment to her ear, Victim had to pass Defendant\u2019s apartment. After she had made several trips to her car, Defendant came out of his apartment and helped carry the rest of her belongings.\nOn the last trip, Defendant carried Victim\u2019s bag to his apartment and asked her to come inside for a minute. She did so. He closed and locked the door, told Victim to sit down, and said that he wanted to give her a kiss. She thanked him, but said she was not interested. Defendant then moved closer to Victim on the couch. Victim tried to get up to go out the door or move toward the door, but Defendant was blocking her way. She moved to another couch. Defendant then squeezed between Victim and the couch arm and attempted to kiss her. She yelled at him, said that she did not understand his behavior, and told him that she wanted to leave. He clamped his hand over her mouth and tried to turn her toward him for a kiss. She resisted. They struggled to the floor.\nOn the floor Defendant straddled Victim around her waist and tried to pin her arms down. She managed to pull herself over to the opposite couch and grab the leg in an attempt to pull away, but he pulled her back by the throat with the crook of his arm and dragged her toward a hall, which led to two bedrooms and a bathroom.\nWhen Victim continued to refuse to kiss him, Defendant began sucking her breast, pulled down her shorts and underwear, performed oral sex for about a minute, tried to kiss her again, resumed oral sex for a little longer, then penetrated Victim vaginally with his penis. At this point, approximately five minutes had passed since Victim entered Defendant\u2019s apartment. Defendant told Victim to wipe herself, insisted that she go into his bedroom and get some rags to do so, and told her to dress.\nWhen she refused to go in the bedroom, Defendant tried to force her, but she held onto the bathroom door frame. Defendant explained that he was afraid she would leave while he was in the bedroom. She told him that she would stand in the bathroom doorway where he could see her.\nWhen Victim subsequently left the bathroom, Defendant was standing in the hallway, a little farther than three feet from the bathroom door. She walked up the hallway towards the front door, with Defendant walking backwards in front of her. Before they got to the living room, Defendant grabbed Victim by the shoulders, told her that he was going to \u201cfinish what he started,\u201d shoved her to the floor, and penetrated her vaginally. During the next few minutes, he attempted repeated penetrations. Ultimately, he told her things hadn\u2019t worked out as planned, put his clothes back on, and again told her tb dress.\nTo secure her exit from the apartment, Victim finally kissed Defendant and asked him to help her carry to her car the bag he had brought into his apartment. He did so. She drove away at approximately 6:17 p.m.\nI. DENIAL OF MOTION TO SUPPRESS\nDefendant was arrested at his apartment during the evening of February 29. Advised of his rights as required by Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966), he signed a consent to search form, but claimed his right to counsel. He remained at the apartment during the search. Once he was removed to the police station, a detective who had been present at the search, but who had arrived after Defendant had been arrested, advised him of the reason for arrest and again read him his rights. An interview occurred at approximately 2:00 a.m. on March 1. The detective recorded the interview. During the interview, the detective asked Defendant to verify his signature on the consent to search form and asked if he was aware that certain items had been seized from his apartment during the search. The detective confirmed that Defendant wished to claim his right to counsel, advised Defendant of the arraignment date and the charges filed, and then turned off the tape recorder. Five minutes later, the detective turned the recorder back on because Defendant had asked whether he would \u201ctake the rap\u201d if Victim had engaged in sex with someone else. The detective repeated the question on tape and then explained that the State would seek a search warrant to get bodily samples from Defendant for serological examination. Between the time the tape recorder was initially turned off and the time Defendant asked his question, the detective was completing paperwork while Defendant sat in the detective\u2019s office. Defendant asked no further questions. The evidence of Defendant\u2019s question was introduced at trial over his objection.\nOn appeal, Defendant claims that his Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination was violated. Defendant does not ch\u00e1l.lenge. hjs responses to the detective\u2019s questions during the interview, because those responses were not inculpatory. Rather, Defendant contends that the trial court erred in admitting his question to the detective con-' cerning whether he would be held responsible if Victim had engaged in sex with someone else.