{ "id": 4241975, "name": "F. Michael HART, as Guardian ad Litem and Next Friend of Minor A.E., Plaintiff-Appellee, v. STATE FARM MUTUAL Automobile INSURANCE COMPANY, Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "Hart ex rel. A.E. v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance", "decision_date": "2008-06-26", "docket_number": "No. 27,633", "first_page": "18", "last_page": "22", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "145 N.M. 18" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "193 P.3d 565" }, { "type": "parallel", "cite": "2008-NMCA-132" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.M. Ct. App.", "id": 9025, "name": "Court of Appeals of New Mexico" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 52, "name_long": "New Mexico", "name": "N.M." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "2002-NMCA-073", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMCA", "case_ids": [ 260672 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 9" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/132/0470-01" ] }, { "cite": "122 N.M. 137", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 322273 ], "weight": 18, "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "139-40" }, { "page": "946-47" }, { "page": "140" }, { "page": "947" }, { "page": "138" }, { "page": "945", "parenthetical": "emphasis added" }, { "page": "139" }, { "page": "946" }, { "page": "140" }, { "page": "947" }, { "page": "143" }, { "page": "950" }, { "page": "140" }, { "page": "947", "parenthetical": "\"[L]oss of consortium, without any physical manifestation, is an emotional injury.\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/122/0137-01" ] }, { "cite": "2004-NMCA-076", "category": "reporters:neutral", "reporter": "NMCA", "case_ids": [ 1428006 ], "weight": 9, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "\u00b6 5" }, { "page": "\u00b6 9" }, { "page": "\u00b6 8" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/135/0706-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 611, "char_count": 12439, "ocr_confidence": 0.694, "pagerank": { "raw": 6.31257877572864e-08, "percentile": 0.3882766910348827 }, "sha256": "2e34cbbb26898dd0d624bba5b20ec8564808cd008d29f18ce4e1447be01c0874", "simhash": "1:b6536b6a5fe4864b", "word_count": 1978 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T14:53:47.998828+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "WE CONCUR: JAMES J. WECHSLER and CELIA FOY CASTILLO, Judges." ], "parties": [ "F. Michael HART, as Guardian ad Litem and Next Friend of Minor A.E., Plaintiff-Appellee, v. STATE FARM MUTUAL Automobile INSURANCE COMPANY, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "OPINION\nVIGIL, Judge.\n{1} The question presented in this case is whether Child suffered \u201cbodily injury\u201d as defined in policies of uninsured motorist (UM) insurance issued to Child\u2019s parents, after she was subjected to inappropriate sexual touching in an uninsured motor vehicle. We conclude that under the undisputed facts, Child\u2019s injuries did not constitute \u201cbodily injury\u201d as defined by the policies. We therefore reverse the summary judgment entered in Child\u2019s favor.\nFACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND\n{2} Child was sexually molested on multiple occasions by Neighbor. The abuse took place in several locations, including Neighbor\u2019s home and Child\u2019s home. Neighbor also molested her in his vehicle on a day trip to Cloudcroft, New Mexico. \u201c[Djuring the trip[, Neighbor] squeezed [Child\u2019s] chest through her clothes, put a hand on her leg, rubbed his hand up and down her leg and on the way back started touching her again, touched her chest and squeezed her leg through her clothing.\u201d\n{3} In this proceeding, it is uncontested that Neighbor\u2019s car is uninsured. Three automobile policies obtained by Child\u2019s parents from Defendant (State Farm) provide uninsured motorist coverage to an insured who suffers bodily injury caused by an accident arising out of the ownership, maintenance, or use of an uninsured motor vehicle and who is entitled to collect from the owner or driver of that vehicle. On Child\u2019s behalf as guardian ad litem and next friend, Plaintiff sought a declaratory judgment that the injuries Child sustained as a result of the sexual touching by Neighbor in his vehicle are covered by the uninsured motorist provisions of her parents\u2019 policies. These provisions are identical and state:\nWe will pay damages for bodily injury ... an insured is legally entitled to collect from the owner or driver of an uninsured motor vehicle. The bodily injury must be sustained by an insured and the bodily injury ... must be caused by accident arising out of the ownership, maintenance or use of an uninsured motor vehicle.\nThe policies define \u201cbodily injury\u201d as \u201cbodily injury to a person and sickness, disease or death which results from it.\u201d\n{4} The parties entered into a stipulation for purposes of bringing dispositive motions before the district court. The parties agreed that the evidence to be used for the dispositive motions would be \u201climited to the documents and statements previously exchanged by the parties.