{ "id": 3671846, "name": "STATE of New Mexico, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Janice L. FLEMING, Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "State v. Fleming", "decision_date": "2006-10-30", "docket_number": "No. 25,853", "first_page": "797", "last_page": "801", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "140 N.M. 797" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "149 P.3d 113" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "2006-NMCA-149" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.M. Ct. App.", "id": 9025, "name": "Court of Appeals of New Mexico" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 52, "name_long": "New Mexico", "name": "N.M." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "1998-NMSC-012", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 834182 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6\u00b6 14-15" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/125/0170-01" ] }, { "cite": "1999-NMSC-018", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 257627 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 27" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/127/0207-01" ] }, { "cite": "118 N.M. 234", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1563429 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "242" }, { "page": "853" }, { "page": "243" }, { "page": "854" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/118/0234-01" ] }, { "cite": "121 N.M. 111", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1566678 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "114" }, { "page": "1382" }, { "page": "114" }, { "page": "1382", "parenthetical": "internal quotation marks and citation omitted" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/121/0111-01" ] }, { "cite": "80 N.M. 663", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 5361811 ], "weight": 6, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "665" }, { "page": "464", "parenthetical": "quoting statute establishing punishment \"[w]hen the amount of the check ..., or the total amount of the cheeks ..., are for more than ... but less than ...\"" }, { "page": "665-66" }, { "page": "464-65" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/80/0663-01" ] }, { "cite": "109 N.M. 453", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1590200 ], "weight": 8, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "466-67" }, { "page": "693-94" }, { "page": "467" }, { "page": "694" }, { "page": "466" }, { "page": "693" }, { "page": "466" }, { "page": "693", "parenthetical": "recognizing the state's interest in charging in accordance with \"the community's interest in proper enforcement of the laws and the interest (shared by the community and the defendant) in fairness to the defendant\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/109/0453-01" ] }, { "cite": "117 N.M. 751", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1552598 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "755" }, { "page": "561" }, { "page": "755" }, { "page": "561" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/117/0751-01" ] }, { "cite": "2005-NMSC-018", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 2548790 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6\u00b6 17-20" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/138/0009-01" ] }, { "cite": "117 N.M. 141", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1552727 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "144-45", "parenthetical": "describing the standard of review for mixed questions of fact and law" }, { "page": "106-07", "parenthetical": "describing the standard of review for mixed questions of fact and law" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/117/0141-01" ] }, { "cite": "1998-NMCA-153", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMCA", "case_ids": [ 827388 ], "weight": 6, "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 31", "parenthetical": "describing the standard of review for mixed questions of fact and law" }, { "parenthetical": "describing the standard of review for mixed questions of fact and law" }, { "parenthetical": "describing the standard of review for mixed questions of fact and law" }, { "page": "\u00b6 31" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/126/0060-01" ] }, { "cite": "100 N.M. 498", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1588679 ], "weight": 6, "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "499-500" }, { "page": "1130-31" }, { "page": "499" }, { "page": "1130" }, { "page": "500" }, { "page": "1131" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/100/0498-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 742, "char_count": 14841, "ocr_confidence": 0.693, "pagerank": { "raw": 8.611340215640065e-08, "percentile": 0.490305805473601 }, "sha256": "1a895db697afafa86a3b174bec0aa4c1ce71ce1f32d6cfdeb1eb3f9206b7694b", "simhash": "1:3603afb0fc0cf9cd", "word_count": 2383 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T22:21:44.975087+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "WE CONCUR: CELIA FOY CASTILLO, and RODERICK T. KENNEDY, Judges." ], "parties": [ "STATE of New Mexico, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Janice L. FLEMING, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "OPINION\nWECHSLER, Judge.