{ "id": 322256, "name": "Richard CHAVEZ, Claimant-Petitioner, v. MOUNTAIN STATES CONSTRUCTORS, employer, and Mountain States Mutual Casualty Company, insurer, Employer-Insurer-Respondents", "name_abbreviation": "Chavez v. Mountain States Constructors", "decision_date": "1996-12-02", "docket_number": "No. 22865", "first_page": "579", "last_page": "588", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "122 N.M. 579" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "929 P.2d 971" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.M.", "id": 8835, "name": "Supreme Court of New Mexico" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 52, "name_long": "New Mexico", "name": "N.M." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "115 N.M. 210", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 725408 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "213" }, { "page": "1140" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/115/0210-01" ] }, { "cite": "787 P.2d 1246", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "year": 1990, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "109 N.M. 563", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "year": 1990, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "109 N.M. 626", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1590347 ], "weight": 8, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "629" }, { "page": "385" }, { "page": "628" }, { "page": "384" }, { "page": "629" }, { "page": "385" }, { "page": "629" }, { "page": "385" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/109/0626-01" ] }, { "cite": "120 N.M. 608", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1558823 ], "weight": 6, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "613" }, { "page": "62" }, { "page": "614" }, { "page": "614" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/120/0608-01" ] }, { "cite": "877 P.2d 1105", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "weight": 6, "year": 1994, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "117 N.M. 802", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "year": 1994, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "117 N.M. 727", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1552796 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "729" }, { "page": "658" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/117/0727-01" ] }, { "cite": "30 P. 947", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.", "weight": 2, "year": 1892, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "949" }, { "page": "949" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "6 N.M. 682", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 4651293 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1892, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "690-91" }, { "page": "690-91" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/6/0682-01" ] }, { "cite": "121 N.M. 821", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1566487 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "834", "parenthetical": "stating that the plain meaning \"rule does not require a mechanical, literal interpretation of the statutory language\"" }, { "page": "1334", "parenthetical": "stating that the plain meaning \"rule does not require a mechanical, literal interpretation of the statutory language\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/121/0821-01" ] }, { "cite": "117 N.M. 346", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1552772 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "351-54", "parenthetical": "extensive discussion of the plain meaning rule" }, { "page": "1357-60", "parenthetical": "extensive discussion of the plain meaning rule" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/117/0346-01" ] }, { "cite": "109 N.M. 789", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1590280 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "790" }, { "page": "65" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/109/0789-01" ] }, { "cite": "122 N.M. 173", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 322295 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "180", "parenthetical": "citations omitted" }, { "page": "562", "parenthetical": "citations omitted" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/122/0173-01" ] }, { "cite": "120 N.M. 579", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1558975 ], "weight": 8, "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "582" }, { "page": "31" }, { "page": "583" }, { "page": "32" }, { "page": "583" }, { "page": "32" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/120/0579-01" ] }, { "cite": "896 P.2d 490", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "year": 1995, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "119 N.M. 810", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "year": 1995, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "119 N.M. 792", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1561360 ], "weight": 16, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "793" }, { "page": "1334" }, { "page": "1334, 1336" }, { "page": "1335, 1336" }, { "page": "1336" }, { "page": "1337" }, { "page": "1335" }, { "page": "1336" }, { "page": "1336-37" }, { "page": "1339", "parenthetical": "Donnelly, J., dissenting" }, { "page": "1336" }, { "page": "1338", "parenthetical": "Donnelly, J., dissenting" }, { "page": "797-98" }, { "page": "1338-39", "parenthetical": "discussing the incongruity of the Majority's interpretation of Section 52-l-24(B)" }, { "page": "1338", "parenthetical": "Donnelly, J., dissenting" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/119/0792-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1109, "char_count": 32205, "ocr_confidence": 0.672, "pagerank": { "raw": 3.2684518910563354e-07, "percentile": 0.8699445411682303 }, "sha256": "d0ba875c34a9f63e592969bb9af23b1b46bca78f6ceace64f9e07e85504b3935", "simhash": "1:6cd575e5f3671462", "word_count": 5102 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T15:23:55.699803+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "RANSOM and MINZNER, JJ., concur." ], "parties": [ "Richard CHAVEZ, Claimant-Petitioner, v. MOUNTAIN STATES CONSTRUCTORS, employer, and Mountain States Mutual Casualty Company, insurer, Employer-Insurer-Respondents." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "OPINION\nFRANCHINI, Justice.\n[1] As a consequence of a work-related truck accident, Richard Chavez incurred mental injuries that rendered him totally disabled. He was denied any benefits for his mental injuries because the Workers\u2019 Compensation Judge (WCJ) believed that recovery was barred by NMSA 1978, \u00a7 52-1-24 (Repl.Pamp.1991), the portion of the Workers\u2019 Compensation Act that governs mental impairments. The WCJ and, on Chavez\u2019s appeal, the majority opinion of the Court of Appeals, concluded that Section 52-1-24 barred recovery because Chavez suffered both physical and mental injuries, Chavez did not prove his mental injuries resulted from his physical injuries, and the Legislature intended to preclude recovery on such facts.\n[2] We conclude that under Section 52-1-24(B) of the Workers\u2019 Compensation Act, Chavez\u2019s truck accident qualifies as a \u201ctraumatic event that is generally outside of a worker\u2019s usual experience and would evoke significant symptoms of distress in a worker in similar circumstances.\u201d We further hold that, even though Chavez suffered physical as well as mental injuries, he is not barred from receiving benefits by the stipulation in Section 52-l-24(B) that the mental injury involve \u201cno physical injury.\u201d We reverse the Court of Appeals and hold that Chavez may receive workers\u2019 compensation benefits for his mental injuries.\nI. FACTS\n[3] Chavez was employed as a truck driver by Mountain States Constructors, Inc. On April 13, 1989, he was driving a loaded dump truck on a downgrade when the brakes apparently failed to work properly. As he attempted to negotiate the speeding truck around a curve, the vehicle rolled and landed on its side.\n[4] Chavez incurred several physical injuries from the accident. He received twenty-eight stitches in the emergency room for two severe lacerations to his head. Also, the muscles and tendons surrounding his right shoulder joint \u2014 a physiological structure known as the rotator cuff \u2014 were tom. See 4 J.E. Schmidt, Attorneys\u2019 Dictionary of Medicine and Word Finder at R-192 (1996) (defining rotator cuff).\n[5] After reparative surgery and physical therapy, Chavez was found, under American Medical Association guidelines, to have a permanent thirty-percent impairment of the use of his right shoulder. Because of his rotatorcuff injury, he was declared eligible for forty-eight percent of what he would receive if he were totally disabled, as calculated according to the formulae of the Workers\u2019 Compensation Act. See NMSA 1978, \u00a7\u00a7 52-1-26(0, - 41, -42 (Repl.Pamp.1991) (formulae). However, Chavez also displayed symptoms of mental impairment that were not present before the accident. Although these mental injuries rendered him totally disabled, they were not taken into account in computing his award for benefits.\n[6] On August 7, 1991, Chavez filed a workers\u2019 compensation claim for total disability benefits and medical expenses. He sought to be compensated for the physical injuries that rendered him partially disabled and the mental injuries that rendered him totally disabled. Mountain States contested his claim of total disability. After a mediation conference on September 12, 1991, the Workers\u2019 Compensation Mediator found that Chavez\u2019s injuries were \u201csolely of a physical nature\u201d and that his \u201cneuropsychological problems have not been established, by anything resembling medical probability, to be causally connected to the accident of April 13, 1989.\u201d Chavez v. Mountain States Constructors, N.M. Workers\u2019 Compensation Admin., WCA No. 89-03931, \u00b640>) (Sept. 18, 1991) (Schoenhaus, Med.) (Mediator\u2019s recommended resolution) [Chavez I ].