{ "id": 3783769, "name": "Carl HAMBERG, Plaintiff-Petitioner, v. SANDIA CORPORATION, d/b/a Sandia National Laboratories, Defendant-Respondent", "name_abbreviation": "Hamberg v. Sandia Corp.", "decision_date": "2008-02-14", "docket_number": "No. 30,391", "first_page": "601", "last_page": "606", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "143 N.M. 601" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "179 P.3d 1209" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "2008-NMSC-015" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.M.", "id": 8835, "name": "Supreme Court of New Mexico" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 52, "name_long": "New Mexico", "name": "N.M." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "650 A.2d 125", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "A.2d", "case_ids": [ 11313049, 11312958 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "127" }, { "page": "129" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/a2d/650/0125-02", "/a2d/650/0125-01" ] }, { "cite": "211 F.Supp. 521", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F. Supp.", "case_ids": [ 84867 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "528" }, { "page": "528" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f-supp/211/0521-01" ] }, { "cite": "73 Ariz. 264", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ariz.", "case_ids": [ 5191954 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1952, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "539" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ariz/73/0264-01" ] }, { "cite": "2007-NMCA-078", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMCA", "case_ids": [ 3692820 ], "weight": 15, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 10" }, { "page": "\u00b6\u00b6 26, 29" }, { "page": "\u00b6 33" }, { "page": "\u00b6 34" }, { "page": "\u00b6 14" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/142/0072-01" ] }, { "cite": "122 N.M. 78", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 322335 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/122/0078-01" ] }, { "cite": "1996-NMSC-046", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6\u00b6 2, 12" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "135 Ariz. 517", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ariz.", "case_ids": [ 737475 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "en banc" }, { "page": "1026", "parenthetical": "en banc" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ariz/135/0517-01" ] }, { "cite": "121 N.M. 657", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1566483 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "661", "parenthetical": "quoting NMSA 1978, \u00a7 52-1-22 (1989)" }, { "page": "1328", "parenthetical": "quoting NMSA 1978, \u00a7 52-1-22 (1989)" }, { "page": "667" }, { "page": "1334" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/121/0657-01" ] }, { "cite": "1996-NMSC-018", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "quoting NMSA 1978, \u00a7 52-1-22 (1989)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "2005-NMSC-029", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMSC", "case_ids": [ 2550495 ], "weight": 4, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 10" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/138/0348-01" ] }, { "cite": "118 N.M. 676", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1563464 ], "weight": 17, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "678-79" }, { "page": "834-35" }, { "page": "681" }, { "page": "837" }, { "page": "681" }, { "page": "837" }, { "page": "678" }, { "page": "834" }, { "page": "678-79" }, { "page": "834-35" }, { "page": "681" }, { "page": "837" }, { "page": "677" }, { "page": "680" }, { "page": "836" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/118/0676-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 768, "char_count": 16057, "ocr_confidence": 0.677, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.0810307455297082e-07, "percentile": 0.5625129109843856 }, "sha256": "fd0c47a93e3638b6633b19f3742a618f52299a97475be8dc395d1743ee50e96e", "simhash": "1:738ff7d5d61a5771", "word_count": 2509 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T16:34:50.796486+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "WE CONCUR: PATRICIO M. SERNA, PETRA JIMENEZ MAES, RICHARD C. BOSSON and CHARLES W. DANIELS, Justices." ], "parties": [ "Carl HAMBERG, Plaintiff-Petitioner, v. SANDIA CORPORATION, d/b/a Sandia National Laboratories, Defendant-Respondent." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "OPINION\nCH\u00c1YEZ, Chief Justice.\n{1} Plaintiff brought this tort action against Defendant for injuries Plaintiff allegedly suffered while working at Defendant\u2019s facility. The issue in this case is whether Defendant is considered Plaintiffs special employer under the Workers\u2019 Compensation Act, NMSA 1978, Sections 52-1-1 to -70 (1929 and as amended), such that Defendant is immune from tort liability under the exclusivity provision, NMSA 1978, Section 52-1-8 (1989). We conclude as a matter of law that Defendant had the right to control the details of Plaintiffs work, thus making Defendant a special employer under the test established in Rivera v. Sagebrush Sales, Inc., 118 N.M. 676, 678-79, 884 P.2d 832, 834-35 (Ct.App.1994). Because Defendant complied with the requirements of the Workers\u2019 Compensation Act, it is protected by the exclusivity provision. We therefore affirm the Court of Appeals, which upheld the district court\u2019s dismissal of Plaintiffs complaint.\nI. BACKGROUND\n{2} Plaintiff, a graphic artist, was injured while working at Defendant\u2019s facilities. At the time of the accident, Plaintiff was directly employed by Orion International Technologies (\u201cOrion\u201d). Orion was under contract to provide various professional services to Defendant, including Plaintiffs position. This ease thus involves two contracts: Plaintiffs employment contract with Orion, and Orion\u2019s services contract with Defendant.\n{3} Under the employment contract, Orion pays Plaintiff an hourly wage; provides him with benefits, leave, and educational assistance; and evaluates his job performance. The services contract requires Orion, among other things, to provide certificates of workers\u2019 compensation insurance. Orion did, in fact, pay workers\u2019 compensation premiums for its employees, including Plaintiff. Defendant paid Orion a direct labor rate for each Orion employee who worked at Sandia, plus a \u201cDirect Labor Multiplier\u201d component to cover Orion\u2019s overhead costs for each employee.\n{4} The services contract limited the control that Defendant had over Orion\u2019s employees. Defendant was not allowed to make any employment decisions, such as hiring, firing, promotion, or benefits determinations, and it was not allowed to supervise Orion\u2019s employees. Defendant was, however, allowed to direct Orion to remove any person from the contract. Defendant was also entitled to have a delegated representative who could assign work, monitor technical performance, and inspect and accept the work of Orion\u2019s employees.\n{5} Plaintiff was assigned to work for Defendant under the services contract as a graphic technologist. Plaintiff was injured after a direct employee of Defendant allegedly ordered Plaintiff to disassemble, move, and reassemble a large metal storage unit. Plaintiff alleges that this order violated the supervision provisions of the services contract.\n{6} Plaintiff received workers\u2019 compensation benefits for his injury through Orion\u2019s insurer. Plaintiff now seeks to sue Defendant under a theory of negligence. Defendant moved for summary judgment on the basis that it was Plaintiffs special employer and that it had complied with the requirements of the Workers\u2019 Compensation Act. Plaintiff responded that he was an independent contractor and that Defendant had not paid workers\u2019 compensation insurance premiums as required by the Act. The district court granted summary judgment for Defendant, and the Court of Appeals affirmed.\nII. STANDARD OF REVIEW\n{7} \u2018We review de novo the granting of summary judgment, construing reasonable inferences from the record in favor of the party that opposed the motion. Summary judgment is prope[r] when there are no genuine issues of material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.\u201d Blea v. Fields, 2005-NMSC-029, \u00b6 10, 138 N.M. 348, 120 P.3d 430 (citations omitted). We will construe all \u201creasonable inferences from the record in favor of the party that opposed the motion.