{ "id": 3692205, "name": "STATE of New Mexico, Plaintiff-Petitioner, v. Steven LOPEZ, Defendant-Respondent", "name_abbreviation": "State v. Lopez", "decision_date": "2007-08-28", "docket_number": "No. 29,801", "first_page": "613", "last_page": "620", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "142 N.M. 613" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "168 P.3d 743" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "2007-NMCA-049" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.M.", "id": 8835, "name": "Supreme Court of New Mexico" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 52, "name_long": "New Mexico", "name": "N.M." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "475 U.S. 673", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6207521 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "684" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/475/0673-01" ] }, { "cite": "386 U.S. 18", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6168882 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1967, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "23" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/386/0018-01" ] }, { "cite": "2004-NMSC-029", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 1224656 ], "weight": 18, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 7" }, { "page": "\u00b6 9" }, { "page": "\u00b6 11" }, { "page": "\u00b6 38" }, { "page": "\u00b6 53" }, { "page": "\u00b6 49" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/136/0348-01" ] }, { "cite": "547 U.S. 813", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 3275498 ], "weight": 4, "year": 2006, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "2274" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/547/0813-01" ] }, { "cite": "541 U.S. 36", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 5873383 ], "weight": 3, "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "53-54" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/541/0036-01" ] }, { "cite": "527 U.S. 116", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1248251 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "136-37" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/527/0116-01" ] }, { "cite": "1999-NMSC-045", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 106506 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 25" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/128/0454-01" ] }, { "cite": "2006-NMCA-071", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMCA", "case_ids": [ 2543564 ], "weight": 13, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 4" }, { "page": "\u00b6 5" }, { "page": "\u00b6 1" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/139/0705-01" ] }, { "cite": "2007-NMSC-050", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 3692900 ], "weight": 13, "year": 2007, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6\u00b6 2-4" }, { "page": "\u00b6 20" }, { "page": "\u00b6 24" }, { "page": "\u00b6 25" }, { "page": "\u00b6 28" }, { "page": "\u00b6 32" }, { "page": "\u00b6 32" }, { "page": "\u00b6 42" }, { "page": "\u00b6\u00b6 43-44" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/142/0644-01" ] }, { "cite": "2007-NMSC-037", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 3692862 ], "weight": 36, "year": 2007, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6\u00b6 2-4" }, { "page": "\u00b6 2" }, { "page": "\u00b6 4" }, { "page": "\u00b6 1" }, { "page": "\u00b6 15" }, { "page": "\u00b6 16" }, { "page": "\u00b6 18" }, { "page": "\u00b6 21" }, { "page": "\u00b6 19" }, { "page": "\u00b6 24" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/142/0138-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 890, "char_count": 24816, "ocr_confidence": 0.679, "pagerank": { "raw": 5.724542338701429e-08, "percentile": 0.3590317427772816 }, "sha256": "da405d67028b6a148294baa3a32e4815b842ea4cfb4f59cc115bddbe0355765a", "simhash": "1:737dd2b8176c41db", "word_count": 3983 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T22:28:07.264738+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "WE CONCUR: EDWARD L. CH\u00c1VEZ, Chief Justice, PATRICIO M. SERNA, RICHARD C. BOSSON, JJ., and PAMELA B. MINZNER, Justice (not participating)." ], "parties": [ "STATE of New Mexico, Plaintiff-Petitioner, v. Steven LOPEZ, Defendant-Respondent." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "OPINION\nMAES, Justice.