\n[7] Chavez rejected this recommendation. Thereafter, he brought his case before a WCJ who conducted a series of formal hearings over the course of a year from August 10,1992 to August 31,1993. Several experts in psychology and psychiatry provided evidence regarding Chavez\u2019s mental impairment. Based upon the evidence presented by these experts, the WCJ concluded that Chavez suffered from Ganser\u2019s Syndrome. See Chavez v. Mountain States Constr., N.M. Workers\u2019 Compensation Admin., WCA No. 89-03931, at 1 (Dec. 30, 1993) (Griego, WCJ) (memorandum opinion) [hereinafter Chavez III\n[8] Ganser\u2019s Syndrome is \u201c[a] condition marked by absurd acts on the part of the patient and by seemingly relevant but inaccurate answers to simple questions.\u201d 2 Schmidt, supra, at G-17. JFor example, when asked the colors of the United States flag Chavez responded white, blue, and pink. Letter from John M. Rhodes, Ph.D., Neuropsychology Assocs., to Tom Howell, Mountain States Casualty (March 24, 1990). When asked the number of days in a week he said there were six. Letter from Dr. Gerald S. Fredman, psychiatrist, to Thomas E. Howell, Mountain States Mutual (July 15, 1991). Neurologic examinations established that there was no physical injury to Chavez\u2019s brain that would account for his mental impairment. The WCJ concluded that the Ganser\u2019s Syndrome was causally related to the dump truck accident and that Chavez was rendered unable to engage in any type of work without constant supervision.\n[9] Despite the debilitating nature of Chavez\u2019s mental impairment, the WCJ denied Chavez\u2019s claim for total disability benefits, and concluded that Ganser\u2019s Syndrome was not a compensable form of mental impairment as defined in the Workers\u2019 Compensation Act. Chavez II at 2 (discussing Section 52-l-24(B), (Q). In a compensation order issued February 11, 1994, the WCJ awarded Chavez forty-eight percent of his maximum weekly benefit for the physical injuries and denied any benefits for the Ganser\u2019s Syndrome. Chavez v. Mountain States Constr., N.M. Workers\u2019 Compensation Admin., WCA No. 89-08931, Conclusions of Law 7-11, 16 (Feb. 11, 1994) (Griego, WCJ) (compensation order) [hereinafter Chavez III].\n[10] Chavez appealed to the Court of Appeals on March 11, 1994. Chavez disputed the denial of benefits from the Ganser\u2019s Syndrome but did not contest the award of benefits attributable to his physical injuries. In an opinion to which Judge Donnelly dissented, the Court of Appeals affirmed the WCJ\u2019s ruling. Chavez v. Mountain States Constr., 119 N.M. 792, 793, 895 P.2d 1333, 1334 (Ct.App.1995) [hereinafter Chavez IV]. Upon Chavez\u2019s appeal, we granted certiorari. Chavez v. Mountain States Constr., 119 N.M. 810, 896 P.2d 490 (1995). We now reverse the determinations of the WCJ and the Court of Appeals.\nII. STATUTE IN QUESTION\n[11] The types of mental impairment that trigger eligibility for workers\u2019 compensation are set forth in Section 52-1-24 of the Workers\u2019 Compensation Act:\nAs used in the Workers\u2019 Compensation Act [Chapter 52, Article 1 NMSA 1978]:\nB. \u201cprimary mental impairment\u201d means a mental illness arising from an accidental injury arising out of and in the course of employment when the accidental injury involves no physical injury and consists of a psychologically traumatic event that is generally outside of a worker\u2019s usual experience and would evoke significant symptoms of distress in a worker in similar circumstances, but is not an event in connection with disciplinary, corrective or job evaluation action or cessation of the worker\u2019s employment; and\nC. \u201csecondary mental impairment\u201d means a mental illness resulting from a physical impairment caused by an accidental injury arising out of and in the course of employment.\n(Emphasis added.)\n[12] The WCJ, in discussing Chavez\u2019s mental impairment, determined that \u201cbased on the evidence presented at trial ... Worker suffers from Ganser\u2019s Syndrome. Worker is rendered totally disabled by reason of Ganser\u2019s Syndrome. The Ganser\u2019s Syndrome is causally related to the work accident of April 13, 1989.\u201d Chavez II at 1. Nevertheless, the WCJ concluded, and the Court of Appeals affirmed, that Chavez\u2019s Ganser\u2019s Syndrome does not fall within the statutory definitions of either primary or secondary mental impairment. Id. at 2; Chavez III at 6.\n[13] Chavez\u2019s malady was found not to be a primary mental impairment for two reasons. First, the WCJ stated and the Majority of the Court of Appeals agreed, without explaining their reasoning, that the truck accident was not a \u201cpsychologically traumatic event that is generally outside of a worker\u2019s usual experience\u201d. Section 52-l-24(B). Further, they found no evidence showing a similar truck accident \u201cwould evoke significant symptoms of distress in a worker.