\u201d The parties also stipulated that\n[t]he injuries suffered by [Child] as a result of inappropriate sexual touching for which Plaintiff makes a claim for coverage under the uninsured motorist policy of [Child\u2019s parents] did not include any physical injury such as bruises, scrapes, or cuts. Plaintiffs claim for \u2018bodily injury\u2019 under the UM coverage is based upon the claim of inappropriate touching and squeezing and the physical, cognitive or emotional manifestations of the effects of the sexual touching.\n{5} The physical, cognitive, and emotional manifestations resulting from Neighbor\u2019s inappropriate sexual touching upon Child included sleep disruption, cognitive confusion, and an inability to concentrate as described in therapist\u2019s notes and a doctor\u2019s report, which set forth physical manifestations of Child\u2019s underlying psychological and emotional damages. Specifically, Child had trouble sleeping and experienced recurring dreams involving disturbing sexual encounters. Further, Child experienced emotional distress, had continued feelings of anxiety, experienced increased agitation and irritability, became very anxious and fearful, suffered lowered self-esteem, and developed problems with peers. Finally, Child became unable to concentrate and amotivational. She began experiencing cognitive confusion, difficulty in organizing thoughts and in staying on task, and difficulty in doing her school work. According to her family, the most noticeable changes in Child were her lower grades, her lower quality of work as a student, and her peer relationships. Further, Child began to associate with more \u201cdefiant\u201d and \u201coppositional\u201d individuals and became more concerned with social acceptance. Child also became more angry, cautious, guarded, and anxious.\n{6} Both parties filed motions for summary judgment, and the district court granted summary judgment in Plaintiff\u2019s favor after orally ruling that Child\u2019s physical manifestations of the sexual touching constituted \u201cbodily injury\u201d under the policies and that Neighbor\u2019s vehicle \u201cwas an active accessory\u201d in causing the \u201cbodily injury.\u201d State Farm appeals.\nDISCUSSION\n{7} The only coverage questions presented in this case are: (1) whether Child suffered \u201cbodily injury\u201d as defined in the UM policies issued to Child\u2019s parents; and (2) whether such \u201cbodily injury\u201d arises out of the use of an uninsured motor vehicle. \u201cThe parties agree there are no genuine issues of material fact in this case. Therefore, we review whether the trial court properly applied the law to the undisputed facts.\u201d Econ. Preferred Ins. Co. v. Jia, 2004-NMCA-076, \u00b6 5, 135 N.M. 706, 92 P.3d 1280. New Mexico cases addressing whether emotional injury is included in the concept of \u201cbodily injury\u201d compel us to conclude that Child did not suffer \u201cbodily injury\u201d under the terms of the UM policies issued by State Farm to Child\u2019s parents.\n{8} In Gonzales v. Allstate Insurance Co., 122 N.M. 137, 921 P.2d 944 (1996), our Supreme Court stated that in order to determine coverage of a UM policy, we must initially look to the language of the policy itself because, \u201c[a]n insurance claim arises from the policy language.\u201d Id. at 139-40, 921 P.2d at 946-47. The policy in that case defined \u201cbodily injury\u201d as \u201c \u2018bodily injury, sickness, disease or death,\u2019 \u201d and the specific issue presented was whether loss of consortium was a result of \u201cbodily injury\u201d of the deceased spouse or whether loss of consortium was a separate claim for \u201cbodily injury\u201d by the surviving spouse. Id. at 140, 921 P.2d at 947. The distinction was critical because the UM coverage was limited for damages up to $25,000 for \u201ceach person\u201d to a maximum of $50,000 for \u201ceach accident\u201d and the policy defined the \u201ceach person\u201d limitation as \u201c \u2018damages arising out of bodily injury in any one motor vehicle accident, including damages sustained by anyone else as a result of that bodily injury.\u2019 \u201d Id. at 138, 921 P.2d at 945 (emphasis added). If loss of consortium was a separate bodily injury to a second person (the surviving spouse) under the policy, then the \u201ceach accident\u201d limitation rather than the \u201ceach person\u201d limitation would apply. Id. at 139, 921 P.2d at 946. The limits of liability under the policy were neither affected by nor contingent upon the number of separate causes of action that might accrue from one person\u2019s bodily injury. Id. at 140, 921 P.2d at 947. \u201cRather, the relevant contingency is the number of people who suffered bodily injury.\u201d Id. Our Supreme Court concluded that by its \u201cplain meaning,\u201d the term \u201cbodily injury,\u201d without any ambiguity, \u201cconstitutes injury to the physical body rather than mental and emotional injuries.\u201d Id. In light of the policy language, our Supreme Court therefore held that the \u201ceach person\u201d limitation, rather than the \u201ceach accident\u201d limitation, was applicable. Id. at 143, 921 P.2d at 950. Nevertheless, Gonzales left open the possibility that an emotional injury accompanied by a physical manifestation might constitute \u201cbodily injury.\u201d See id. at 140, 921 P.2d at 947 (\u201c[L]oss of consortium, without any physical manifestation, is an emotional injury.\u201d).