\n{1} Defendant, Steven Lopez, was tried with four codefendants facing various charges as a result of the death of Defendant\u2019s five-month-old niece, Baby Briana. This Court examined the cases of two of Defendant\u2019s codefendants, Stephanie Lopez, Baby Briana\u2019s mother (Mother), and Andrew Walters, Baby Briana\u2019s Father (Father). See State v. Lopez, 2007-NMSC-037, 142 N.M. 138, 164 P.3d 19; State v. Walters, 2007-NMSC-050, 142 N.M. 644, 168 P.3d 1068 (No. 29,806, filed Aug. 2007). The question raised in Defendant\u2019s case mirrors the issue this Court addressed in Lopez and Walters: whether Defendant\u2019s Sixth Amendment right to confrontation was violated when the custodial statements of his codefendants were admitted at his joint trial. Just as we held in Lopez and Walters, we hold that Defendant\u2019s right to confrontation was violated when his codefendants\u2019 statements were introduced as evidence. We determine, however, that this constitutional error was harmless with regard to Defendant\u2019s convictions for intentional child abuse resulting in death or great bodily harm and criminal sexual penetration in the first degree, and we affirm Defendant\u2019s convictions for those crimes. We conclude that this error was not harmless as to Defendant\u2019s conspiracy conviction and reverse that conviction.\nBACKGROUND\n{2} Defendant was convicted of intentional child abuse resulting in death or great bodily harm, contrary to NMSA 1978, \u00a7 30-6-1 (2001); conspiracy to commit intentional child abuse resulting in death or great bodily harm, contrary to NMSA 1978, \u00a7 30-28-2 (1979) and Section 30-6-1; and criminal sexual penetration of a child under thirteen in the first degree, contrary to NMSA 1978, \u00a7 30-9-1KA), (C)(1) (2001). Defendant\u2019s convictions related to the injuries inflicted on Baby Briana during the last two days of her life.\n{3} The tragic facts of this ease have been set forth by this Court in Lopez and Walters. See Lopez, 2007-NMSC-037, \u00b6\u00b6 2-4, 142 N.M. 138, 164 P.3d 19; Walters, 2007-NMSC-050, \u00b6\u00b6 2-4. Baby Briana died on July 19, 2002. Lopez, 2007-NMSC-037, \u00b6 2, 142 N.M. 138, 164 P.3d 19. At the time, Defendant lived in the mobile home of Baby Briana\u2019s grandmother and shared a bedroom with Baby Briana, Mother, Father, and Baby Briana\u2019s eighteen-month-old brother, Andy Jr. Id. On the morning of July 19, 2002, Mother called 911 to report that Baby Briana had stopped breathing. Id,. \u00b6 3. Baby Briana was transported to the hospital where, after attempts to resuscitate her were unsuccessful, she was pronounced dead. Id.\n{4} The full extent of Baby Briana\u2019s injuries were chronicled by this Court in Lopez and Walters. For the purposes of Defendant\u2019s appeal, we only relate those injuries inflicted on Baby Briana in the last days of her life. The autopsy of Baby Briana revealed that she died from cranial cerebral injuries. Id. \u00b6 4. She had bruising and scraping injuries throughout her head, as well as on her upper forehead. Id. She suffered a blunt force injury to her head in the last three days or less of her life which resulted in a large subdural hematoma on her brain. Walters, 2006-NMCA-071, \u00b6 4, 139 N.M. 705, 137 P.3d 645. Baby Briana had bleeding within the membranes around the brain as well as around her optical nerves which meant that she had been violently shaken. Lopez, 2007-NMSC-037, \u00b6 4, 142 N.M. 138, 164 P.3d 19. Additionally, Baby Briana\u2019s anus and vagina were injured. Id. She had a significant abrasion on her buttocks which went into the buttocks and was consistent with sexual assault. Walters, 2006-NMCA-071, \u00b6 5, 139 N.M. 705, 137 P.3d 645. Immediately after Baby Briana was pronounced dead, the attending nurse observed that her anus had no muscle tone and gaped open. Id. At her autopsy, it was observed that Baby Briana\u2019s anal opening was dilated to a full inch. Id. The internal examination showed a half-inch to an inch injury inside the anal opening as well as vaginal injuries inside Baby Briana\u2019s labia minora, including three small injuries to her hymen. Id.