\u201d Id.\nIII. DISCUSSION\nA. PLAINTIFF\u2019S EMPLOYMENT STATUS\n{8} The exclusivity provision of the Workers\u2019 Compensation Act shields employers who comply with the Act from tort liability. Section 52-1-8. Thus, Defendant may be immune from tort liability if it has an employment relationship with Plaintiff. Plaintiff would have an employment relationship with Defendant if he was a direct employee, a statutory employee, or a special employee. In contrast, if Plaintiff was an independent contractor, he would not have an employment relationship with Defendant. Defendant was clearly not Plaintiffs direct employer. We turn next to the tests for statutory employment and special employment.\n{9} Whether we apply the statutory employment or the special employment test depends on whether Defendant procured work or labor. A statutory employment relationship exists when \u201c \u2018any employer procures any work to be done wholly or in part for him by a contractor other than an independent contractor and the work so procured to be done is a part or process in the trade or business or undertaking of such employerf.]\u2019\u201d Harger v. Structural Servs., Inc., 1996-NMSC-018, 121 N.M. 657, 661, 916 P.2d 1324, 1328 (1996) (quoting NMSA 1978, \u00a7 52-1-22 (1989)). The statutory employer test thus applies when a defendant procures work. Rivera, 118 N.M. at 681, 884 P.2d at 837 (quoting Word v. Motorola, Inc., 135 Ariz. 517, 662 P.2d 1024, 1026 (1983) (en banc)). For example, in Chavez v. Sundt Corp., we applied the statutory employer test to a general contractor that had hired a subcontractor to perform electrical work. 1996-NMSC-046, \u00b6\u00b6 2, 12, 122 N.M. 78, 920 P.2d 1032. In contrast, the Court of Appeals declined to apply the statutory employer test in Rivera because the employer had contracted with another company to supply labor for its lumberyard, not to actually run the lumberyard. Rivera, 118 N.M. at 681, 884 P.2d at 837. In that situation, the Court of Appeals applied the special employment test. Id. at 678, 884 P.2d at 834.\n{10} The statutory employment test does not apply to Plaintiffs relationship with Defendant. Defendant contracted with Orion for labor, not for work. The contract called for Orion to supply a graphic designer \u2014 a laborer. It did not call for Orion to perform Defendant\u2019s graphic design work. When a general employer (Orion) arranges labor for a third party (Defendant), we look to the special employment test. In concluding that the statutory employment test does not apply to Plaintiff, we necessarily conclude that Plaintiff is neither a statutory employee nor an independent contractor.\n{11} Before applying the special employment test, we must determine what that test should be. Defendant argues that the proper test for determining special employer status is the three-part test established in Rivera, 118 N.M. at 678-79, 884 P.2d at 834-35, which was followed by the Court of Appeals in this case. Under Rivera, both the general employer and the special employer are liable for workers\u2019 compensation when the following conditions are met: \u201c(1) the employee has made a contract of hire, express or implied, with the special employer; (2) the work being done is essentially that of the special employer; and (3) the special employer has the right to control the details of the work.\u201d Id. (citing IB Arthur Larson, The Law of Workmen\u2019s Compensation \u00a7 48.23, at 8-515 to -532 (1993)). This test arises out of the lent employee doctrine. Hamberg, 2007-NMCA-078, \u00b6 10, 142 N.M. 72, 162 P.3d 909; see also Rivera, 118 N.M. at 681, 884 P.2d at 837.\n{12} Plaintiff urges instead that we replace all three parts of the Rivera test with the Harger test, recasting special employment as a totality of circumstances test. See Harger, 121 N.M. at 667, 916 P.2d at 1334. Plaintiff bases this argument on the complexity of his employment relationship with Orion and Defendant, claiming that the Rivera test is only appropriate in relatively simple borrowed employee situations.