{ "id": 260708, "name": "STATE of New Mexico, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Juan AREVALO, Defendant-Appellee", "name_abbreviation": "State v. Arevalo", "decision_date": "2002-04-02", "docket_number": "No. 21,985", "first_page": "306", "last_page": "311", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "132 N.M. 306" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "47 P.3d 866" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "2002-NMCA-062" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.M. Ct. App.", "id": 9025, "name": "Court of Appeals of New Mexico" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 52, "name_long": "New Mexico", "name": "N.M." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "469 U.S. 57", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11958569 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "63" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/469/0057-01" ] }, { "cite": "111 Harv. L.Rev. 771", "category": "journals:journal", "reporter": "Harv. L. Rev.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "15 P.3d 234", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.3d", "weight": 5, "year": 2001, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "235-37" }, { "page": "238-41" }, { "page": "240" }, { "page": "240-41", "parenthetical": "internal quotation marks and citation omitted" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "103 Cal.Rptr.2d 13", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Cal. Rptr. 2d", "year": 2001, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "24 Cal.4th 856", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Cal. 4th", "case_ids": [ 1180128 ], "year": 2001, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/cal-4th/24/0856-01" ] }, { "cite": "473 Pa. 458", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Pa.", "case_ids": [ 1730300 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1977, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "334" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/pa/473/0458-01" ] }, { "cite": "345 N.W.2d 639", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.W.2d", "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "641", "parenthetical": "involving a defendant whose co-defendant was tried and convicted of a lesser charge" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "131 Mich.App. 34", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mich. App.", "case_ids": [ 2249904 ], "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "involving a defendant whose co-defendant was tried and convicted of a lesser charge" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/mich-app/131/0034-01" ] }, { "cite": "656 N.E.2d 750", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "755-56", "parenthetical": "involving a defendant who attempted to use the reversal of his co-defendant's conviction to his benefit on appeal" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "212 Ill.Dec. 153", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. Dec.", "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "involving a defendant who attempted to use the reversal of his co-defendant's conviction to his benefit on appeal" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "167 Ill.2d 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 222767 ], "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "involving a defendant who attempted to use the reversal of his co-defendant's conviction to his benefit on appeal" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/167/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "740 P.2d 1", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "case_ids": [ 10401423 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "7-9" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/p2d/740/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "447 U.S. 10", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6180575 ], "weight": 11, "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "14, 21-22" }, { "page": "22-23" }, { "page": "24-25" }, { "page": "25" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/447/0010-01" ] }, { "cite": "102 N.M. 396", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1580067 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "401" }, { "page": "489" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/102/0396-01" ] }, { "cite": "107 N.M. 231", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1597210 ], "weight": 6, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "233" }, { "page": "77" }, { "page": "234" }, { "page": "78" }, { "page": "234-35" }, { "page": "78-79" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/107/0231-01" ] }, { "cite": "87 N.M. 434", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 2833526 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "436" }, { "page": "643" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/87/0434-01" ] }, { "cite": "397 U.S. 436", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 12054849 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1970, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "443" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/397/0436-01" ] }, { "cite": "86 N.M. 31", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 2824826 