\u201d Id. Apparently, the WCJ and the Court found that the rolling of the truck was not a sufficiently traumatic event to explain Chavez\u2019s mental impairment. See Chavez IV, 119 N.M. at 793, 795, 895 P.2d at 1334, 1336; Chavez II at 2.\n[14] Second, the Court stated that Chavez\u2019s Ganser\u2019s Syndrome was precluded from being a primary mental impairment by the words \u201cwhen the accidental injury involves no physical injury.\u201d The Court concluded that these words meant that a primary mental impairment occurred only when there is no physical injury whatsoever; the presence of any physical injury removed any accompanying mental impairment from the definition of \u201cprimary mental impairment,\u201d even if the mental injuries were not causally connected to the physical injuries. Chavez IV, 119 N.M. at 794, 795, 895 P.2d at 1335, 1336. The WCJ made no explicit reference to this portion of Section 52-l-24(B) though he suggested that \u201cThe Ganser\u2019s Syndrome does not derive from a physical impairment caused by an accidental injury, but is rather directly related to the accident of April 13, 1989.\u201d Chavez II at 1-2.\n[15] Additionally, the WCJ and the Court of Appeals concluded that Chavez\u2019s Ganser\u2019s Syndrome was not a secondary mental impairment because it was not a \u201cmental illness resulting from a physical impairment.\u201d Section 52-l-24(C). The medical experts found no physical injury to Chavez\u2019s brain. Nor was the syndrome found to have derived from any of the other physical injuries caused by the truck accident. Rather, the syndrome was caused directly by the accident, and was not a byproduct of a physical injury. Chavez IV, 119 N.M. at 795, 895 P.2d at 1336; Chavez II at 2.\n[16] In his summary, the WCJ stated that \u201c[i]t can therefore be seen that Ganser\u2019s Syndrome fits neither the definition of primary mental impairment, nor the definition of secondary mental impairment so as to render it a compensable condition under the New Mexico Workers\u2019 Compensation Act.\u201d Chavez II at 2. Thus, despite the conclusions that Chavez\u2019s Ganser\u2019s Syndrome was caused by the accident and that the syndrome rendered him totally disabled, the WCJ felt compelled to engage in a \u201clegal fiction\u201d that Chavez did \u201cnot suffer from Ganser\u2019s Syndrome.\u201d He stated that he could not do. otherwise, because Chavez\u2019s mental impairment was removed from consideration by the definitions in Section 52-1-24(B) and (C). The physical injuries thus provided the only basis for establishing disability. If he were to recognize Chavez\u2019s total disability, he could base this conclusion only on the physical injuries \u2014 a basis not supported by the evidence. Thus, he felt compelled to devise the strained \u201clegal fiction\u201d that Chavez did not have Ganser\u2019s Syndrome, and was not totally disabled, in order to justify awarding partial, rather than total, disability benefits for Chavez\u2019s impairments. Chavez II at 3. The Court of Appeals affirmed the WCJ\u2019s award of partial disability. Chavez IV, 119 N.M. at 796, 895 P.2d at 1337.\n[17] In arguments to this Court, the parties initially focused on the Legislature\u2019s intentions in describing a primary mental impairment as a \u201cmental illness ... when the accidental injury involves no physical injury.\u201d Section 52-l-24(B). However, Mountain States also argued that we should affirm the WCJ\u2019s conclusion that the Ganser\u2019s Syndrome did not result from \u201ca psychologically traumatic event that is generally outside of a worker\u2019s usual experience and would evoke significant symptoms of distress in a worker in similar circumstances.\u201d Id. We address both issues.\n[18] The record supports the conclusion that Chavez did not suffer from a secondary mental impairment. But we do not find persuasive the reasoning of the WCJ and the majority opinion of the Court of Appeals that his affliction is not a primary mental impairment. We conclude that Chavez\u2019s Ganser\u2019s Syndrome is a primary mental impairment and that he should be awarded compensation benefits for total disability.\nIII. STANDARDS OF REVIEW\n[19] We review this case under the standards governing judicial review of agency decisions. See generally Morningstar Water Users Ass\u2019n v. New Mexico Pub. Util. Comm\u2019n, 120 N.M. 579, 582, 904 P.2d 28, 31 (1995). \u201cWhen reviewing administrative agency decisions courts will begin by looking at two interconnected factors: whether the decision presents a question of law, a question of fact, or some combination of the two; and whether the matter is within the agency\u2019s specialized field of expertise.\u201d Id.\n[20] We will generally defer to an agency\u2019s factual determination, especially if the factual question concerns matters that fall within the agency\u2019s area of specialization. Id. at 583, 904 P.2d at 32. \u201cWhen reviewing findings of fact made by an administrative agency we apply a whole record standard of review. This means that we look not only at the evidence that is favorable, but also evidence that is unfavorable to the agency\u2019s determination.