\nDefendant notes that under Rhode Island v. Innis, 446 U.S. 291, 301, 100 S.Ct. 1682, 1689-90, 64 L.Ed.2d 297 (1980), custodial interrogation includes both direct questions and their functional equivalent, i.e., \u201cwords or actions on the part of the police (other than those normally attendant to arrest and custody) that the police should know are reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response from the suspect.\u201d (Footnotes omitted.) Defendant further notes that the detective testified he was ready to turn the tape back on if Defendant made a statement with \u201cevidentiary value.\u201d He reasons that, under these circumstances, the detective\u2019s silence (after the questioning about Defendant\u2019s signature and items seized and the imparting of information about arraignment) was within the Innis concept of custodial interrogation. See generally State v. Ybarra, 111 N.M. 234, 238, 804 P.2d 1053, 1057 (1990) (compulsion present in emergency room atmosphere rose above that inherent in custody itself, and police took advantage of it by subjecting the defendant to circumstances which they knew or should have known were likely to yield incriminating responses). Based on Ybarra, Defendant argues that even silence on the part of a police officer can be the functional equivalent of direct questioning. Alternatively, Defendant argues that his question was tainted by the prior taped interview, and that the State failed to prove a valid waiver of his Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. See Miranda, 384 U.S. at 475, 86 S.Ct. at 1628.\nThe federal constitution does not preclude the use of incriminating statements against the accused if those statements can be characterized as volunteered. Id. at 478, 86 S.Ct. at 1630. \u201cAny statement given freely and voluntarily without any compelling influences is, of course, admissible in evidence____ Volunteered statements of any kind are not barred by the Fifth Amendment____\u201d Id. Whether \u201cvoluntary\u201d is examined in the context of the Fifth Amendment (waiver) or the Fourteenth Amendment (due process), the benchmark is the absence of governmental coercion or police overreaching. See generally State v. Franks, 119 N.M. 174, 178-179, 889 P.2d 209, 213-214 (Ct.App.1994) (N.M.Ct.App.1994) (quoting Colorado v. Connelly, 479 U.S. 157, 170, 107 S.Ct. 515, 523, 93 L.Ed.2d 473 (1986)). A question may qualify as \u201cvolunteered,\u201d even though it is made by one who had previously requested counsel. See People v. Enoch, 122 Ill.2d 176, 119 Ill.Dec. 265, 273-74, 522 N.E.2d 1124, 1132-33 (where police comments were those associated with custody and arrest, Supreme Court affirmed trial court decision that defendant\u2019s spontaneous statement, made after claiming Fifth Amendment right to counsel, was voluntary), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 917, 109 S.Ct. 274, 102 L.Ed.2d 263 (1988).\n\u201cMost volunteered statements fall into one of two categories: statements which the police have made no attempt to elicit, and statements which respond to a police question or which occur during the course of interrogation, but which are totally unresponsive to the question asked.\u201d 3 William E. Ringel, Searches and Seizures, Arrests and Confessions \u00a7 27.4(a), at 27-26.6 (2d ed. 1994)' (footnote omitted).\nIn the second form of volunteered statement, the incriminating remark is usually so far removed from the subject of the question asked by the police it is clear that the police did not intend to elicit the remark. Therefore, although the remark may come during the course of questioning, the police cannot be said to have foreseen the likelihood of the specific incriminating statement being made.\nId. at 27-27.\nThe question Defendant asked might be said to be within either category. We find no basis for determining that the police should have anticipated Defendant\u2019s response or that Defendant framed the question in response to anything specific the detective had said or done. On de novo review, we conclude that the question Defendant propounded was volunteered. See United States v. Foskey, 636 F.2d 517, 521 (D.C.Cir.1980). Cf. Franks, 119 N.M. at 178, 889 P.2d at 213 (applied de novo review to issue of whether confession was voluntary when defendant had called 911 for emergency medical assistance).