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1973, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "33", "parenthetical": "quoting Ashe v. Swenson, 397 U.S. 436, 443, 90 S.Ct. 1189, 25 L.Ed.2d 469 (1970)" }, { "page": "129", "parenthetical": "quoting Ashe v. Swenson, 397 U.S. 436, 443, 90 S.Ct. 1189, 25 L.Ed.2d 469 (1970)" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/86/0031-01" ] }, { "cite": "96 N.M. 477", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1577416 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1981, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/96/0477-01" ] }, { "cite": "96 N.M. 482", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1577342 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "486" }, { "page": "363" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/96/0482-01" ] }, { "cite": "678 P.2d 386", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "case_ids": [ 10419142 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "390-91", "parenthetical": "holding that while State did not have a right to appeal, it could nevertheless obtain review through a discretionary review procedure" }, { "page": "391-93", "parenthetical": "involving a defendant claiming collateral estoppel based on acquittal of his co-defendant on the same charges" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/p2d/678/0386-01" ] }, { "cite": "92 N.M. 687", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1557061 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "690" }, { "page": "350" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/92/0687-01" ] }, { "cite": "1998-NMCA-148", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMCA", "case_ids": [ 827425 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6\u00b6 11-16" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/126/0297-01" ] }, { "cite": "117 N.M. 745", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1552607 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "748-49", "parenthetical": "distinguishing between a verdict of acquittal and granting a motion for a new trial after conviction" }, { "page": "554-55", "parenthetical": "distinguishing between a verdict of acquittal and granting a motion for a new trial after conviction" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/117/0745-01" ] }, { "cite": "109 N.M. 736", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1590318 ], "weight": 6, "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "739-40", "parenthetical": "distinguishing between an acquittal after a determination of facts and a dismissal terminating the prosecution before any determination of guilt or innocence" }, { "page": "1020-21", "parenthetical": "distinguishing between an acquittal after a determination of facts and a dismissal terminating the prosecution before any determination of guilt or innocence" }, { "page": "741-44" }, { "page": "1022-25" }, { "page": "739-40" }, { "page": "1020-21" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/109/0736-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 863, "char_count": 16783, "ocr_confidence": 0.689, "pagerank": { "raw": 7.432456459107332e-08, "percentile": 0.4438370731266572 }, "sha256": "18bbfb8135124fdc8340215ff3188cd6ac9e6f14abc840093ff9443836a9784a", "simhash": "1:5387253304cc9f72", "word_count": 2704 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T17:25:52.963241+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "WE CONCUR: A. JOSEPH ALARID and LYNN PICKARD, Judges." ], "parties": [ "STATE of New Mexico, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Juan AREVALO, Defendant-Appellee." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "OPINION\nSUTIN, Judge.\n{1} We address whether a defendant can bar his prosecution under the doctrine of nonmutual collateral estoppel when a co-defendant charged with the same crime was acquitted in a separate trial. The trial court entered a judgment of acquittal, and the State appeals. We determine the doctrine is unavailable to bar the prosecution and reverse.\nBACKGROUND\n{2} On June 22, 2000, the district attorney\u2019s office filed separate criminal informations against Defendant Juan Arevalo and his co-defendant Yolanda Nava. The informations were identical except for the case number and the defendant\u2019s name. Each information charged custodial interference (NMSA 1978, \u00a7 30-4-4 (1989)) and contributing to delinquency of a minor (NMSA 1978, \u00a7 30-6-3 (1990)). Each information contained an identical list of witnesses upon whose testimony the information was based.\n{3} Defendant and Nava received separate jury trial settings. Nava went to trial before Defendant. In the Nava trial, the court granted Nava\u2019s motion for a directed verdict on the charge of contributing to the delinquency of a minor. After presentation of all evidence, the jury acquitted Nava of custodial interference.\n{4} Before his trial, Defendant filed a motion for judgment of acquittal asserting that because Nava was found not guilty, the doctrine of collateral estoppel prevented the State from proceeding against Defendant. The trial court questioned the prosecution about what facts and issues would be different in Defendant\u2019s case. The prosecutor responded that the evidence would be substantially similar, but not identical, and that the theory underlying\" the contributing charge would be different.