\nStatements of Defendant and his Codefendants\n{5} On the day of Baby Briana\u2019s death, Defendant and his eodefendants were interviewed by police at the Sheriffs Department. In his statement to police, Defendant said that on the night of July 18, 2002, he was in the bedroom with Mother, Father, Father\u2019s brother, Robert Walters (Second Uncle), as well as a friend of Second Uncle. They were drinking beer and playing video games. Defendant acknowledged that he consumed six beers over the course of the night. Initially, Defendant said nothing unusual happened that night, that he slept through the night and was awakened by Second Uncle on the morning of July 19, 2002. Later in the interview, police asked Defendant if anybody had ever throw Baby Briana up in the air and if she had ever hit her head. Uncle admitted to throwing her up in the air so that her head hit the ceiling. Police also confronted Defendant with admissions made by Father regarding the events of July 18, 2002. Defendant then told police that he and Father were throwing Baby Briana up in the air so that she hit her head on the ceiling and allowing her to fall to the floor. Defendant confirmed this statement several times. Defendant was then shown photographs of Baby Briana\u2019s anus. Initially Defendant denied touching Baby Briana\u2019s anus, saying, \u201cOh no. I didn\u2019t do that. I didn\u2019t do nothing like that.\u201d When questioned further, Defendant\u2019s response changed to, \u201cI can\u2019t remember. I don\u2019t remember.\u201d Finally, Defendant told police that he was intoxicated and that he could not remember starting the sex act with Baby Briana, but he remembered stopping because he realized what he was doing was wrong.\n{6} Mother also gave a statement to police on the day of Baby Briana\u2019s death. Mother discussed the events of July 18, 2002. She told police that she had two to three beers and fell asleep at 10:00 p.m. In describing the events of that evening, Mother did not mention Defendant except to say that he remained awake with Father and Second Uncle after she fell asleep. Mother said that she woke up at 9:45 a.m. on July 19, 2002, and saw that Baby Briana was pale and that she was not breathing, so she and Father called Grandmother and then called 911. Mother stated that she asked Father what had happed to Baby Briana and Father said, \u201cmaybe [Defendant] threw the baby up.\u201d\n{7} Father was also interviewed by police investigators on the day of Baby Briana\u2019s death. His interview lasted several hours and was taped. Father confirmed that he was in the bedroom with Defendant, Mother, and Second Uncle, drinking beer and playing video games. Initially, Father stated that Baby Briana had fallen off the bed during the night. Later in the interview, Father admitted that he and Defendant had been \u201cplaying rough\u201d with Baby Briana. Father said they threw Baby Briana into the air so that she hit the ceiling, and allowed her to drop to the floor when he \u201cmissed\u201d her. Father acknowledged that he threw Baby Briana into the air, and on three occasions her head hit the ceiling, and he allowed her to fall to the floor between two and three times. Father said Baby Briana cried when she was dropped onto the floor, and when he was asked what he did to calm her down, he answered, \u201cI just kept throwing her in the air.\u201d\n{8} With regard to Baby Briana\u2019s sexual injuries, when Father was shown a photograph of Baby Briana\u2019s anus he became very upset and profane, saying to police that they were \u201cnot going to find any semen.\u201d Father told police he cleaned Baby Briana\u2019s butt with a baby wipe, wrapped the baby wipe around his left index finger, and put the wrapped finger into Baby Briana\u2019s anus up to the second knuckle at the middle of his finger. When he took his finger out, \u201c[t]here was a little bit of blood on there.\u201d Father stated that he did not think Defendant was capable of causing the injury to Baby Briana\u2019s anus.\nDefendant\u2019s Trial\n{9} Defendant was charged with intentional child abuse resulting in death or great bodily harm, conspiracy to commit intentional child abuse, and criminal sexual penetration in the first degree. Defendant\u2019s trial was joined with that of his eodefendants: Mother, Father, Grandmother, and Second Uncle. The State filed a Statement of Joinder, requesting that Defendant be tried together with Mother, Father, Grandmother, and Second Uncle. Defendant joined Mother\u2019s Motion to Sever her trial from that of her codefendants. In her Motion to Sever, Mother asserted that her right to confrontation would be violated in a joint trial if the custodial statements of her codefendants were admitted as evidence at trial. Lopez, 2007-NMSC-037, \u00b6 1, 142 N.M. 138, 164 P.3d 19. The trial court denied the eodefendants\u2019 motion to sever the trials and proceeded with the joint trial. The statements of the codefendants were admitted over Defendant\u2019s renewed objection that the admission of these statements would violate his right to confront the witnesses against him.