\nWe believe this holding is consistent with the most recent United States Supreme Court authority. See Oregon v. Bradshaw, 462 U.S. 1039, 103 S.Ct. 2830, 77 L.Ed.2d 405 (1983). In Bradshaw, the United States Supreme Court decided that when a defendant has claimed the right to counsel, a subsequent waiver of that right requires more than that the defendant responded to further questioning. The defendant must (1) initiate the further conversation, and (2) knowingly and intelligently waive his right to counsel and to remain silent. Id. At the time that Defendant asked his question, the detective was silently completing paperwork. Defendant asked his question of his own volition at this time and thereby initiated the conversation. In addition, under the totality of the circumstances, we hold that Defendant intentionally waived his privilege against self-incrimination, and specifically his right to have counsel present when questioned. Cf. Foskey, 636 F.2d at 522 (waiver is a determination that must be made in light of totality of circumstances). Relevant circumstances include the spontaneity of the question and \u201cno evidence of otherwise particularly coercive circumstances.\u201d Id. at 523. Thus, we hold that the trial court did not err in admitting Defendant\u2019s question.\nII. INSTRUCTION ISSUES\nDefendant was indicted on fifteen different counts. The jury convicted him on five. The five convictions were: Count One (CSP II, felony, based on oral sex occurring in the hallway in the commission of a kidnapping); Count Four (CSP II, felony, based on penile penetration occurring after the events at the bathroom door, relying on the same kidnapping charged in Count One); Count Five (kidnapping, as charged in both Counts One and Four); Count Six (assault with intent to commit a felony, based on menacing conduct in the living room prior to the oral sex charged in Count One); and Count Nine (CSC, based on contact(s) prior to the oral sex charged in Count One).\nDefendant claims that the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury on his tendered, lesser-included offense instructions of CSP III for CSP II, felony; false imprisonment for kidnapping; and assault for assault with intent to commit a violent felony. He contends that there was evidence to establish each lesser offense and that under some view of the evidence the lesser offense was the highest degree of the crime committed. See State v. Aguilar, 117 N.M. 501, 506, 873 P.2d 247, 252, certs, denied, \u2014 U.S. -, -, 115 S.Ct. 168, 182, 130 L.Ed.2d 105, 116 (1994). Thus, he argues, he was entitled to have the jury consider the evidence pursuant to lesser-included offense instructions.\nDefendant also argues that the trial court ' committed fundamental error when it failed to instruct the jury on criminal intent. See Brooks, 117 N.M. at 755, 877 P.2d at 561 (fundamental error for trial court not to instruct the jury on the single criminal intent doctrine when Supreme Court on appeal could not ascertain whether there existed a single intent as a matter of law).\nDefendant\u2019s argument based on Brooks raises several issues. Some are explicit, and others are implicit. He expressly argued in his pre-oral argument motion that, on these facts, reasonable minds could disagree on the number of criminal acts he committed. He argued there are issues\nwhether the evidence at trial supported five separate criminal offenses as reflected in the jury verdict; [2] whether the evidence supported a single, ongoing sexual assault resulting in criminal sexual penetration (e.g., CSP III); [3] whether the evidence supported a single CSP conviction and a single CSC conviction; or [4] whether the evidence supported a single initiatory crime (e.g., kidnapping), a single CSP (CSP II), and a single CSC conviction.\nWe first address the instruction issues raised in the briefs. We begin with the argument regarding assault.\nA. Lesser-included Offense Instructions on Assault\nDefendant argues that the jury could have found that he lacked specific intent to commit CSP at the time of the assault because the evidence bearing on his intent was circumstantial in nature. Thus, he contends that the trial court should have instructed the jury on simple assault. See SCRA 1986, 14-301 (essential elements of assault). Because no reasonable view of the evidence would support simple assault as being the greatest offense committed, the district court properly denied Defendant\u2019s lesser-included offense instruction.\nBecause an individual\u2019s intent is seldom subject to proof by direct evidence, intent may be proved by circumstantial evidence. See State v. Hoeffel, 112 N.M. 358, 361, 815 P.2d 654, 657 (Ct.App.), cert. denied, 112 N.M. 279, 814 P.2d 457 (1991); SCRA 1986, 14-141 (general criminal intent instruction allowing intent to be inferred from surrounding circumstances). Defendant did not testify at trial, and Victim\u2019s account of the circumstances underlying the charge of assault with intent to commit a violent felony was essentially unchallenged. The only reasonable inference for the jury was that any assault which occurred during this interim was assault with intent to commit CSP. Defendant should have either been convicted of the offense as charged or acquitted. See State v. Gammill, 102 N.M. 652, 656, 699 P.2d 125, 129 (Ct.App.), cert. denied (March 5, 1985). Thus, on the record before us, we conclude that the trial court properly denied Defendant\u2019s tendered instruction on simple assault.