\n{1} Defendant Janice Fleming was convicted of four counts of failure to disclose material facts or a change of circumstances to obtain public assistance in violation of NMSA 1978, \u00a7 30-40-1 (1987) (amended 2006). There was evidence at trial that Defendant failed to disclose to the City of Alamogordo Housing Authority business income Defendant received during the five years she lived in public housing, as required by the Housing Authority. We hold, in the context of Defendant\u2019s convictions, that Section 30-40-1 is not unconstitutionally vague and that the term \u201cpublic assistance\u201d as used within Section 30-40-1 includes Defendant\u2019s public housing benefits. We affirm the convictions.\n{2} Section 30-40-1 provides:\nA. Failing to disclose facts or change of circumstances to obtain public assistance consists of any person knowingly failing to disclose any material facts known to be necessary to determine eligibility for public assistance or knowingly failing to disclose a change in circumstances for the purpose of obtaining or continuing to receive public assistance to which he is not entitled or in amounts greater than that to which he is entitled.\nB. Whoever commits failing to disclose facts or change of circumstances to obtain public assistance when the value of the assistance wrongfully received is one hundred dollars ($100) or less in any twelve consecutive months is guilty of a petty misdemeanor.\nC. Whoever commits failing to disclose facts or change of circumstances to obtain public assistance when the value of the assistance wrongfully received is more than one hundred dollars ($100) but not more than two hundred fifty dollars ($250) in any twelve consecutive months is guilty of a misdemeanor.\nD. Whoever commits failing to disclose facts or change of circumstances to obtain public assistance when the value of the assistance wrongfully received is more than two hundred fifty dollars ($250) but not more than two thousand five hundred dollars ($2,500) in any twelve consecutive months is guilty of a fourth degree felony.\nE. Whoever commits failing to disclose facts or change of circumstances to obtain public assistance when the value of the assistance wrongfully received is more than two thousand five hundred dollars ($2,'500) but not more than twenty thousand dollars ($20,000) is guilty of a third degree felony.\nF. Whoever commits failing to disclose facts or change of circumstances to obtain public assistance when the value of the assistance wrongfully received exceeds twenty thousand dollars ($20,000) is guilty of a second degree felony.\n{3} A criminal statute violates the due process requirements of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution and Article II, Section 18 of the New Mexico Constitution if it does not fairly warn of its proscriptions. See State v. Segotta, 100 N.M. 498, 499-500, 672 P.2d 1129, 1130-31 (1983). A statute may not forbid actions \u201cin terms so vague that men of common intelligence must guess at its meaning and [must] differ as to its application.\u201d Id. at 499, 672 P.2d at 1130. In analyzing a statute, we presume the statute to be constitutional and we will afford a statute a constitutional construction if it is reasonably supported by the statutory language. Id. at 500, 672 P.2d at 1131. We conduct our analysis as a mixed question of law and fact, affording deference to findings of fact made in the district court and determining the law applicable to such facts under de novo review. State v. Duran, 1998-NMCA-153, \u00b6 31, 126 N.M. 60, 966 P.2d 768; see also State v. Attaway, 117 N.M. 141, 144-45, 870 P.2d 103, 106-07 (1994) (describing the standard of review for mixed questions of fact and law), modified on other grounds, State v. Lopez, 2005-NMSC-018, \u00b6\u00b6 17-20, 138 N.M. 9, 116 P.3d 80.\n{4} Defendant asserts that Section 30^40-1 is unconstitutionally void for vagueness because of its penalty provisions. According to Defendant, the statute is faulty because it allows multiple acts of failing to disclose to be separate crimes in Subsection A, while Subsections B through F total the amounts wrongfully received to reach the penalty. Indeed, there is prosecutorial discretion built into the statute. Subsections B, C, and D determine the penalty for failing to disclose by adding the amount of public assistance received \u201cin any twelve consecutive months.\u201d Section 30-40-l(B), (C), (D). However, Subsection E does not have a time limitation and arguably allows a prosecutor the discretion to aggregate the amount of assistance wrongfully received over an indeterminate time in order to exceed $2500 and charge a third degree felony. Section 30-40-l(E).