\n{10} Defendant was convicted of each of the charges, and he appealed to the Court of Appeals. The Court of Appeals determined that the admission of the statements each codefendant made during police interrogations violated Defendant\u2019s confrontation rights and that this error was not harmless. State v. Walters, 2006-NMCA-071, \u00b6 1, 139 N.M. 705, 137 P.3d 645. The Court of Appeals reversed the convictions of Defendant and his codefendants and remanded with the instruction that each of the codefendants be tried separately. Id. The State appealed to this Court.\nDISCUSSION\nPreservation\n{11} We begin by addressing the State\u2019s claim that Defendant failed to adequately preserve his argument that the statements of his codefendants were inadmissible against him, and the admission of those statements violated the Confrontation Clause. As in Lopez and Watters, the State argues that Defendant\u2019s objections were not adequate to preserve this issue for appeal.\n{12} \u201c[T]o preserve an issue for appeal, a defendant must make a timely objection that specifically apprises the trial court of the nature of the claimed error and invokes an intelligent ruling thereon.\u201d Lopez, 2007-NMSC-037, \u00b6 15, 142 N.M. 138, 164 P.3d 19 (citing Rule 12-216 NMRA; State v. Varela, 1999-NMSC-045, \u00b6 25, 128 N.M. 454, 993 P.2d 1280). In Lopez, we held that Mother\u2019s Motion to Sever and her renewed objections throughout trial adequately alerted the court to the argument that the admission of codefendants\u2019 statements would result in a violation of her Sixth Amendment right to confront witnesses against her. 2007-NMSC-037, \u00b6 16, 142 N.M. 138, 164 P.3d 19. We conclude that by joining in Mother\u2019s Motion to Sever and raising repeated objections to the admission of the codefendants\u2019 statements, Defendant also properly preserved the issue for appeal.\nSixth Amendment Right to Confrontation\n{13} In his brief to this Court, Defendant asserts that the Court of Appeals was correct in holding that the admission of his codefendants\u2019 statements violated his Sixth Amendment right to confrontation. We review de novo the issue of whether Defendant\u2019s Sixth Amendment right was violated when the trial court admitted the custodial statements of his codefendants. See Lilly v. Virginia, 527 U.S. 116, 136-37, 119 S.Ct. 1887, 144 L.Ed.2d 117 (1999); Walters, 2007-NMSC-050, \u00b6 20; Lopez, 2007-NMSC-037, \u00b6 18, 142 N.M. 138, 164 P.3d 19.\n{14} Consistent with our holdings in the Lopez and Watters cases, we hold that the trial court\u2019s admission of the codefendants\u2019 statements constituted a \u201cper se\u201d violation of Defendant\u2019s Sixth Amendment right of confrontation. See Lopez, 2007-NMSC-037, \u00b6 21, 142 N.M. 138, 164 P.3d 19; Walters, 2007-NMSC-050, \u00b6 24. As discussed in Lopez, \u201c[t]he Confrontation Clause bars the \u2018admission of testimonial statements of a witness who did not appear at trial unless he was unavailable to testify, and the defendant had had a prior opportunity for cross-examination.\u2019\u201d 2007-NMSC-037, \u00b6 19, 142 N.M. 138, 164 P.3d 19 (quoting Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 53-54, 124 S.Ct. 1354, 158 L.Ed.2d 177 (2004)). It is undisputed that Defendant did not have a prior opportunity to cross-examine his eodefendants. Additionally, we determine that the codefendants\u2019 statements, elicited by police officers investigating Baby Briana\u2019s death, are testimonial for the purposes of Crawford. See Lopez, \u00b6 20 (\u201c[P]oliee interrogations produce testimony when \u2018the primary purpose of the interrogation is to establish or prove past events potentially relevant to later criminal prosecution.