\nB. Lesser-included Offense Instructions on CSP III and False Imprisonment\nWe jointly consider Defendant\u2019s contentions that the trial court erred in not giving a CSP III instruction as a lesser-included offense instruction for each count of CSP II, felony, and that he was entitled to an instruction on false imprisonment on the kidnapping charge alleged in Count Five. These contentions are so closely related that we may address them as interdependent.\nIn State v. Corneau, 109 N.M. 81, 87, 781 P.2d 1159, 1165 (Ct.App.), certs. denied, 108 N.M. 668, 777 P.2d 907 (1989), we said that if criminal sexual penetration occurs within the res gestae of a felony, then it occurs \u201cin the commission of\u2019 a felony within the meaning of CSP II, felony, as defined by NMSA1978, Section 30-9-ll(D)(4) (Repl.Pamp.1994). As the Supreme Court noted in Swafford v. State, 112 N.M. 3, 14, 810 P.2d 1223, 1234 (1991), appellate cases implicating CSP II, felony, often have involved either kidnapping or false imprisonment. Id.\n\u201cKidnaping is the unlawful taking, restraining or confining of a person, by force or deception, with intent that the victim ... be held to service against the victim\u2019s will.\u201d NMSA1978, \u00a7 30-4-l(A)(3) (Repl.Pamp.1994). \u201cDeception\u201d is an intentional misleading by actions or falsehood. State v. Garcia, 100 N.M. 120, 124, 666 P.2d 1267, 1271 (Ct.App.), cert. denied, 100 N.M. 192, 668 P.2d 308 (1983). \u201cTo hold for service\u201d includes any act that is compelled or induced because a victim is made to submit her will to a defendant\u2019s direction and control. State v. Ortega, 112 N.M. 554, 570, 817 P.2d 1196, 1212 (1991). \u201cFalse imprisonment consists of intentionally confining or restraining another person without ... consent and with knowledge that [the act is without] lawful authority.\u201d NMSA1978, \u00a7 30-4-3 (Repl. Pamp.1994).\nIn Comeau, we construed the predecessor to Section 30-9-ll(D)(4) as requiring the force or coercion necessary to establish false imprisonment to be distinct from that inherent in almost every CSP in order to establish CSP II, felony. Based on Comeau, we must conclude that the predecessor to Section 30-9-ll(D)(4) required the same degree of distinct conduct when the charge was kidnapping. That is, unless there is force or coercion beyond that inherent in almost every CSP, the proper charge is CSP III.\nDefendant claims that CSP III would have been the greatest offense committed if the jury found that Defendant lacked the intent to hold Victim for service when he locked the door of his apartment, or if the jury accepted Victim\u2019s testimony regarding the actual penetrations that occurred, but rejected her testimony regarding the force used. Defendant also argues that the evidence would have supported a conviction for false imprisonment rather than kidnapping. We believe Defendant\u2019s argument that CSP III was the greatest offense committed and his argument that the evidence would have supported a conviction for false imprisonment rather than kidnapping depend on a single theory. Under that theory, no kidnapping occurred because Defendant initially sought only a consensual kiss. Thus, he never held Victim for service within the meaning of Section 30-4-l(A)(3). Further, because Victim misconstrued or misreported his conduct prior to the acts of criminal sexual penetration, he used only that force or coercion associated with those acts, and thus he was guilty, if at all, of CSP III. His theory is not a reasonable view of the evidence. See State v. Wilson, 117 N.M. 11, 14-16, 868 P.2d 656, 659-61 (Ct.App.) (lesser-included offense instruction properly denied if jury would have to unduly fragment evidence to conclude that lesser offense was greatest offense committed), cert. granted, 115 N.M. 677, 857 P.2d 788 (1993). The court correctly refused both lesser-included instructions underlying the theory.