\u201d Fitzhugh v. New Mexico Dep\u2019t of Labor, 122 N.M. 173, 180, 922 P.2d 555, 562 (1996) (citations omitted). The factual decision of the agency will be affirmed if it is supported by substantial evidence in the whole record. Id.\n[21] When an agency addresses a question of law by construing or applying a particular statute, courts will grant some deference to legal determinations that fall within agency expertise. Morningstar, 120 N.M. at 583, 904 P.2d at 32. However, \u201cit is the function of the courts to interpret the law,\u201d and courts are in no way bound by the agency\u2019s legal interpretation. Id.\n[22] In this case we accept the WCJ\u2019s factual conclusions that Chavez suffered from Ganser\u2019s Syndrome, that the mental impairment was causally related to the truck accident, and that this mental impairment renders him totally disabled. See Chavez II at 1 (quoted by Chavez IV, 119 N.M. at 794, 895 P.2d at 1335). We also accept the factual conclusion that Chavez\u2019s mental illness is not the byproduct of a physical injury. This fact supports the legal conclusion that the syndrome is not a secondary mental impairment. Chavez IV, 119 N.M. at 795, 895 P.2d at 1336; Chavez II at 2. No other adjudicator was in a better position than the WCJ to observe and evaluate the evidence regarding Chavez\u2019s disabilities. The WCJ\u2019s factual conclusions are supported by substantial evidence in the record as a whole.\n[23] Thus, in this case, we are faced with but a single question of law: whether Chavez\u2019s Ganser\u2019s Syndrome falls within the definition of \u201cprimary mental impairment.\u201d Mountain States urges us to apply a plain meaning rule in interpreting Section 52-1-24. Under the plain meaning rule, when the language of a statute is clear and unambiguous, we must give effect to that language and refrain from extrapolating unexpressed meanings. State v. Jonathan M., 109 N.M. 789, 790, 791 P.2d 64, 65 (1990). See generally State ex rel. Helman v. Gallegos, 117 N.M. 346, 351-54, 871 P.2d 1352, 1357-60 (1994) (extensive discussion of the plain meaning rule). Mountain States argues that, because Chavez suffered physical injuries, the literal language of Section 52-l-24(B) precludes him from claiming he has a primary mental impairment, since such an impairment occurs only \u201cwhen the accidental injury involves no physical injury.\u201d The Court of Appeals applied the plain meaning rule when it concluded that in this case \u201cthe definitions of mental impairment are clear, so we do not look to any other source to determine legislative intent.\u201d Chavez IV, 119 N.M. at 795-96, 895 P.2d at 1336-37.\n[24] However, the plain meaning rule is not absolute, and has been modified by several rules of statutory construction. Cummings v. X-Ray Assocs., 121 N.M. 821, 834, 918 P.2d 1321, 1334 (1996) (stating that the plain meaning \u201crule does not require a mechanical, literal interpretation of the statutory language\u201d). Our purpose is to effectuate the intent of the Legislature and \u201c[w]e will not rest our conclusions upon the plain meaning of the language if the intention of the legislature suggests a meaning different from that suggested by the literal language of the law.\u201d Id. We will avoid any literal interpretation that leads to an absurd or unreasonable result and threatens to \u201cconvict the legislature of imbecility.\u201d Cortesy v. Territory, 6 N.M. 682, 690-91, 30 P. 947, 949 (1892). We will apply these standards in evaluating the language of Section 52-1-24.\nIV. PRIMARY MENTAL IMPAIRMENT\n[25] New Mexico appellate courts have previously recognized that the provisions of the Workers\u2019 Compensation Act are imprecise. See Coslett v. Third St. Grocery, 117 N.M. 727, 729, 876 P.2d 656, 658 (Ct.App.) (\u201c[I]mpreeision in the language of New Mexico\u2019s workers\u2019 compensation laws is hardly unprecedented.\u201d), cert. denied, 117 N.M. 802, 877 P.2d 1105 (1994). Section 52-1-24 is no exception to this ambiguity of language. This serves as a warning that the plain language rule may not be the best approach to interpreting this statute. In our analysis we will examine and describe the various elements of the statute to clarify their meaning.\n[26] Section 52-l-24(B) sets forth a series of criteria that must be present before a mental illness qualifies as a \u201cprimary mental impairment\u201d under the Worker\u2019s Compensation Act. We identify three such criteria. These criteria \u2014 though not sequentially presented by the statute \u2014 suggest a' logical sequence; one criterion must be factually established before the next can be addressed. We will follow this three-part sequence in discussing the application of the statute to Chavez\u2019s Ganser\u2019s Syndrome.\n[27] First, the worker must be involved in an \u201can accidental injury arising out of and in the course of employment.