\n{13} We see no reason to depart from the test set out in Rivera. Although modern labor contracts may be complex, that complexity can be captured by the Rivera test\u2019s third part. In this case, we agree with the Court of Appeals that the first two parts of the Rivera test were met and were not seriously contested by Plaintiff. Hamberg, 2007-NMCA-078, \u00b6\u00b6 26, 29, 142 N.M. 72, 162 P.3d 909. The third part recognizes that the general employer and the special employer may \u201cboth exercise[ ] control over the employee and both benefit[ ] to some degree from the employee\u2019s work.\u201d Restatement (Third) of Agency \u00a7 7.03 cmt. d(2) (2006). Thus, Plaintiff must show not that Orion retained some control over his work, but rather that Defendant lacked the right to control his work.\n{14} In his response to Defendant\u2019s motion for summary judgment, Plaintiff listed a number of disputed material facts. Assuming that the facts are true for this analysis, Plaintiff has still failed to raise an issue of material fact regarding Defendant\u2019s right to control. Plaintiff alleges that Orion maintained control over his hours of work, evaluated his job performance, provided all of his employment benefits, disciplined him when required, and could terminate his employment at will. Plaintiff also alleges that he was supervised by an Orion manager, that he owed certain duties to Orion, and that Orion\u2019s employees were sometimes physically segregated from Defendant\u2019s employees. These facts, assuming they are true, merely show that Orion retained some control over Plaintiffs work; they do not show that Defendant lacked control. We would expect no less from a special employment situation.\n{15} Turning to Defendant\u2019s right to control, Plaintiff first argues that he is a skilled specialist, and therefore he is not subject to Defendant\u2019s control. We agree with the Court of Appeals that the right to control the details of a skilled specialist\u2019s work does not mean control over the \u201c \u2018technical details[,]\u2019 \u201d but means control over \u201c \u2018the time and place of the services, the person for whom rendered, and the degree and amount of services.\u2019 \u201d Hamberg, 2007-NMCA-078, \u00b6 33, 142 N.M. 72, 162 P.3d 909 (quoting 3 Arthur Larson & Lex K. Larson, Larson\u2019s Workers\u2019 Compensation Law \u00a7 67.06, at 67-17 (2006) (footnotes omitted)). In the case that established this rule, the Arizona Supreme Court considered a situation where a welder was loaned from one company to another. Carnes v. Indus. Comm\u2019n, 73 Ariz. 264, 240 P.2d 536, 539 (1952). Although the welder was highly skilled, such that the borrowing company could not direct the technical details of his work, the fact that he was told which tanks to repair and shown exactly where to patch leaks was sufficient to show control for the special employment test. Id. at 537, 539.\n{16} In trying to argue that his specialized skills show that Defendant lacked the right to control, Plaintiff instead shows that his situation falls precisely under the scenario described in Carnes. Plaintiff alleged that he controlled \u201call the details of the conceptualization, design and creation of the projects he worked on[,]\u201d while Defendant\u2019s role \u201cwas limited to assigning projects, monitoring technical performance and inspecting and accepting [Plaintiffs] work\u201d and that these assignments \u201cwere limited to a description of a desired end product.\u201d These are the types of controls recognized by both Larson and Carnes as satisfying the special employment relationship.\n{17} As a second argument against Defendant\u2019s right to control, Plaintiff describes an \u201celaborate contract\u201d that refers to Plaintiff as a contractor and disclaims any employment relationship. As explained by the Court of Appeals, we look to the relationship\u2019s actual circumstances, not to how the parties define the relationship in their contracts. Hamberg, 2007-NMCA-078, \u00b6 34, 142 N.M. 72, 162 P.3d 909. Therefore, these facts do not raise a genuine issue about Defendant\u2019s right to control.