\u2019 \u201d) (quoting Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813, 126 S.Ct. 2266, 2274, 165 L.Ed.2d 224 (2006)). Thus, we hold that Defendant\u2019s constitutional right to confront witnesses against him was violated when the custodial statements of his codefendants were admitted at his joint trial. See id. \u00b6 21 (citing State v. Johnson, 2004-NMSC-029, \u00b6 7, 136 N.M. 348, 98 P.3d 998 (\u201c[U]nder Crawford, because Defendant did not have an opportunity to cross-examine [the witness], the admission of [his] statement constituted a per se violation of Defendant\u2019s Sixth Amendment right of confrontation.\u201d)).\nHarmless-Error Analysis\n{15} \u201cViolations of the Confrontation Clause are subject to harmless error analysis.\u201d Walters, 2007-NMSC-050, \u00b6 25. As in Lopez and Walters, we examine each of Defendant\u2019s convictions separately to determine if the constitutional violation may be characterized as harmless with respect to any of Defendant\u2019s convictions. See Lopez, 2007-NMSC-037, \u00b6 24, 142 N.M. 138, 164 P.3d 19 (\u201cBecause our harmless-error analysis instructs that error may be prejudicial with respect to one conviction, but harmless with respect to another, we review the effect of [codefendant\u2019s] statement with respect to each conviction separately.\u201d). A constitutional violation may be deemed harmless when there is no \u201c \u2018reasonable possibility that the evidence complained of might have contributed to the [defendant\u2019s] convictions.\u2019\u201d State v. Johnson, 2004-NMSC-029, \u00b6 9, 136 N.M. 348, 98 P.3d 998 (quoting Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 23, 87 S.Ct. 824, 17 L.Ed.2d 705 (1967)). We look to a variety of factors in order to determine if erroneously admitted testimony may be deemed harmless.\nThese factors include the importance of the witness\u2019 testimony in the prosecution\u2019s case, whether the testimony was cumulative, the presence or absence of evidence corroborating or contradicting the testimony of the witness on material points, the extent of cross-examination otherwise permitted, and, of course, the overall strength of the prosecution\u2019s case.\nJohnson, 2004-NMSC-029, \u00b6 11, 136 N.M. 348, 98 P.3d 998 (quoting Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673, 684, 106 S.Ct. 1431, 89 L.Ed.2d 674 (1986)). We apply these factors to each of Defendant\u2019s convictions.\nI. Intentional Child Abuse Resulting in Death or Great Bodily Harm.\n{16} The charge of intentional child abuse resulting in death or great bodily harm arose from the injuries inflicted on Baby Briana in the last two days of her life. \u201cAbuse of a child consists of a person knowingly, intentionally or negligently, and without justifiable cause, causing or permitting a child to be: (1) placed in a situation that may endanger the child\u2019s life or health; (2) tortured, cruelly confined or cruelly punished----\u201d Section 30-6-l(D). \u201c[T]o obtain a conviction under the theory of intentional child abuse, the State was required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that (1) Defendant caused Baby Briana to be placed in a situtation [situation] which endangered her life or health, or tortured or cruelly confined or punished Baby Briana; (2) Defendant acted intentionally; and (3) Defendant\u2019s actions resulted in the death of or great bodily harm to Baby Briana.\u201d Walters, 2007-NMSC-050, \u00b6 28 (citing UJI 14-602 NMRA (defining the elements of intentional child abuse resulting in great bodily harm)).\n{17} We review the codefendants\u2019 statements related to Defendant\u2019s actions during the last two days of Baby Briana\u2019s life in order to determine the impact of those statements and whether their erroneous admission may be characterized as harmless. In her statement to police, Mother did not mention Defendant\u2019s behavior except to say that he was in the bedroom with her and Baby Briana and that he remained awake after she fell asleep. Father\u2019s statement to police was more condemnatory. He told police investigators that he and Defendant had been \u201cplaying rough\u201d with Baby Briana and that they threw her up in the air so her head hit the ceiling and allowed her to fall to the floor. During his police interrogation, Defendant confirmed the information Father gave in his statement several times. First, Defendant admitted to throwing her up in the air so that her head hit the ceiling. Then, Defendant told police that he and Father were throwing Baby Briana up in the air and allowing her to fall to the floor.