\u201d Section 52-1-24(B). The meaning of this phrase is amplified by NMSA 1978, \u00a7 52-l-28(A) (Repl. Pamp.1991), which requires the accident to be \u201creasonably incident to [the worker\u2019s] employment\u201d and the disability to be \u201ca natural and direct result of the accident.\u201d Since we have accepted the WCJ\u2019s conclusions regarding the causal link between the accident and the Ganser\u2019s syndrome, this requirement is not at issue in this case.\n[28] Second, the nature of the \u201caccidental injury\u201d is established. It must consist \u201cof a psychologically traumatic event.\u201d Section 52-l-24(B). This language seems to confound the accidental event with the resultant injury. We interpret this provision to mean that the cause of the \u201caccidental injury\u201d \u2014 the accident itself \u2014 must be a psychologically traumatic event. This psychologically traumatic event possesses two qualities: it must be \u201cgenerally outside of a worker\u2019s usual experience\u201d and it must be such that it \u201cwould evoke significant symptoms of distress in a worker in similar circumstances.\u201d Id. Moreover the traumatic event has several limitations; it cannot be connected \u201cwith disciplinary, corrective or job evaluation action or cessation of the worker\u2019s employment.\u201d Id.\n[29] Third, the effect upon the worker of the traumatic \u00e9vent is evaluated. The accidental injury has two express aspects: it must be \u201ca mental illness\u201d and it can involve \u201cno physical injury.\u201d Id.\n[30] To summarize, 1) the worker must establish a work-related accident; 2) the accident must be a traumatic event; and 3) the traumatic event must cause a mental injury that involves no physical injury. As stated above, there is no dispute concerning the first criterion. The remainder of this opinion will address the other two criteria in Section 52-l-24(B): the traumatic event and the nature of the injury.\nA. Traumatic Event\n[31] This case does not present \u201ca psychologically traumatic event\u201d that was connected \u201cwith disciplinary, corrective or job evaluation action or cessation of the worker\u2019s employment.\u201d Id. We address only whether, as a matter of law, the truck accident was \u201coutside of a worker\u2019s usual experience\u201d and whether a similar accident would \u201cevoke significant symptoms of distress in a worker.\u201d Id.\n1. \u201cgenerally outside of a worker\u2019s usual experience\u201d\n[32] It is not self-evident what sorts of events fall outside a worker\u2019s usual experience. The identity of the \u201cworker\u201d in the phrase \u201ca worker\u2019s usual experience\u201d is rather cryptic. The Legislature\u2019s use, in this phrase, of the indefinite article \u201ca\u201d rather than the definite \u201cthe\u201d suggests an intent to give a broad meaning to \u201cworker.\u201d See Collado v. City of Albuquerque, 120 N.M. 608, 613, 904 P.2d 57, 62 (Ct.App.1995). Thus, the phrase addresses a larger class of workers than the single individual who is applying for benefits; we are not limited to questioning whether the truck accident was outside of Chavez\u2019s \u201cusual experience.\u201d See id.\n[33] How large a class of workers does this statute concern? The phrase \u201ca worker\u2019s usual experience\u201d can suggest the experiences of \u201call workers in the working world, regardless of occupation or employer.\u201d Id. On the other hand it may apply to a more limited class of workers, those who are employed in the same or similar jobs involving the same or similar responsibilities as the worker who is claiming benefits. See id We conclude that the Legislature most likely intended the second of these possibilities. An event that is psychologically traumatic in one profession might not be so in another. Jensen v. New Mexico State Police, 109 N.M. 626, 629, 788 P.2d 382, 385 (Ct.App.), cert. denied, 109 N.M. 563, 787 P.2d 1246 (1990). On the other hand, there are no professions, even those that routinely involve great stress, that do not, as a matter of law, expose workers to psychologically traumatic events that may warrant compensation for mental injuries. See Collado, 120 N.M. at 614, 904 P.2d at 63 (discussing traumatic events experienced by a worker in the emergency medical profession). Thus, establishing whether an experience is \u201cgenerally outside of a worker\u2019s usual experience\u201d requires a comparison of the worker\u2019s psychologically traumatic event with the events generally experienced by other workers whose jobs are the same or similar to that of the injured worker. Id. at 613-14, 904 P.2d at 62-63.