\nB. COMPLIANCE WITH THE WORKERS\u2019 COMPENSATION ACT\n{18} Because Defendant is Plaintiffs special employer, Defendant is immune from tort liability if it complies with the provisions of the Workers\u2019 Compensation Act. Rivera, 118 N.M. at 677, 884 P.2d at 833 (citing \u00a7 52-1-8). Defendant has complied by requiring Orion to carry workers\u2019 compensation insurance and by paying premiums through the \u201cDirect Labor Multiplier\u201d component of its contract with Orion. See id. at 680, 884 P.2d at 836. There is \u201cmore than a vague connection\u201d between that multiplier and the benefits received by Plaintiff. See St. Claire v. Minnesota Harbor Serv., Inc., 211 F.Supp. 521, 528 (D.C.Minn.1962); see also Sorenson v. Colibri Corp., 650 A.2d 125, 127 (R.I.1994) (finding that the plaintiffs special employer had covered workers\u2019 compensation by \u201ctak[ing] judicial notice that [the general employer] is not an eleemosynary corporation and would therefore include in its charge all necessary expenses together with an amount for profit\u201d).\n{19} Our holding is consistent with the policy behind the Workers\u2019 Compensation Act:\n[Allowing an employee who has received workers\u2019 compensation benefits to maintain a tort action against his special employer[ ] destroys the compromise that is the foundation of the act. Such a construction would have the effect of encouraging litigation by employees that have received workers\u2019 compensation benefits, the exact opposite of what the Legislature intended.\nSorenson, 650 A.2d at 129. Allowing Plaintiff to sue the company that paid for his workers\u2019 compensation would \u201cstrike[ ] at the heart\u201d of the Act. See St. Claire, 211 F.Supp. at 528.\nIY. CONCLUSION\n{20} Defendant and Orion shared control over the details of Plaintiffs work, thus making Defendant Plaintiffs special employer. Defendant complied with the Workers\u2019 Compensation Act by requiring Orion to carry insurance and paying Orion a sufficient amount in addition to Plaintiffs hourly salary to cover overhead. Allowing Plaintiff to sue in tort under these conditions would undermine the policies of the Workers\u2019 Compensation Act. We affirm the Court of Appeals and uphold the district court\u2019s dismissal.\n{21} IT IS SO ORDERED.\nWE CONCUR: PATRICIO M. SERNA, PETRA JIMENEZ MAES, RICHARD C. BOSSON and CHARLES W. DANIELS, Justices.\n. We have adopted the Restatement (Second) of Agency test for distinguishing between an independent contractor and a statutory employer. Id. (citing Restatement (Second) of Agency \u00a7 220(1) (1958)). In its opinion below, the Court of Appeals noted that \"[t]he test that Plaintiff urges this Court to apply ... is not the test for determining whether an employer can be considered a statutory employer, but rather is the test to be used in determining whether a contractor is an independent contractor!.]\u201d Hamberg v. Sandia Corp., 2007-NMCA-078, \u00b6 14, 142 N.M. 72, 162 P.3d 909. To the extent that the Court of Appeals suggests that there are separate tests for statutory employer and independent contractor, we clarify that the statutory employer test is to be applied when the threshold requirement of \"procurement of work\u201d has been met, and that the independent contractor test is one element of the statutory employer test.\n. Although Plaintiff slated during oral argument that he only wished to replace the third part of the Rivera test with a totality of circumstances test, in his brief in chief he argued against use of the special employment test altogether because \"the Restatement [Harger 1 approach is much broader than the special employment test\u201d and that \"the special employment test is applicable, if at all, in very limited circumstances.\u201d", "type": "majority", "author": "CH\u00c1YEZ, Chief Justice." } ], "attorneys": [ "Duane Lind, Albuquerque, NM, William H. Lazar, Tesuque, NM, for Petitioner.", "Rodey, Dickason, Sloan, Akin & Robb, P.A., Edward Ricco, Jocelyn Drennan, Kennedy, Moulton & Wells, P.C., Deborah D. Wells, Sandia Corporation, Charles Pechewlys, Albuquerque, NM, for Respondent." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "2008-NMSC-015\n179 P.3d 1209\nCarl HAMBERG, Plaintiff-Petitioner, v. SANDIA CORPORATION, d/b/a Sandia National Laboratories, Defendant-Respondent.\nNo. 30,391.\nSupreme Court of New Mexico.\nFeb. 14, 2008.\nDuane Lind, Albuquerque, NM, William H. Lazar, Tesuque, NM, for Petitioner.\nRodey, Dickason, Sloan, Akin & Robb, P.A., Edward Ricco, Jocelyn Drennan, Kennedy, Moulton & Wells, P.C., Deborah D. Wells, Sandia Corporation, Charles Pechewlys, Albuquerque, NM, for Respondent." }, "file_name": "0601-01", "first_page_order": 637, "last_page_order": 642 }