\n{5} But the mere room in a statute for the exercise of charging discretion on the part of a prosecutor does not render the statute void for vagueness. See State v. Brooks, 117 N.M. 751, 755, 877 P.2d 557, 561 (1994); State v. Altgilbers, 109 N.M. 453, 466-67, 786 P.2d 680, 693-94 (Ct.App.1989). As long as a statute provides notice of the conduct that it makes criminal, a prosecutor may have the discretion to decide the manner in which to charge the criminal acts. Altgilbers, 109 N.M. at 467, 786 P.2d at 694. Thus, in Brooks, our Supreme Court determined that in charging acts of embezzlement, the state has the discretion to charge \u201cseparate counts alone\u201d or to \u201caggregate the takings\u201d and charge the higher-degree felony, or to charge in some other combination of the acts. Brooks, 117 N.M. at 755, 877 P.2d at 561; see also Altgilbers, 109 N.M. at 466, 786 P.2d at 693 (\u201c[W]e see no reason why the choice for the prosecution must be between either one count in toto or one count for each act.\u201d). We do not perceive a problem \"with the notice given by Section 30-40-1 in this case. Although the State had some discretion in charging a third degree felony under Subsection E, the statute clearly states the criminal conduct proscribed, and Defendant does not argue otherwise.\n{6} Instead, Defendant relies on State v. Ferris, 80 N.M. 663, 459 P.2d 462 (Ct.App.1969), to contend that there is a constitutional deficiency in Section 30 \u2014 40-1. Ferris involved the statute then prohibiting issuing worthless checks that provided punishments tied to either the amount of a single cheek or the total amount of checks issued. Ferris, 80 N.M. at 665, 459 P.2d at 464 (quoting statute establishing punishment \u201c[w]hen the amount of the check ..., or the total amount of the cheeks ..., are for more than ... but less than ...\u201d). This Court held that the totaling provisions of the statute were unconstitutionally vague because they were uncertain as to whether multiple acts were separate offenses or could be combined for prosecution. Id. at 665-66, 459 P.2d at 464-65 (\u201cIf the issuance of one check within this range is punishable, is the offender to be punished for each check issued within this range? Or, under the statutory language, may an offender issue any number of worthless checks and receive only one punishment so long as the amount is less than [the maximum amount of the range]?\u201d).\n{7} However, as we have discussed, prosecutorial discretion in establishing a charging pattern does not, without a notice deficiency, create a constitutional vagueness issue. Moreover, Section 30-40-1, as used in this case, does not have the fault at issue in Ferris. For the counts that resulted in Defendant\u2019s convictions, the State charged Defendant separately for each twelve consecutive month period, even if the count was brought under Subsection E. It included in Count 1, alleging a violation under Subsection E, the value of wrongfully obtained assistance in the twelve-month period beginning January 16,1998. Counts 2 (Subsection E), 3 (Subsection E), and 4 (Subsection D) covered the twelve month periods beginning January 16, 1999, January 16, 2000, and January 16, 2001, respectively. The jury returned guilty verdicts on the four counts, but guilty of a third degree felony under Subsection E only on Count 2.\n{8} In addressing a constitutional challenge for vagueness, we review the challenged statute \u201cin light of the facts of the case and the conduct which is prohibited by the statute.\u201d Duran, 1998-NMCA-153, \u00b6 31, 126 N.M. 60, 966 P.2d 768. The evidence in this case was that Defendant annually completed income forms as part of the Housing Authority\u2019s annual recertification process. This evidence presented a reasonable manner in which to separate the counts in accordance with Section 30-40-1. See Altgilbers, 109 N.M. at 466, 786 P.2d at 693 (recognizing the state\u2019s interest in charging in accordance with \u201cthe community\u2019s interest in proper enforcement of the laws and the interest (shared by the community and the defendant) in fairness to the defendant\u201d). Not only was there no notice deficiency, but the prosecutor did not abuse the discretion allowed by the statute.\n{9} Defendant further argues that the legislature did not intend to criminalize her conduct because Section 30 \u2014 40-1 relates to eligibility for public assistance, not public housing. As an issue of statutory interpretation, we address Defendant\u2019s argument concerning legislative intent under de novo review. State v. Rowell, 121 N.M. 111, 114, 908 P.2d 1379, 1382 (1995).\n{10} Although Section 30-40-1 proscribes failing to disclose facts relating to eligibility for public assistance, it does not provide, or refer to, a definition of \u201cpublic assistance.\u201d We therefore seek to understand the legislative intent in its use of the term. We begin by looking to the plain and ordinary meaning of the term, State v. Ogden, 118 N.M. 234, 242, 880 P.2d 845, 853 (1994), and apply that meaning \u201cabsent clear and express legislative intention to the contrary.\u201d Rowell, 121 N.M. at 114, 908 P.2d at 1382 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).\n{11} Defendant notes the dictionary definition of \u201c[a]id, such as money or food, given to homeless and other financially needy people, the aged, or the inhabitants of a disaster-stricken area; relief.\u201d American Heritage Dictionary 1416 (4th ed.2000). Defendant contends, however, that this definition \u201cis restricted to specific categories of persons.