\n[34] In the present ease, Chavez suffered serious physical injuries from the tmck accident. It is axiomatic that such an event is outside of almost any worker\u2019s usual experience. It is difficult to imagine a profession in which rolling a fully loaded dump truck would be within a worker\u2019s usual experience. Such an event is certainly not an ordinary part of the working life of a truck driver for a construction company. We conclude from the findings of fact supported by the whole record that, as a matter of law, the accident was \u201coutside of a worker\u2019s usual experience\u201d within the meaning of Section 52-l-24(B). The WCJ and the Majority of the Court of Appeals erred in stating otherwise.\n2. \u201cwould evoke significant symptoms of distress in a worker in similar circumstances\u201d\n[35] By requiring the traumatic event to be one that \u201cwould evoke significant symptoms of distress in a worker in similar circumstances,\u201d the Legislature established an objective standard under which, as a matter of law, the trauma of a specific worker may be evaluated. Jensen, 109 N.M. at 628, 788 P.2d at 384. As stated above, the \u201cworker\u201d in this statute is one who is employed in a job that is the same or similar to the one held by the worker who is claiming benefits. Thus, in this case we ask whether a worker whose employment responsibilities were similar to Chavez\u2019s could possibly suffer \u201csignificant symptoms of distress\u201d in an accident similar to Chavez\u2019s truck accident.\n[36] It will be useful to examine the types of traumatic events the Legislature envisioned as evoking \u201csignificant symptoms of distress in a worker.\u201d By excluding trauma connected with disciplinary actions, job evaluation, or termination of employment, the Legislature intended to limit primary mental impairment to mental illnesses caused by sudden, emotional, catastrophic events. See \u00a7 52-l-24(B). Thus compensation is denied for mental injuries that result from minor everyday disturbances or from illnesses that are caused by the incremental accumulation of stress over a period of time. See Jensen, 109 N.M. at 629, 788 P.2d at 385.\n[37] The American Psychiatric Association has published lists of sudden, emotional, catastrophic events that can produce psychiatric disorders. These include: sexual assault, physical attack, robbery, mugging, being kidnapped or taken hostage, terrorist attack, military combat, floods, earthquakes, airplane crashes, large fires, bombings, torture, death camps, being diagnosed with a life-threatening illness, and, pertinent to this case, severe automobile accidents. See DSM-IV, supra, at 424; American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 236 (3d ed.1980) (quoted by Jensen, 109 N.M. at 629, 788 P.2d at 385, and by Collado, 120 N.M. at 614, 904 P.2d at 63).\n[38] Even if the American Psychiatric Association list did not include \u201csevere automobile accidents,\u201d it is self-evident that for almost any person \u2014 and not just truck drivers for construction companies \u2014 rolling a loaded dump truck would be traumatic. Moreover, evidence in the record suggests that mental impairments like Ganser\u2019s Syndrome are a possible consequence of such a traumatic event. As Judge Donnelly stated in his dissent:\nIt is uncontradicted that Worker was in a serious motor vehicle accident which resulted in serious physical and mental injuries. This certainly constitutes sufficient evidence to give rise to a reasonable inference that others may sustain physical and mental injuries if they experienced a similar accident.\nChavez IV, 119 N.M. at 798, 895 P.2d at 1339 (Donnelly, J., dissenting). We conclude from the findings of fact supported by the whole record that, as a matter of law, under Section 52-l-24(B), the accident \u201cwould evoke significant symptoms of distress in a worker in similar circumstances.\u201d A contrary suggestion by the WCJ and the Majority of the Court of Appeals is erroneous.\nB. The Nature of the Mental Injury\n[39] The third criterion under the definition of \u201cprimary mental impairment\u201d addresses the effect upon the worker of the traumatic event. The worker\u2019s injury must be \u201ca mental illness,\u201d it can involve \u201cno physical injury,\u201d and it must arise from the traumatic event. Section 52-l-24(B).\n[40] As we have already stated, the record as a whole substantially supports the WCJ\u2019s factual conclusions that Chavez \u201csuffers from Ganser\u2019s Syndrome,\u201d and that \u201c[t]he Ganser\u2019s Syndrome is causally related to the work accident of April 13, 1989.\u201d Chavez II at 1. The record also supports the WCJ\u2019s conclusion that, even though Chavez received physical injuries, his \u201cGanser\u2019s Syndrome is a psychological condition, and is not related to a physical malady such as dementia or organic brain injury.\u201d Id.. Under the third criterion, we need only address whether Chavez\u2019s physical injuries prevent his Ganser\u2019s Syndrome from being classified as a primary mental impairment, when such an impairment can involve \u201cno physical injury.\u201d See \u00a7 52-l-24(B).\n[41] The Majority of the Court of Appeals stated that under the plain meaning rule Chavez cannot claim his \u201caccidental injury involves no physical injury.