\n{5} The trial court determined that, although the co-defendants were different, the ultimate facts and issues in Defendant\u2019s case were litigated and decided in Nava\u2019s case, and the State had a full and fair opportunity to litigate those facts and issues. After hearing argument, researching the issue on its own, listening to the tapes of the Nava trial, and taking judicial notice of the Nava trial, the court granted Defendant\u2019s motion and \u201cadjudged\u201d him not guilty. The State appeals the judgment of \u201cnot guilty\u201d on the ground the doctrine of collateral estoppel cannot be invoked to dismiss the charges against Defendant.\nDISCUSSION\nThe State Has the Right to Appeal\n{6} Defendant challenges the State\u2019s right to appeal. He contends the trial court\u2019s ruling was a determination on the merits, constituting an acquittal. See County of Los Alamos v. Tapia, 109 N.M. 736, 739-40, 790 P.2d 1017, 1020-21 (1990) (distinguishing between an acquittal after a determination of facts and a dismissal terminating the prosecution before any determination of guilt or innocence). Defendant likens the court\u2019s action to a grant of a motion for directed verdict. See State v. Griffin, 117 N.M. 745, 748-49, 877 P.2d 551, 554-55 (1994) (distinguishing between a verdict of acquittal and granting a motion for a new trial after conviction). Defendant asserts the State\u2019s appeal does not come within the limited rights in NMSA 1978, \u00a7 39-3-3(B) (1972), which grants the right to appeal from a dismissal of a formal accusation or from an evidentiary ruling. Rather, Defendant argues, any appeal and reversal for a trial would place him in double jeopardy, in violation of Section 39-3-3(C) as well as N.M. Const, art II, \u00a7 15. See Tapia, 109 N.M. at 741-44, 790 P.2d at 1022-25.\n{7} The State counters that the trial court\u2019s judgment, however styled or labeled, was in fact a pretrial dismissal, in that Defendant was never placed in jeopardy with evidence of guilt presented. According to the State, the dismissal was not based on insufficient evidence, but rather constituted nothing more than an erroneous ruling that forbade the State from presenting any evidence showing guilt, a ruling made before any jeopardy attached. See id. at 739-40, 790 P.2d at 1020-21; see also State v. Davis, 1998-NMCA-148, \u00b6\u00b6 11-16, 126 N.M. 297, 968 P.2d 808 (holding metropolitan court\u2019s pretrial determination that charged crime did not apply to the defendant as a matter of law was not an acquittal since he was not placed in jeopardy when the \u201cmotion hearing did not contemplate that the metropolitan court, as trier of fact, hear the evidence on the full merits of the offense\u201d); State v. Mares, 92 N.M. 687, 690, 594 P.2d 347, 350 (Ct.App.1979) (holding double jeopardy did not attach where court ruled before trial that the State could not prove the defendant acted unlawfully as a matter of law and was therefore not guilty); Kott v. State, 678 P.2d 386, 390-91 (Alaska 1984) (holding that while State did not have a right to appeal, it could nevertheless obtain review through a discretionary review procedure). In the present ease, we agree with the State, and we also interpret Section 39-3-3(B)(l) to give the State the right to appeal. See State v. Santillanes, 96 N.M. 482, 486, 632 P.2d 359, 363 (Ct.App.1980), rev\u2019d in part on other grounds by 96 N.M. 477, 632 P.2d 354 (1981), cited in Griffin, 117 N.M. at 747 n. 1, 877 P.2d at 553 n. 1, for the proposition that \u201cSection 39-3-3 is not a restriction on the right of the [SJtate to appeal a disposition contrary to law.\u201d\nThe State Has the Right to Prosecute\n{8} Collateral estoppel \u201c \u2018means simply that when an issue of ultimate fact has once been determined by a valid and final judgment, that issue cannot again be litigated between the same parties in any future lawsuit.\u2019 \u201d State v. Tijerina, 86 N.M. 31, 33, 519 P.2d 127, 129 (1973) (quoting Ashe v. Swenson, 397 U.S. 436, 443, 90 S.Ct. 1189, 25 L.Ed.2d 469 (1970)). \u201cThe principle of collateral estoppel is embodied in the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States guaranty against double jeopardy and is fully applicable to states by force of the Fourteenth Amendment.\u201d State v. Nagel, 87 N.M. 434, 436, 535 P.2d 641, 643 (Ct.App.1975).\n{9} Traditionally, the elements of collateral estoppel were that (1) the parties in the current action were the same or in privity with the parties in the prior action, (2) the subject matter of the two actions is different, (3) the ultimate fact or issue was actually litigated, and (4) the issue was necessarily determined. Reeves v. Wimberly, 107 N.M. 231, 233, 755 P.2d 75, 77 (Ct.App.1988). For purposes of this opinion, we assume, that facts necessary to Defendant\u2019s guilt were actually litigated and necessarily decided in the prior case and that the two actions are different. It is the first element that concerns us in this case. Defendant was not the party or in privity with the party against whom the first judgment of acquittal was entered. This required element has been referred to as \u201csame parties\u201d or \u201cmutuality.