\u201d But Defendant does not express the reason that she is not included within the category.\n{12} Public housing refers to a housing program created by the Municipal Housing Law, NMSA 1978, \u00a7\u00a7 3-45-1 to -25 (1965, as amended through 1989). In creating the program, the legislature declared a need to address housing for persons of low income. Section 3^45-2; see, e.g., \u00a7 3-45-2(C) (recognizing the \u201cshortage of safe or sanitary dwelling accommodations available at rents which persons of low income can afford\u201d). Specifically, the Municipal Housing Law restricts participation as a tenant in a housing program to persons with an annual net income not exceeding \u201cfederally established standards.\u201d Section 3-45-10(A)(3). The Municipal Housing Law authorizes municipalities to establish housing authorities to administer the municipality\u2019s housing program such as the Alamogordo Housing Authority. Section 3^45-5(A). As described in the testimony at trial, the Alamogordo Housing Authority calculates a tenant\u2019s rent based on the tenant\u2019s income.\n{13} On the basis of this statutory scheme and process, public housing comes within the plain and ordinary meaning of \u201cpublic assistance.\u201d It is \u201caid, such as money or food\u201d because it is financial assistance toward housing, a living essential. See State v. Martinez, 1999-NMSC-018, \u00b6 27, 127 N.M. 207, 979 P.2d 718 (noting that a list beginning with \u201csuch as\u201d was \u201cintended to be illustrative rather than exhaustive\u201d). It is designed to assist financially needy persons with their housing and includes the assistance received by Defendant.\n{14} In an argument that the plain and ordinary meaning of \u201cpublic assistance\u201d does not apply to Section 30-40-1, Defendant states that Section 30-40-1 must be read in connection with other statutes in pari materia in order to ascertain legislative intent. She points to the definition within the Public Assistance Act, which is interspersed throughout NMSA 1978, \u00a7\u00a7 27-2-1 to -34 (1973, as amended through 2006).\n{15} As used in the Public Assistance Act:\nE. \u201cpublic welfare\u201d or \u201cpublic assistance\u201d means any aid or relief granted to or on behalf of an eligible person under the Public Assistance Act ... and regulations issued pursuant to that act[.]\nSection 27-2-2(E). However, as stated in Section 27-2-2, this definition is specifically limited to the Public Assistance Act. Section 30-40-1 is not part of the Public Assistance Act, and, although enacted after the Public Assistance Act, it makes no reference to the Public Assistance Act or its definitions. See Sunwest Bank of Albuquerque, N.M. v. Nelson, 1998-NMSC-012, \u00b6\u00b6 14-15, 125 N.M. 170, 958 P.2d 740 (noting that statutory definitions applying explicitly to other acts \u201care not controlling\u201d but finding them persuasive in the absence of plain statutory language). Moreover, we read statutes on the same subject matter together as a tool of legislative construction to determine the intent of an unclear statute. Ogden, 118 N.M. at 243, 880 P.2d at 854. We agree with Defendant that Section 30-40-1 and the Public Assistance Act relate to the same subject matter with regard to public assistance. But, as we have discussed, the Municipal Housing Law, although it does not expressly mention the term \u201cpublic assistance,\u201d also relates to the subject matter of \u201cpublic assistance\u201d as that term is commonly used. When we consider the common usage of the term and also that the definition in the Public Assistance Act is limited to that Act, we see no lack of clarity in the use of \u201cpublic assistance\u201d in Section 30-40-1 to also refer to the housing programs of the Municipal Housing Law or any legislative intent clearly to the contrary.\nCONCLUSION\n{16} Because Section 30-40-1 is not unconstitutionally vague as applied to Defendant, and because public housing is encompassed by the phrase \u201cpublic assistance\u201d as used in Section 30-40-1, Defendant\u2019s convictions are affirmed.\n{17} IT IS SO ORDERED.\nWE CONCUR: CELIA FOY CASTILLO, and RODERICK T. KENNEDY, Judges.\n. We note that Subsection E was amended in 2006 to include a one-year limitation on aggregation of wrongfully received assistance. We must nonetheless consider the constitutionality of the version of Subsection E under which Defendant was convicted.", "type": "majority", "author": "WECHSLER, Judge." } ], "attorneys": [ "Patricia A. Madrid, Attorney General, James W. Grayson, Assistant Attorney General, Santa Fe, NM, for Appellee.", "Robert E. Tangora, L.L.C., Robert E. Tangora, Santa Fe, NM, for Appellant." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "2006-NMCA-149 149 P.3d 113\nSTATE of New Mexico, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Janice L. FLEMING, Defendant-Appellant.\nNo. 25,853.\nCourt of Appeals of New Mexico.\nOct. 30, 2006.\nCertiorari Denied, No. 30,107, Dec. 8, 2006.\nPatricia A. Madrid, Attorney General, James W. Grayson, Assistant Attorney General, Santa Fe, NM, for Appellee.\nRobert E. Tangora, L.L.C., Robert E. Tangora, Santa Fe, NM, for Appellant." }, "file_name": "0797-01", "first_page_order": 833, "last_page_order": 837 }