\n{18} Applying the first factor listed in Johnson to Mother\u2019s and Father\u2019s erroneously admitted statements, we acknowledge that \u201cin many cases eyewitness testimony describing a defendant\u2019s participation in child abuse would be tremendously important to the prosecution\u2019s case.\u201d Walters, 2007-NMSC-050, \u00b6 32. As to the second Johnson factor, whether the erroneously admitted evidence was cumulative, Mother\u2019s and Father\u2019s statements merely tend to prove the elements already established by Defendant\u2019s confession. Defendant\u2019s confession constituted direct evidence sufficient to establish each element of intentional child abuse resulting in death or great bodily harm. Therefore Mother\u2019s and Father\u2019s statements may be characterized as cumulative. Johnson, 2004-NMSC-029, \u00b6 38, 136 N.M. 348, 98 P.3d 998 (stating \u201c [cumulative evidence is additional evidence of the same kind tending to prove the same point as other evidence already given\u201d). Considering the third Johnson factor, the presence or absence of evidence corroborating or contradicting the testimony of the witnesses on material points, the evidence of blunt force injury to Baby Briana\u2019s head corroborates Defendant\u2019s confession that he threw Baby Briana up so that her head hit the ceiling, as well as the statements of Mother and Father. See Walters, 2007-NMSC-050, \u00b6 32. It is undisputed that Defendant did not have the opportunity to cross examine his codefendants, the fourth Johnson factor. However, the overall strength of the prosecution\u2019s case, the final Johnson factor, cannot be minimized. In his confession, Defendant repeatedly confirmed that he and Father threw Baby Briana up in the air so that she hit her head on the ceiling and allowed her to fall to the floor. In light of Defendant\u2019s confession and Baby Briana\u2019s injuries substantiating his confession, we hold that the trial court\u2019s admission of Mother\u2019s and Father\u2019s statements was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt with regard to Defendant\u2019s conviction of intentional child abuse resulting in death or great bodily harm.\nII. Criminal Sexual Penetration of a Child Under Thirteen in the First Degree\n{19} \u201cCriminal sexual penetration is the unlawful and intentional causing of a person to engage in sexual intercourse, cunnilingus, fellatio or anal intercourse or the causing of penetration, to any extent and with any object, of the genital or anal openings of another, whether or not there is any emission.\u201d Section 30-9-ll(A). All sexual penetration perpetrated on a child under thirteen years of age is criminal sexual penetration in the first degree. Section- 30-9-11(C). Under this theory of liability, the State was required to prove, in relevant part, that (1) Defendant caused Baby Briana to engage in anal intercourse; (2) Baby Briana was twelve years of age or younger; and (3) Defendant\u2019s act was unlawful. See UJI 14-957 NMRA (defining the elements of criminal sexual penetration of a child under thirteen years of age).\n{20} With regard to the charge of criminal sexual penetration, the statements of Defendant\u2019s codefendants are largely silent. Only Father remarked about Baby Briana\u2019s sexual injuries, and he specifically said that he did not think Defendant was capable of causing the injury to Baby Briana\u2019s anus. During his interview with police, Defendant eventually told police that he could not remember starting the sex act with Baby Briana but that he remembered stopping because he realized what he was doing was wrong. Because his codefendants\u2019 statements did not strengthen Defendant\u2019s confession or the corroborating physical evidence of guilt, we conclude that the admission of the statements was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt with respect to his conviction for criminal sexual penetration. See Johnson, 2004-NMSC-029, \u00b6 53, 136 N.M. 348, 98 P.3d 998.\nIII. Conspiracy to Commit Intentional Child Abuse\n{21} \u201cConspiracy consists of knowingly combining with another for the purpose of committing a felony within or without this state,\u201d Section 30-28-2. \u201cAn overt act is not required and the crime of conspiracy is complete when the felonious agreement is reached.