\n{9} In Economy Preferred, Insurance Co., the question left open by Gonzales was squarely before us. Economy Preferred Ins. Co., 2004-NMCA-076, \u00b6 9, 135 N.M. 706, 92 P.3d 1280. In that case a drunk driver hit several pedestrians who were out for a walk on a residential street. Id. \u00b6 2. The child\u2019s mother was among those who were hit, and she died several hours later. Id. The child, who was with the group and riding his bicycle in front of his mother at the time of the collision, was not hit. Id. While there was a dispute about whether the child saw the moment of the impact, there was no dispute that he was present and witnessed his mother\u2019s injuries. Id. The child brought a claim for negligent infliction of emotional distress (NIED) under his family\u2019s UM insurance policy, which defined \u201cbodily injury\u201d as \u201c \u2018bodily harm, sickness or disease, including death that results.\u2019 \u201d Id. \u00b6\u00b6 3, 7. Following Gonzales and Wiard v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co., 2002-NMCA-073, \u00b6 9, 132 N.M. 470, 50 P.3d 565 (\u201cWithout specific policy language to the contrary, bodily injury does not include emotional injuries such as loss of consortium.\u201d), we first held that \u201c[ujnder New Mexico law, this definition of bodily injury unambiguously excludes emotional injury\u201d and that the UM policy afforded no coverage for the child\u2019s emotional damages unless his injury was physical in nature. Economy Preferred Ins. Co., 2004-NMCA-076, \u00b6 8, 135 N.M. 706, 92 P.3d 1280. Although the child suffered symptoms, which could be construed as physical, that included hysterical crying, uncontrollable shaking, and various sleep difficulties, such as crying uncontrollably in his sleep, insomnia, and nightmares, we concluded that the child\u2019s symptoms, without more, were not sufficient to render the emotional injuries physical. Id. \u00b6 10. In arriving at this conclusion, we specifically declined to follow or rely on case law that addresses the question of whether a plaintiff\u2019s physical injuries are evidence of an emotional injury for the purpose of proving a NIED claim, or its equivalent, because the question before us was a different one \u2014 \u2022 whether the child sustained a bodily injury. Id. \u00b6 9. We concluded by stating:\n[T]o interpret the terms of the policy, we must differentiate between bodily injury and emotional injury; the alternative would be to extend coverage for bodily harm to all emotional injury, a result that is inconsistent both with precedent and with common-sense notions of what a reasonable insured would understand from the policy language.\nId. \u00b6 11.\n{10} We conclude that Gonzales and Economy Preferred Insurance Co. require us to hold that Child did not incur \u201cbodily injury\u201d under her parents\u2019 UM policies as a result of the inappropriate sexual touching she endured. According to the stipulation of the parties, Child\u2019s injuries \u201cdid not include any physical injury such as bruises, scrapes, or cuts.\u201d Her claim is limited to \u201cthe physical, cognitive or emotional manifestations of the effects of the sexual touching.\u201d These injuries are not materially different from the emotional injuries of the child in Economy Preferred Insurance Co., and there is nothing in the language of the policies in this case that require a different result. Child argues that she suffered an impairment of the functions of her brain \u2014 an organ of the body\u2014 and therefore has suffered a bodily injury. There is nothing in the record that supports this conclusion.\n{11} In light of our conclusion, we do not address the second question presented or State Farm\u2019s assertion that it is disputed that Neighbor sexually touched child. We do however observe that State Farm stipulated (1) that the evidence to be used for the dispositive motions to be brought before the district court would be limited and would include \u201canswers to discovery in this and related cases,\u201d and (2) that Neighbor admitted in requests for admissions that he sexually touched Child on the trip to and from Cloudcroft. While a jury could reject the admission at a trial, State Farm is bound by its stipulation in consideration of the motion for summary judgment.\nCONCLUSION\n{12} The order of the district court granting Plaintiff summary judgment is reversed, and the case is remanded with instructions to enter summary judgment in favor of State Farm.\n{13} IT IS SO ORDERED.\nWE CONCUR: JAMES J. WECHSLER and CELIA FOY CASTILLO, Judges.", "type": "majority", "author": "VIGIL, Judge." } ], "attorneys": [ "Maureen A. Sanders, Sanders & West-brook, P.C., Albuquerque, NM, Kyle W. Gesswein, Las Cruces, NM, for Appellee.", "Ruth Fuess, Miller, Stratvert P.A., Albuquerque, NM, for Appellant." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "2008-NMCA-132\n193 P.3d 565\nF. Michael HART, as Guardian ad Litem and Next Friend of Minor A.E., Plaintiff-Appellee, v. STATE FARM MUTUAL Automobile INSURANCE COMPANY, Defendant-Appellant.\nNo. 27,633.\nCourt of Appeals of New Mexico.\nJune 26, 2008.\nCertiorari Denied, No. 31,243, Aug. 13, 2008.\nMaureen A. Sanders, Sanders & West-brook, P.C., Albuquerque, NM, Kyle W. Gesswein, Las Cruces, NM, for Appellee.\nRuth Fuess, Miller, Stratvert P.A., Albuquerque, NM, for Appellant." }, "file_name": "0018-01", "first_page_order": 52, "last_page_order": 56 }