\u201d Edwards v. First Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass\u2019n, 102 N.M. 396, 401, 696 P.2d 484, 489 (Ct.App. 1985). Defendant concedes lack of mutuality, but contends mutuality is not required.\n{10} In civil cases, New Mexico has \u201celiminated the traditional rule that the parties must be the same or in privity if the doctrine of collateral estoppel is to apply.\u201d Reeves, 107 N.M. at 234, 755 P.2d at 78. It is sufficient that \u201c[t]he party against whom [collateral estoppel] is invoked must have had a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue or issues.\u201d Id. at 234-35, 755 P.2d at 78-79. The issue before us today is whether the mutuality requirement should also be abandoned in criminal cases.\n{11} We adhere to the traditional rule requiring a criminal defendant who raises defensive collateral estoppel to have been the same party in the previous action. That is, a defendant who was not placed in jeopardy cannot use the collateral estoppel doctrine to dismiss a ease against him.\n{12} In Standefer v. United States, 447 U.S. 10, 100 S.Ct. 1999, 64 L.Ed.2d 689 (1980), the Supreme Court of the United States addressed the question whether the \u201ccontemporary doctrine of nonmutual collateral estoppel,\u201d unknown at common law until 1942, could be applied to bar the government from relitigating the guilt of the principal in a subsequent trial against an accessory. Id. at 14, 21-22, 100 S.Ct. 1999. The Supreme Court rejected the doctrine of nonmutual collateral estoppel in criminal prosecutions because, in criminal trials, the government is \u201coften without the kind of \u2018full and fair opportunity to litigate\u2019 \u201d as is a party in civil trials. Id. at 22-23, 100 S.Ct. 1999. The \u201cimportant federal interest in the enforcement of the criminal law,\u201d and \u201c[t]he public interest in the accuracy and justice of criminal results,\u201d are not present in civil litigation and outweigh the concern in civil cases for judicial economy. Id. at 24-25, 100 S.Ct. 1999. Further, the Supreme Court was \u201cinclined to reject, at least as a general matter, a rule that would spread the effect of an erroneous acquittal to all those who participated in a particular criminal transaction.\u201d Id. at 25,100 S.Ct. 1999.\n{13} State courts have followed Standefer in rejecting the application of nonmutual collateral estoppel in criminal cases. See, e.g., Kott, 678 P.2d at 391-93 (involving a defendant claiming collateral estoppel based on acquittal of his co-defendant on the same charges); People v. Allee, 740 P.2d 1, 7-9 (Colo.1987) (en banc) (involving a defendant claiming collateral estoppel based on acquittal of his son on identical charges); People v. Franklin, 167 Ill.2d 1, 212 Ill.Dec. 153, 656 N.E.2d 750, 755-56 (1995) (involving a defendant who attempted to use the reversal of his co-defendant\u2019s conviction to his benefit on appeal); People v. Paige, 131 Mich.App. 34, 345 N.W.2d 639, 641 (1983) (involving a defendant whose co-defendant was tried and convicted of a lesser charge).\n{14} Allee is very similar to the present case. A father and his son were co-defendants charged with assault and resisting arrest. The son was acquitted. The father raised collateral estoppel as a bar to his-prosecution. The government did not intend to present different evidence in the father\u2019s trial than it presented in the son\u2019s trial. Id. at 9. Unlike the present case, the trial judge in Allee was the same as in the son\u2019s trial. Id. The Colorado Supreme Court focused on the fact that \u201cthe error-correction procedures available to a party in a civil case are not available to nearly as great an extent to the People in a criminal case.\u201d Id. at 8. The Allee court indicated that, without \u201csuch remedial procedures in criminal cases, juries may assume the power to acquit out of compassion, compromise or prejudice.\u201d Id. From this the court concluded that \u201cthe premise of collateral estoppel, which is the confidence that the result achieved in the first trial was substantially correct, is lacking to a significant extent with respect to criminal trials.\u201d Id. Further, in its analysis of the doctrine of collateral estoppel, the Allee court determined \u201cthe important state interest in enforcement of the criminal law ... outweighs the concerns for crowded court dockets and consistency of verdicts.\u201d Id. at 9. The court did not believe \u201cthe prospect for inconsistent verdicts [was] as compelling a reason for a liberal application of the doctrine of collateral estoppel in criminal eases as it is in civil cases.\u201d Id. at 10. In addition, the court reasoned that \u201cthe doctrine of non-mutual collateral estoppel is not needed in criminal cases to protect a defendant from burdensome and vexatious litigation.\u201d Id.\n{15} Anticipating Standefer, a Pennsylvania case held \u201cthe scope of the doctrine [of collateral estoppel] in criminal cases is not coextensive with that applied in civil cases.\u201d Commonwealth v. Brown, 473 Pa. 458, 375 A.2d 331, 334 (1977). \u201cIn the context of criminal litigation, ... the concept of mutuality has retained its vitality.\u201d Id. \u201cThe majority rule remains that a judgment of acquittal of one criminal defendant does not prevent the relitigation of an issue or controversy in the prosecution of another criminal defendant, even though the same transaction is involved.