\u201d Walters, 2007-NMSC-050, \u00b6 42 (citing Johnson, 2004-NMSC-029, \u00b6 49, 136 N.M. 348, 98 P.3d 998). To obtain a conviction under the theory of conspiracy, the State was required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that: (1) Defendant and Father by words or acts agreed together to commit intentional child abuse resulting in death or great bodily harm and (2) Defendant and Father intended to commit intentional child abuse resulting in death or great bodily harm. See UJI 14-2810 NMRA (defining the elements of conspiracy).\n{22} The inculpatory statements related to the charge of conspiracy are the following. Mother said that on the morning of July 19, 2002, Father told her that he threw Baby Briana up in the air once and \u201cmaybe [Defendant] threw the baby up.\u201d Father also implicated Defendant in his statement to police. Father stated that he and Defendant were \u201cplaying rough\u201d with Baby Briana and indicated Defendant participated in throwing Baby Briana to the ceiling and allowing her to fall to the floor. In his statement to police, Defendant admitted that on the night of July 18, 2002, he had thrown Baby Briana in the air so that she hit her head on the ceiling and that Father threw her in the air so she hit her head on the celling twice.\n{23} As in Walters, we conclude that the codefendants\u2019 statements were important to the prosecution\u2019s case. While the codefendants\u2019 statements do not constitute direct evidence of the existence of an agreement between Defendant and Father to commit intentional child abuse, Mother\u2019s and Father\u2019s statements related circumstances from which the jury could infer that Defendant and Father had agreed to act together to abuse Baby Briana. Walters, 2007-NMSC-050, \u00b6\u00b6 43-44. There is no direct evidence of conspiracy in this case, as neither Defendant nor Father acknowledged that they had entered an agreement to commit child abuse, and no other witness testified as to the existence of an agreement between Defendant and Father. Thus, the statements from Defendant\u2019s alleged coconspirator that he and Defendant were acting in conjunction with one another were important to the prosecution\u2019s case. We acknowledge that Defendant himself confessed to acting together with Father, making Father\u2019s and Mother\u2019s statements cumulative. However, because Defendant\u2019s statement is the only properly admitted piece of evidence to support the prosecution\u2019s conspiracy theory, we conclude that the admission of his codefendants\u2019 statements was not harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Id.\nCONCLUSION\n{24} With regard to Defendant\u2019s convictions for intentional child abuse resulting in death or great bodily harm and criminal sexual penetration of a child under thirteen years of age in the first degree, we affirm Defendant\u2019s convictions, and we reverse the Court of Appeals\u2019 decision to overturn Defendant\u2019s convictions and remand for a separate trial. However, with regard to Defendant\u2019s conviction for conspiracy to commit intentional child abuse resulting in death or great bodily harm, we affirm the Court of Appeals\u2019 decision to reverse Defendant\u2019s conviction. Accordingly, we vacate the Defendant\u2019s conspiracy conviction and remand for a new trial in which Defendant may be retried on that count.\n{25} IT IS SO ORDERED.\nWE CONCUR: EDWARD L. CH\u00c1VEZ, Chief Justice, PATRICIO M. SERNA, RICHARD C. BOSSON, JJ., and PAMELA B. MINZNER, Justice (not participating).", "type": "majority", "author": "MAES, Justice." } ], "attorneys": [ "Gary K. King, Attorney General, Joel Jacobsen, Assistant Attorney General, Santa Fe, NM, for Petitioner.", "Law Office of J.B. Jacks, Jack Bennett Jacks, Albuquerque, NM, for Respondent." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "2007-NMCA-049\n168 P.3d 743\nSTATE of New Mexico, Plaintiff-Petitioner, v. Steven LOPEZ, Defendant-Respondent.\nNo. 29,801.\nSupreme Court of New Mexico.\nAug. 28, 2007.\nGary K. King, Attorney General, Joel Jacobsen, Assistant Attorney General, Santa Fe, NM, for Petitioner.\nLaw Office of J.B. Jacks, Jack Bennett Jacks, Albuquerque, NM, for Respondent." }, "file_name": "0613-01", "first_page_order": 645, "last_page_order": 652 }