\nIn Victim\u2019s account, Defendant used substantial force to move her into the hallway within a few minutes after she entered the apartment. If the jury believed that account, it also must have believed that if Defendant initially sought consent, he had a contingency plan in ease he failed to obtain consent. That plan involved force. Once Defendant restrained Victim by force or coercion for service against her will, the crime of kidnapping occurred. See State v. McGuire, 110 N.M. 304, 309, 795 P.2d 996, 1001 (1990). The key to the restraint element in kidnapping is the point at which Victim\u2019s physical association with Defendant was no longer voluntary. See State v. Mares, 112 N.M. 193, 199, 812 P.2d 1341, 1347 (Ct.App.) (only when defendant became angry did victim become afraid, want to leave, and become aware that defendant might hold her against her will), cert. denied, 112 N.M. 235, 814 P.2d 103 (1991). That point clearly occurred early during the incident, and so early that Defendant\u2019s intent must be viewed as coexistent.\nWe conclude the evidence of force used in the living room precludes both a determination that CSP III was the greatest offense committed under either Count One or Count Four, and that Defendant was entitled to a lesser-included instruction on false imprisonment regarding Count Five. We next examine Defendant\u2019s arguments based on Brooks.\nC. Fundamental Error\nWe read Brooks to mean that intent becomes a factual issue only when the trial court cannot determine, as a matter of law, whether an act is a separate crime or part of a broader scheme. See id. at 754, 877 P.2d at 560. According to Brooks, Herron v. State, 111 N.M. 357, 805 P.2d 624 (1991), still controls the issue in sex-crime cases. See Brooks, 117 N.M. at 754 n. 1, 877 P.2d at 560 n. 1. We conclude that Defendant\u2019s reliance on Brooks rather than Herron is misplaced. Nevertheless, his motion and oral argument raise express and implicit double jeopardy issues, which we address. Cf. Swafford, 112 N.M. at 6 n. 1, 810 P.2d at 1226 n. 1 (although double jeopardy issue asserted for first time in collateral proceeding for post-conviction relief, Supreme Court addressed issue because it raised possibility that court imposed unauthorized sentence).\nAccording to Herron, the number of penetrations is not dispositive of the number of violations of NMSA1978, Section 30-9-11 (Repl.Pamp.1984); rather, the key is whether each penetration is in some sense distinct under the evidence. Herron, 111 N.M. at 361, 805 P.2d at 628. By analogy, the number of contacts is not dispositive of the existence of a separate violation of NMSA1978, Section 30-9-12 (Repl.Pamp.1994). See also State v. Williams, 105 N.M. 214, 216-17, 730 P.2d 1196, 1198-99 (Ct.App.1986). Examining the evidence at issue in light of Herron and Williams, a distinction may be drawn as a matter of law between the acts underlying the two CSP II, felony counts of which Defendant was convicted, and the criminal sexual contact count of which he was convicted. We believe that Herron and Williams, rather than Brooks, provide the proper basis for whether conduct in sex-crime cases is unitary and should be understood as supplementing Swafford\u2019s double jeopardy analysis on such facts. We conclude under Herron and Williams that the trial court did not err in submitting these three counts to the jury.\nThe oral sex in the hallway (Count One) and the criminal sexual contact that preceded .it (Count Nine) were distinct in time, place, and other circumstances from the second penile penetration (Count Four) Victim testified occurred after she rose and stood in the bathroom door. The fact that Defendant told Victim prior to the conduct characterized in Count Four that he intended to \u201cfinish what he started\u201d does not create a jury issue on the number of counts of sexual misconduct of which Defendant may be convicted. Under Herron and Williams the acts that occurred and the time, place, and circumstances under which they occurred support these three counts as submitted to the jury, because there is sufficient evidence to support a determination that the conduct underlying those counts is not unitary.\nHowever, the conduct underlying Counts One, Five, Six, and Nine all occurred within the same initial five-minute period following Victim\u2019s entry into the apartment. The State appears to have based its theory of kidnapping on Defendant\u2019s closing and locking the door, its theory of assault on Defendant\u2019s menacing behavior in the living room, its theory of CSP II, felony (Count One) on the oral sex that occurred in the hallway, and its theory of criminal sexual contact on actions immediately prior to that oral sex. Thus, we think Defendant\u2019s convictions under Counts One, Five, Six, and Nine arose out of conduct that under Swafford must be characterized as unitary. Under Williams and Herron, Counts One and Nine were proper units of prosecution. Counts Five and Six require further analysis.