\u201d Id. at 334-35. The court in Brown looked to state policy \u201cin favor of protecting the public interest against compounding the effect of an erroneous or irrational acquittal,\u201d pointing to the policy stated in its criminal code permitting prosecution of an accomplice even though the principal had been acquitted. Id. at 335.\n{16} People v. Palmer, 24 Cal.4th 856, 103 Cal.Rptr.2d 13, 15 P.3d 234 (2001), involved two alleged co-conspirators who were tried jointly on the same evidence by two juries. Inconsistent verdicts resulted. The Supreme Court of California considered whether the inconsistent verdicts could each be affirmed on appeal. Id. at 235-37. After reviewing Standefer and other United States Supreme Court decisions and several lower federal court cases, the court in Palmer affirmed both verdicts. Id. at 238-41. \u201c[Occasional inconsistent verdicts\u201d, in the court\u2019s view, \u201cdo not undermine the integrity of our criminal justice system but are an inevitable consequence of that system.\u201d Id. at 240. \u201c[A] rule that could promote the duplication of an erroneous acquittal to all persons who participate in a criminal transaction might itself undermine the system more than accepting inconsistent verdicts once they have occurred.\u201d Id. at 240-41 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).\n{17} In discussing the United States Supreme Court\u2019s \u201ctolerance of inconsistent verdicts,\u201d one commentator has noted the \u201coverwhelming unanimity of the Court\u2019s members on the question\u201d in the five decisions in which \u201cthe Court has addressed the problem of inconsistent jury verdicts in criminal cases.\u201d Eric L. Muller, The Hobgoblin of Little Minds ? Our Foolish Law of Inconsistent Verdicts, 111 Harv. L.Rev. 771, 776 n. 19 (Jan.1998). As stated by the Supreme Court after discussing its four preceding cases involving inconsistent verdicts, \u201c[t]hese decisions indicate that this is not a case where a once-established principle has gradually been eroded by subsequent opinions of this Court.\u201d United States v. Powell 469 U.S. 57, 63, 105 S.Ct. 471, 83 L.Ed.2d 461 (1984).\n{18} Defendant does not attempt to debunk the reasoning of the United States Supreme Court. In fact, Defendant only distinguishes Standefer by pointing out that the defendant there was charged as an accessory, while Defendant in this case was charged as a principal. Defendant fails in his answer brief to cite a single case that has held that a co-defendant in Defendant\u2019s circumstances cannot, based on the doctrine of nonmutual collateral estoppel, be charged and convicted where his co-defendant has been acquitted.\n{19} Standefer and its wide and continued following have required mutuality as a necessary element of the collateral estoppel doctrine and have foreclosed the double jeopardy defense when mutuality is lacking. Further, Standefer and Palmer have declined to forsake this policy in the face of concerns that inconsistent judgments are unfair and illogical.\n{20} The rule rejecting nonmutual collateral estoppel in criminal cases is not a rote restatement of an outdated decision. The logic and underlying reasoning of the leading cases persuade us to reject nonmutual collateral estoppel in this case. In civil cases, the losing party can appeal an erroneous jury verdict. In criminal cases the State cannot appeal an erroneous jury acquittal that results from compromise, mistake, nullification, passion and prejudice, or other irrational reason. See \u00a7 39-3-3(B). We therefore do not extend nonmutual collateral estoppel found in civil law to criminal proceedings.\n{21} In addition, in New Mexico, an accessory can be found guilty notwithstanding the acquittal of the principal. NMSA 1978, \u00a7 30-1-13 (1972). Like Brown, this statute seems to express a public policy that conflicts with application of nonmutual collateral estoppel. Further, Standefer and Palmer viewpoints hold that inconsistency in verdicts is not a due process violation requiring acquittal when a co-defendant is acquitted on the same charges and evidence. Nor do we see any policy of judicial economy driving a decision not to hold a separate trial of a co-defendant.\nCONCLUSION\n{22} We reverse the trial court\u2019s judgment adjudging Defendant not guilty and remand for trial.\n{23} IT IS SO ORDERED.\nWE CONCUR: A. JOSEPH ALARID and LYNN PICKARD, Judges.", "type": "majority", "author": "SUTIN, Judge." } ], "attorneys": [ "Patricia A. Madrid, Attorney General, Arthur W. Pepin, Assistant Attorney General, Santa Fe, NM for Appellant.", "Phyllis H. Subin, Chief Public Defender, Nancy M. Hewitt, Assistant Appellate Defender, Santa Fe, NM for Appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "2002-NMCA-062\n47 P.3d 866\nSTATE of New Mexico, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Juan AREVALO, Defendant-Appellee.\nNo. 21,985.\nCourt of Appeals of New Mexico.\nApril 2, 2002.\nCertiorari Denied, No. 27,483, May 28, 2002.\nPatricia A. Madrid, Attorney General, Arthur W. Pepin, Assistant Attorney General, Santa Fe, NM for Appellant.\nPhyllis H. Subin, Chief Public Defender, Nancy M. Hewitt, Assistant Appellate Defender, Santa Fe, NM for Appellee." }, "file_name": "0306-01", "first_page_order": 338, "last_page_order": 343 }