\u201d As the Court stated, \u201cUnder Section 52-l-24(B), a worker can recover for primary mental impairment only \u201cwhen the accidental injury involves no physical injury.\u2019 The present case clearly involved a physical injury, for which compensation benefits were awarded. Worker\u2019s injury therefore does not fall within the definition of primary mental impairment.\u201d Chavez IV, 119 N.M. at 795, 895 P.2d at 1336; see also Chavez II at 1-2 (same idea). This interpretation is unreasonable. It leads to absurd results that would be impossible to justify.\n[42] We will look beyond the plain meaning of statutory language if such an interpretation leads to an absurd result. See Cortesy, 6 N.M. at 690-91, 30 P. at 949. As Judge Donnelly stated in his dissent,\nthe interpretation applied by the majority means that if Worker is involved in a work-related motor vehicle accident which results in severe psychological impairment that was not caused by a physical injury, no recovery is permitted if Worker also received any physical injury in the same accident, even a minor physical injury.\nChavez IV, 119 N.M. at 797, 895 P.2d at 1338 (Donnelly, J., dissenting). Thus if Chavez had escaped from the truck accident without a scratch, his resulting Ganser\u2019s Syndrome would be compensable as a primary mental impairment. However, because he suffered head injuries requiring twenty-eight stitches and the rotator-cuff injury resulting in forty-eight percent impairment, his accompanying mental impairment is not compensable. See id. at 797-98, 895 P.2d at 1338-39 (discussing the incongruity of the Majority\u2019s interpretation of Section 52-l-24(B)). It is impossible to imagine a legislative purpose behind such an interpretation.\n[43] The phrase \u201cwhen the accidental injury involves no physical injury\u201d means that the accident, or traumatic event, rather than the physical injury, directly caused a mental injury. This phrase is meant to broaden the statute, not to make it narrower. It shows the Legislature wanted to make certain that mental impairment was covered by the Act even if there were no physical injury. The phrase does not mean only when there is no physical injury. It refers to a mental injury that is independent of and distinguishable from any physical injury that may also have been caused by the accident. The intent of the statute is that the mental impairment should be considered in addition to any physical impairment if that physical impairment has no causal relationship to the mental impairment. We overrule any previous suggestion by New Mexico courts to the contrary. See Fitzgerald v. Open Hands, 115 N.M. 210, 213, 848 P.2d 1137, 1140 (Ct.App.1993) (distinguishing between primary and secondary mental impairments under Section 52-l-24(B), and stating in passing that the worker in that case \u201cnever suffered a primary mental impairment because that, by definition, is a mental impairment without physical injury\u201d).\n[44] If there is a causal relationship between the mental impairment and the physical impairment, then the mental illness is a \u201csecondary mental impairment\u201d under Section 52-l-24(C). In order to harmonize both mental impairment definitions to produce a common-sense result, the phrase \u201cwhere there is no physical injury\u201d necessarily means \u201cwhere no physical injury caused the mental impairment.\u201d Conversely, secondary mental impairment occurs \u201cwhere physical injury did cause the mental impairment.\u201d Thus, a \u201cprimary mental impairment\u201d is a mental disability that satisfies all the criteria of Section 52-l-24(B) and occurs as a result of the traumatic event regardless of the presence of any physical injury. See Chavez IV, 119 N.M. at 797, 895 P.2d at 1338 (Donnelly, J., dissenting).\nV. CONCLUSION\n[45] For the foregoing reasons we reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals and direct that Chavez be awarded compensation for Ganser\u2019s Syndrome as a primary mental impairment under Section 52-1-24(B).\n[46] IT IS SO ORDERED.\nRANSOM and MINZNER, JJ., concur.\n. We cite to the current version of the Workers\u2019 Compensation Act, though the holding in this case also applies to the version in effect at the time the cause of action arose. See NMSA 1978, \u00a7 52-l-24(B) (Repl.Pamp.1987).", "type": "majority", "author": "FRANCHINI, Justice." } ], "attorneys": [ "Elizabeth Gabriel, Albuquerque, for Claimant-Petitioner.", "Robert C. Collins and Donald C. Clifford, Albuquerque, for Employer-Insurer-Respondents." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "929 P.2d 971\nRichard CHAVEZ, Claimant-Petitioner, v. MOUNTAIN STATES CONSTRUCTORS, employer, and Mountain States Mutual Casualty Company, insurer, Employer-Insurer-Respondents.\nNo. 22865.\nSupreme Court of New Mexico.\nDec. 2, 1996.\nElizabeth Gabriel, Albuquerque, for Claimant-Petitioner.\nRobert C. Collins and Donald C. Clifford, Albuquerque, for Employer-Insurer-Respondents." }, "file_name": "0579-01", "first_page_order": 629, "last_page_order": 638 }