\nThe elements of assault with intent to commit a violent felony (Count Six) differ from the elements of CSP II, a felony (Count One), as well as the elements of kidnapping (Count Five). See SCRA1986, 14-309 (essential elements of aggravated assault by threat or menacing conduct with intent to commit a felony). Double jeopardy analysis requires us to determine whether there are separate elements, and, if so, whether there are any other indicia of legislative intent to punish different offenses. Swafford, 112 N.M. at 14, 810 P.2d at 1234. \u201c[T]he Block-burger test raises only a presumption that [statutes whose elements are not subsumed one within the other] punish distinct offenses. That presumption ... is not conclusive and it may be overcome by other indicia of legislative intent.\u201d Id. There are no such indicators regarding assault with intent to commit a felony. The presumption (that because the elements are different the statutes punish different offenses) controls. Double jeopardy does not preclude conviction and punishment on the charges contained in Count Six as well as the other counts based on the unitary conduct. Count Five, however, is another matter.\nWe have said that ordinarily double jeopardy principles do not preclude multiple punishment for both CSP II, felony, and kidnapping. See State v. Tsethiikai, 109 N.M. 371, 374, 785 P.2d 282, 285 (Ct.App.1989), cert. denied, 109 N.M. 262, 784 P.2d 1005 (1990). Nevertheless, we indicated that \u201cspecial circumstances in a particular case may require merger.\u201d Id. Swafford, decided after Tsethiikai, indicates that we should presume a legislative intent to punish as a single offense unitary conduct underlying multiple counts in certain circumstances. Those circumstances include not only unitary conduct resulting in charged offenses that have exactly the same elements, but also unitary conduct resulting in a charge of two offenses when one subsumes the other. We conclude that the special circumstances to which Tsethiikai referred include unitary conduct. We also conclude that double jeopardy precludes conviction and punishment on Count Five.\nUnder Comean, CSP III describes a criminal sexual penetration committed with only that force or coercion associated with an act of sexual penetration for which there was no consent. A person is entitled to withdraw his or her consent or express a lack of consent to an act of criminal sexual penetration at any point prior to the act itself, but force or coercion exerted prior to the act itself will support a conviction for kidnapping or false imprisonment. When the legislature defined CSP II, felony, it indicated its intent that force or coercion executed prior to the act of sexual intercourse without consent but closely associated with it, was the aggravating factor distinguishing CSP III from CSP II, felony. Thus, on some facts, including the facts of this case, the elements of CSP II, felony, will subsume the elements of the felony on which CSP II is based. In other words, the presence or absence of the act of kidnapping distinguishes CSP II, felony, from CSP III, as a lesser-included offense. We have concluded that Defendant was not entitled to a lesser-included instruction on CSP III. Nevertheless, the constitutional protection against double jeopardy precludes multiple punishment for both the greater offense of CSP II, felony, and the aggravating factor, kidnapping, when the conduct is unitary. See generally Swafford, 112 N.M. at 14, 810 P.2d at 1234. For this reason, we reverse Defendant\u2019s conviction for kidnapping.\nCONCLUSION\nIn conclusion, we affirm the trial court\u2019s denial of Defendant\u2019s motion to suppress testimony regarding the question he asked while in custody. We affirm Defendant\u2019s convictions of CSP II, felony, as charged in Counts One and Four and in Count Nine for criminal sexual contact. We also affirm Defendant\u2019s conviction for assault with intent to commit a felony. The trial court did not err in denying lesser-included offense instructions on assault, false imprisonment, or CSP III. Defendant\u2019s conviction of kidnapping is reversed. We affirm each of Defendant\u2019s other convictions, and we remand for resentencing and entry of an amended judgment.\nIT IS SO ORDERED.\nDONNELLY and PICKARD, JJ., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "MINZNER, Chief Judge." } ], "attorneys": [ "Tom Udall, Atty. Gen., Daniel F. Haft, Asst. Atty. Gen., Santa Fe, for plaintiff-appellee.", "Sammy J. Quintana, Chief Public Defender, David Henderson, Asst. Appellate Defender, Santa Fe, for defendant-appellant." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "889 P.2d 860\nSTATE of New Mexico, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Johnny PISIO, Defendant-Appellant.\nNo. 14768.\nCourt of Appeals of New Mexico.\nNov. 23, 1994.\nCertiorari Denied Jan. 5, 1995. \u25a0\nTom Udall, Atty. Gen., Daniel F. Haft, Asst. Atty. Gen., Santa Fe, for plaintiff-appellee.\nSammy J. Quintana, Chief Public Defender, David Henderson, Asst. Appellate Defender, Santa Fe, for defendant-appellant." }, "file_name": "0252-01", "first_page_order": 344, "last_page_order": 354 }